The Analysis of Geomorphometric Components of Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar Catchment Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Gangadhar et al. Available Ind. J. Pure online App. Biosci.at www.ijpab.com (2020) 8(1), 360 -366 ISSN: 2582 – 2845

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.7964 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(1), 360-366 Research Article

Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal

Gangadhar N.1*, Manojkumar G.2, Gajanan R.3 and Siva Lakshmi Y.4 1, 2Department of Soil and Water Engineering, 4Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural Engineering Kandi, Sangareddy Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar. Hyderabad 3Department of water resource division TRAC, Hyderabad *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 12.01.2020 | Revised: 18.02.2020 | Accepted: 24.02.2020

ABSTRACT In the present study, analysis of geomorphometric characteristics of osman sagar and Himayat sagar catchment was carried out using remote sensing and GIS and the drainage networks of the both the catchment were generated using SRTM DEM (90m resolutions). Two adjacent catchments, Himayath sagar and Osman sagar, located Rangareddy district of Telangana state, India were selected for study. Morphometric features and drainage network of Himayath sagar and Osman sagar catchments were extracted from DEM using ArcGIS software. Such as areal parameters: viz: Infiltration number, length of overland flow, circularity ratio, elongation ratio, form factor, lemniscates ratio, fitness ratio for both catchments were determined using ArcGIS.

Key words: Infiltration number, Length of overland flow, Circularity ratio, Elongation ratio, form factor, Lemniscates ratio, Fitness ratio

INTRODUCTION system (Singh et al., 2014).Morphometry is Water is known as the liquid for sustenance of the measurement and mathematical analysis of life. All living beings are depending on water, the configuration of the earth's surface, shape, without which no life exists on the earth. Earth dimension of its landforms (Clarke, 1996). has plentiful water due to the presence of Morphometry represents the topographical hydrological cycle on it, but most of it is unfit expression of land by way of area, slope, for living beings use and consumption. The shape, length, etc. These parameters affect study of the watershed morphometric analysis catchment stream flow pattern through their provides the beneficial parameters for the influence on concentration time. River assessment of the groundwater potential zones, characteristics are reasonably understood by identification of sites for water harvesting the morphometric analysis of that particular structures, water resource management, runoff river basin. and geographic characteristics of the drainage

Cite this article: Gangadhar, N., Manojkumar, G., Gajanan, R., & Siva Lakshmi, Y. (2020). The Analysis of Geomorphometric Components of Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar Catchment Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. 8(1), 360-366. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.7964

Gangadhar et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(1), 360-366 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Morphometric analysis requires measurement Study Area of linear features, gradient of channel network The study area for the present work consists of and contributory ground slopes of the drainage catchment of Himayat sagar and Osman sagar basin. The morphometric parameters are relief reservoirs (Fig.1). Himayat sagar reservoir was aspects (Sreedevi et al., 2009). The parameters constructed on Esa River in 1925 and is basin relief, relief ratio, relative relief, situated 9.6 km in southwest direction from ruggedness number, gradient ratio, Melton Hyderabad, located at 17º02'00" N to ruggedness ratio, basin slope, laminscate ratio, 17º21'15" N latitude and 77º53'49" E to form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio 78º26'48" E longitude. Osman sagar reservoir and shape index are calculated by means of was constructed on Musi river in 1922 and is situated 9.6 km from Hyderabad in western various mathematical equations (Thomas et direction located at 17º14'31" N to 17º29'50" al., 2010). N latitude and 77º50'30" E to 78º20'4" E Remote sensing techniques using longitude. The catchment area of Himayat satellite images are convenient tools for sagar is 1358.53 km2 with elevation range of morphometric analysis. The satellite remote 516 m to 730 m. Where the Osman sagar sensing has the ability to provide synoptic catchment area consists of 746.73 km2 with view of large area at a time and very useful in elevation varies between 522 m to 722 m. analyzing drainage morphometry. The image Both reservoirs supply drinking water to interpretation techniques are less time Hyderabad city. The study area is pertaining to consuming than the ground surveys which K6Dm4 Agro-Ecological sub region. It is part coupled with limited field checks yield of North Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi- valuable results. Geographical Informational arid eco sub-region with deep loamy and System (GIS) is a computer-assisted system clayey mixed red and black soils having very designed to capture, store, edit, display and high available water content and 120-150 days plot geographically referenced data. growing period.

