DOCSLIB.ORG

Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry and Gas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry and Gas GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETRY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- OLFACTOMETRY ANALYSIS OF AROMA COMPOUNDS OF VANILLA POMPONA SCHIEDE by MARIA DEL PILAR GALEAS A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Food Science Written under the direction of Dr. Thomas G. Hartman And approved by ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Gas Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry Analysis of Aroma Compounds of Vanilla Pompona Schiede By MARIA DEL PILAR GALEAS Thesis Director: Dr. Thomas G. Hartman Vanilla is one of the most widely used flavor ingredients and the second most expensive spice in the world. Only three of the 110-130 species of vanilla are cultivated and have significant economic importance: Vanilla planifolia Andrews, Vanilla tahitensis Moore and Vanilla pompona Schiede. Among the three, Vanilla pompona is the only specie that has been highlighted as relatively resistant to climate change and diseases. These attributes have made this species a candidate for cross-breeding programs with V. planifolia to produce a more robust vanilla for commercial use. The chemical and aroma composition of V. planifolia and V. tahitensis have been extensively analyzed. Surprisingly, studies on the chemical and odor characterization of V. pompona are scarce even though this species is frequently referred to in the literature as the third genus in order of economic importance. No study has been undertaken to identify which compounds are odor-active in this particular species of Vanilla. This study ii provides a Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) analysis of Mexican Vanilla pompona Shiede for the first time. A preliminary study was performed to select a representative aroma extract for Gas Chromatography-Spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-O analysis. Three extracts were produced using different aroma extraction techniques. Based on sensory evaluation and preliminary chemical characterization of the extracts, the ethanol-dichloromethane solvent extraction method was selected to produce aroma extracts for in depth characterization by GC-MS and GC-O. From the chemical characterization of the volatiles present in V. pompona extract, one hundred and twenty three volatiles were identified using GC-MS. Eighty compounds were identified in cured beans by means of Direct Thermal Desorption-Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (DTD-GC-MS). Twenty six of these constituents were identified in vanilla for the first time. Forty five aroma impact compounds were identified by GC-O analysis of the extract of Vanilla pompona using a GC-NIF (Nasal Impact Frequency) modified method. Fifteen standard commercial samples were injected for confirmation and thirty five of the aroma impact compounds were characterized. The results of the GC-O analysis have indicated that the aroma profile consisted of thirteen primary aroma-impact compounds, eighteen identified as secondary aroma-impact compounds and thirteen odorants considered background. The aroma of Vanilla pompona extract is complex and rich with typical vanilla characteristics. It could be a valuable source for perfumery applications. iii Acknowledgements I express my appreciation to the Firmenich flavorists: Bipin Kara, Usha Manduru, Ferdinand Triolo and James Stanton for their willingness to share their knowledge and for taking the time to participate in the core sessions of this study. I would like to thank to Dr. Jianming Lin for her guidance, assistance and encouragement throughout the course of this work. I am very grateful for her invaluable direction and advice. Thank you to Dr. Jose Matiella for his training in AMDIS. I appreciate his kind disposition to help me when I needed it the most. Also, Ying Wang for her willingness to pass on her experience in wet chemistry and Jackline Aoll for her help and advices on instrumentation. I am deeply thankful to my advisor Dr. Thomas G. Hartman for his guidance, assistance and encouragement throughout the course of this work. I appreciate and thank my committee members, Dr. Karen Schaich and Dr. Chi-Tang Ho for their guidance and advice. I am also highly indebted to Dr. Scott Schneider for his willingness to help with the proofreading of the thesis and his scrupulous editing and all his constructive comments. I deeply thank my husband, Luis Galeas, and my daughter, Andrea Sanchez, for supporting this goal and for being always there for me at all times. I thank Jehovah, my God, for giving me the grace to go through this process and for all the wonderful people who contributed to this work. iv Table of Contents Abstract of the thesis ........................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. xi 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Aspects of vanilla cultivation ................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2. Vanilla fruits and harvesting .......................................................................................... 7 1.2.3. Curing process ............................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Challenges in vanilla commerce ........................................................................................... 9 1.3.1. The farming process ..................