Fig. 1: Location of study area

Gangadhar et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(1), 360-366 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 MATERIALS AND METHODS DEM) version 4.1 with a 90 m resolution was Remote sensing data downloaded from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org. Topographic data: Shuttle Radar Topography DEM of study area is depicted in Fig.2 Mission Digital Elevation Model (SRTM

Fig. 2: Digital elevation model representation of study area

Catchment delineation This information is used to define catchment Catchment area is delineated from a DEM by boundaries. A series of steps are preceded to computing the flow direction. To determine delineate catchment and to define stream the contributing area, a raster representing the network. A process flowchart is depicted in direction of flow is created. Once the direction Fig.3 of flow out of each cell is known, it is possible to determine which and how many cells flow into any given cell.

Gangadhar et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(1), 360-366 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Morphometric Parameters Estimation ground slopes of the drainage basin. Morphometric analysis is the measurement of Geographic information system and remote the three dimensional geometry of landforms sensing satellite images are convenient tools and has traditionally been applied to for morphometric analysis. watershed, drainages, hill slopes and other To estimate the morphometric features group of terrain features (Babar, 2005). of catchments of Himayath sagar and Osman Drainage basin or basins should be the study sagar reservoirs, the drainage network was area for better understanding of the hydrologic extracted from digital elevation model in system. Basin morphometry is a means of ArcGIS software. Catchment areas of numerically analyzing or mathematically Himayath sagar and Osman sagar were quantifying aspects of drainage channels. extracted from SRTM DEM version 4.1, with Spatial arrangement of streams has given rise a 90 m resolution using hydrology tool of to a particular design which is called the ArcGIS. Geomorphometric characteristics drainage pattern. Morphometric analysis such as linear, areal and relief aspect requires measurement of linear features, parameters for both catchments were gradient of channel network and contributory determined using ArcGIS.

1. Infiltration Number Drainage density and stream frequency of a watershed show the infiltration number it is defined by Faniran (1968).

퐼푓 = 퐹푠 × 퐷푑 ∙∙∙(i)

Where, 퐹푠 is the stream frequency; 퐷푑 is the drainage density.

2. Length of overland flow According to Horton definition length of overland flow approximately equal to half of the reciprocal of the drainage density.

1 퐿푔 = ∙∙∙(ii) 2×퐷푑

Where, 퐿푔is the length of overland flow; 퐷푑 is the drainage density.

3. Circularity ratio According to Miller (1953) circularity ratio defined as the ratio of basin area to the area of circle having the same perimeter as the basin.

퐴 푢 ∙∙∙(iii) 퐴푐

Where, 푅푐 is the circularity ratio; 퐴푢 is the basin area; 퐴푐 is the area of circle Ac having the same perimeter as the basin.

4. Elongation ratio Schumm (1956) defined the elongation ratio as the ratio of diameter of a circle of the same area as the basin to the maximum basin length

퐷푐 푅푒 = ∙∙∙(iv) 퐿푏

Where, 푅푒 is the elongation ratio; 퐷푐 is the diameter of a circle of the same area as the basin; 퐿푏 is the maximum basin length

Gangadhar et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(1), 360-366 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Form factor Horton (1945 defined the form factor which is the ratio of basin area to the square of basin length.

퐴푢 퐹푓 = 2 ∙∙∙(iv) 퐿푏 where, 퐹푓 is the form factor; 퐴푢 is the basin area; 퐿푏 is the square of basin length

6. Lemniscate ratio Chorley (1957), express the lemniscates value to determine the slope of the basin. 2 퐿푏 퐾 = ∙∙∙(vi) 퐴 2 where, K is the lemniscates ratio, 퐿푏is the basin length (km) and A is the area of the basin (km ).

7. Fitness ratio It is the ratio of the main stream length of the basin to the perimeter of the basin. Melton (1957)

퐶 푅 = 푖 ∙∙∙(vii) 푓 푃

where, 푅푓 is the fitness ratio; 퐶푖 is the main stream length of the basin; P is the perimeter of the basin.

8. Wandering ratio It is the ratio of the main channel length to basin length (Smart, 1967).

퐶1 푅푤 = ∙∙∙(viii) 퐿푏

Where, 푅푤 is the wandering ratio; 퐶1is the main channel length; 퐿푏 is the basin length.

9. Shape Factor The shape factor can be defined as the ratio of the square of the basin length to area of the

basin and is in inverse proportion with form factor (Rf).