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2. The farmers and sustainability ..................................................................................... 10 1.3.3. Vanilla diseases ............................................................................................................ 11 1.3.3.1. Fusarium Oxysporum ............................................................................................ 12 1.4. Vanilla pompona Schiede ................................................................................................... 14 1.4.1. Botany .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.1.1. Subspecies ............................................................................................................. 16 1.4.3. Vanilla pompona and adulteration ............................................................................... 20 1.5. Volatile composition of vanilla ........................................................................................... 21 1.6. Characteristic vanilla aroma and flavor .............................................................................. 24 1.7. Aroma compounds in vanilla .............................................................................................. 24 1.8. Aroma and volatile composition of Vanilla pompona ........................................................ 26 1.8.1. Vanillin content in Vanilla pompona ........................................................................... 36 1.9. Gas Chromatography – Olfactometry (GC-O) analysis of vanilla ...................................... 37 1.9.1. Dilution to threshold methods ...................................................................................... 37 1.9.2. Direct intensity methods .............................................................................................. 38 1.9.3. Frequency detection methods (GC-SNIF/NIF) ............................................................ 39 2. Significance and aims of this study ........................................................................................... 41 2.1. Significance......................................................................................................................... 41 2.2. Aims of this study ............................................................................................................... 42 3. Materials and methods ............................................................................................................... 43 v 3.1. Sample of Vanilla pompona ................................................................................................ 43 3.2. GC-MS method with polar column ..................................................................................... 44 3.3. GC-MS method with non polar column .............................................................................. 44 3.4. Extraction of volatiles in Vanilla pompona ........................................................................ 45 3.4.1. Preparation of the extract ............................................................................................. 45 3.4.2. Hydrodistillation followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) ...................................... 46 3.4.3. Gel Permeation Chromatography
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lista Plantas, Reserva
    Lista de Plantas, Reserva, Jardín Botanico de Vallarta - Plant List, Preserve, Vallarta Botanical Garden [2019] P 1 de(of) 5 Familia Nombre Científico Autoridad Hábito IUCN Nativo Invasor Family Scientific Name Authority Habit IUCN Native Invasive 1 ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera monancistra Will. H 2 Henrya insularis Nees ex Benth. H NE Nat. LC 3 Ruellia stemonacanthoides (Oersted) Hemsley H NE Nat. LC 4 Aphelandra madrensis Lindau a NE Nat+EMEX LC 5 Ruellia blechum L. H NE Nat. LC 6 Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers H NE Nat. LC 7 AGAVACEAE Agave rhodacantha Trel. Suc NE Nat+EMEX LC 8 Agave vivipara vivipara L. Suc NE Nat. LC 9 AMARANTHACEAE Iresine nigra Uline & Bray a NE Nat. LC 10 Gomphrena nitida Rothr a NE Nat. LC 11 ANACARDIACEAE Astronium graveolens Jacq. A NE Nat. LC 12 Comocladia macrophylla (Hook. & Arn.) L. Riley A NE Nat. LC 13 Amphipterygium adstringens (Schlecht.) Schiede ex Standl. A NE Nat+EMEX LC 14 ANNONACEAE Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. A NE Nat. LC 15 Annona glabra L. A NE Nat. LC 16 ARACEAE Anthurium halmoorei Croat. H ep NE Nat+EMEX LC 17 Philodendron hederaceum K. Koch & Sello V NE Nat. LC 18 Syngonium neglectum Schott V NE Nat+EMEX LC 19 ARALIACEAE Dendropanax arboreus (l.) Decne. & Planchon A NE Nat. LC 20 Oreopanax peltatus Lind. Ex Regel A VU Nat. LC 21 ARECACEAE Chamaedorea pochutlensis Liebm a LC Nat+EMEX LC 22 Cryosophila nana (Kunth) Blume A NT Nat+EJAL LC 23 Attalea cohune Martius A NE Nat. LC 24 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia taliscana Hook. & Aarn. V NE Nat+EMEX LC 25 Aristolochia carterae Pfeifer V NE Nat+EMEX LC 26 ASTERACEAE Ageratum corymbosum Zuccagni ex Pers.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) from the North West Amazon in Colombia