퐿 2 푅 = 푏 ∙∙∙(ix) 푓 퐴

where, 푅f is the shape factor; 퐿푏 is the basin length; basin length; A is the area of the basin.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION lithology of basin. The higher values of The infiltration number in the present study infiltration number indicate the lower area of Himayath sagar and Osman sagar is infiltration and the higher runoff. Length of determined as 2.689 and 8.400, respectively. overland flow according to Horton (1945) Himayath sagar catchment indicates high definition length of overland flow is infiltration number compared to Osman sagar approximately equal to half of the reciprocal catchment. The infiltration number for Osman of the drainage density. Length of overland sagar catchment indicates moderate infiltration flow of Himayath sagar and Osman sagar and medium runoff due to the impermeable catchment is 0.262 and 0.247, respectively.

Gangadhar et al. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(1), 360-366 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 The length of overland flow generally ranges oval shape. The oval shape with dendritic between 0.1-0.3. Higher the value of length of networks is supposed to create a higher overland flow the delayed surface runoff and potential for confluence effects. represents gentle to moderate slope. Circulatory ratio of Himayath sagar and SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Osman sagar catchment is 0.255 and 0.187. Growing population, urbanization and The circularity ratio shows lower values for industrialization are leading to over-utilization Osman sagar catchment where there is strong of water resources, thus exerting pressure on structural control on the drainage the limited civic amenities many of which are development. Therefore the structural control on the brink of collapse. Assessment of water of drainage is probably responsible for the low resources quantitatively is being critical task values of circularity ratio. Elongation ratio of on account of ever increasing demand for Himayath sagar and Osman sagar catchment is water over past. Water plays principal role in 0.786 and 0.611, respectively. Elongation ratio the sustainability of livelihoods, agriculture is classified in five classes i.e., circular (>0.9), and regional economy. Water management is oval (0.8-0.9), less elongated (0.7-0.8), the primary safeguard against drought and elongated (0.5-0.7) and more elongated (<0.5). plays a fundamental role in achieving food Elongation ratio of Himayath sagar shows that security at the watershed, sub basin and basin the catchment is less elongated, whereas from local to global planes. The study of the Osman sagar catchment is elongated in shape. watershed morphometric analysis provides the Form factor of the Himayath sagar and Osman beneficial parameters for the assessment of the sagar catchment has form factor of 0.485 and groundwater potential zones, identification of 0.293, respectively. The form factor values sites for water harvesting structures, water indicate that elongated drainage shape with resource management, runoff and geographic low form factors has falter peak flow of longer characteristics of the drainage system. duration. Flood flows of such elongated basins Morphometry represents the topographical are easier to manage than those of the circular expression of land by way of area, slope, basin. Lemniscate ratio the value of the shape, length, etc. These parameters affect Lemniscate ratio for Himayath sagar and catchment stream flow pattern through their Osman sagar catchment is 2.061 and 3.414, influence on concentration time. River respectively. Lemniscate ratio of both characteristics are reasonably understood by catchments shows that the watershed occupies the morphometric analysis of that particular the maximum area in its regions of inception river basin. Morphometric analysis requires with large number of streams of higher order. measurement of linear features, gradient of The fitness ratio is considered as the ratio of channel network and contributory ground main stream length to the length of the basin slopes of the drainagebasin. Considering the perimeter. Fitness ratio of Himayath sagar and above facts, the present study focuses on the Osman sagar catchment is 0.254 and 0.263, analysis of geomorphometric characteristics in respectively. Wandering ratio is defined as the the two adjacent catchments. The specific ratio of the mainstream length to the objectives of the study are as follows to catchment length. The value of wandering analyse geomorphometric characteristics of ratio of the study area of Himayath sagar and Himayath sagar and Osman sagar catchment Osman sagar is determined as 1.243 and 1.166, using RS and GIS. Particular to the present respectively. The shape factor value for study, the following salient conclusions are Himayath sagar and Osman sagar catchment is drawn. 1. A GIS technique characterized by determined as 2.061 and 3.414 km-1, very high accuracy of mapping and respectively. The shape factor is the ratio of measurement proves a competent tool in square of the basin length to the area of the geomorphometric analysis. 2. basin. It is observed that both catchments have Geomorphometric analysis shows both Copyright © Jan.-Feb., 2020; IJPAB 365

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