    Phytotaxa 364 (3): 250–258 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.364.3.4 A new species of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) from the North West Amazon in Colombia NICOLA S. FLANAGAN1*, NHORA HELENA OSPINA-CALDERÓN2, LUCY TERESITA GARCÍA AGAPITO3, MISAEL MENDOZA3 & HUGO ALONSO MATEUS4 1Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali, Colombia; e-mail: nsflanagan@javeri- anacali.edu.co 2Doctorado en Ciencias-Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia 3Resguardo Indígena Remanso-Chorrobocón, Guainía, Colombia 4North Amazon Travel & HBC, Inírida, Guainía, Colombia Abstract A distinctive species, Vanilla denshikoira, is described from the North West Amazon, in Colombia, within the Guiana Shield region. The species has morphological features similar to those of species in the Vanilla planifolia group. It is an impor- tant addition to the vanilla crop wild relatives, bringing the total number of species in the V. planifolia group to 21. Vanilla denshikoira is a narrow endemic, known from only a single locality, and highly vulnerable to anthropological disturbance. Under IUCN criteria it is categorized CR. The species has potential value as a non-timber forest product. We recommend a conservation program that includes support for circa situm actions implemented by the local communities. Introduction The natural vanilla flavour is derived from the cured seedpods of orchid species in the genus Vanilla Plumier ex Miller (1754: without page number). Vanilla is one of the most economically important crops for low-elevation humid tropical and sub-tropical regions, and global demand for this natural product is increasing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Ex Situ Conservation of Vanilla Siamensis (Rolfe Ex Downie) in Thailand
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Chaipanich, Vinan Vince (2020) Ecology and Ex Situ Conservation of Vanilla siamensis (Rolfe ex Downie) in Thailand. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/85312/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Ecology and Ex Situ Conservation of Vanilla siamensis (Rolfe ex Downie) in Thailand By Vinan Vince Chaipanich November 2020 A thesis submitted to the University of Kent in the School of Anthropology and Conservation, Faculty of Social Sciences for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract A loss of habitat and climate change raises concerns about change in biodiversity, in particular the sensitive species such as narrowly endemic species. Vanilla siamensis is one such endemic species.
    [Show full text]
  • GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDY of Vanilla Planifolia G. Jackson, Syn. V
    i GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDY OF Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson, syn. V. fragrans CROP GROWN IN TANZANIA USING MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES. BY CONSTANTINE BUSUNGU A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CROP SCIENCE OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2009 ii ABSTRACT Natural vanilla (Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson, syn. V. fragrans) is native to the tropic forest of Mexico. It is now cultivated in humid tropical areas of Africa, America, Asia and Australia continents. In Tanzania it had been cultivated since 1940s in Kagera region but decline in coffee prices in the world market in the 1990s resulted into more cultivation of the vanilla crop as an alternate crop in Kagera and Kilimanjaro regions. Vanilla which had a remarkable high price compared to coffee was consequently spread and grown in Tanga, Morogoro regions and Zanzibar Island. A study was undertaken to identify cultivars and examine the extent of genetic diversity of Vanilla planifolia using molecular technique. A total of 126 samples were randomly taken from Bulinda, Bakabuye and Kibona villages in Kagera Region, Mkunazini and Donge village in Zanzibar Island and Mudio and Kidia villages in Kilimanjaro Region. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction method that was used in this research was the Dellaporta protocol. DNA quantification was done by comparing band intensity of different concentrations of standard genomic DNA markers using agarose gel electrophoresis. For the optimization of PCR, three different components; dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerase and MgCl2 were tested in different combinations.Ten primers were selected for the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazon Plant List
    Amazon Plant List The Plant list below is contributed by Dr.Christopher Dick, PhD who has worked in Amazonia for many years. Note that it is a working list and neither exhaustive nor complete. English Common Portuguese Common Plant Family Name Botanical Name Name Name Annonaceae Guatteria Envira-bobô recurvisepala Unonopsis guatterioides Myristicaceae Virola calophylla Wild nutmeg Ucuuba Iryanthera uleii Dead-bark Osteophloeum Ucuuba-amarela platyspermum Lauraceae Mezilaurus itauba Itaúba Persea americana Avocado Abacate Aniba canella Casca preciosa Aniba roseadora Pau rosa Ocotea rubra Louro-gamela Peperomia Piperaceae Ant-garden macrostachya Nymphaeaceae Victoria amazonica Amazon-lily Victoria-regia Menispermaceae Ulmaceae Trema micrantha Trema, Periquitinho Moraceae Clarisia racemosa Guariúba Naucleopsis Miratinga, Pau pica caloneura Brosimim Amapá parinarioides Cecropia Cecropiaceae Purple cecropia Imbaúba roxa purpurascens Cecropia sciadophylla Cecropia Imbaúba-torém Caruru-bravo, Bredo- Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca rivinoides Pokeweed roxo Epiphyllum Cactaceae Cactus phyllanthus Polygonaceae Coccoloba spp. Water-grape? Symeria paniculata Carauaçuzeiro Tetracera Dilleniaceae Water-vine Cipó d'agua willdenowiana Pinzona coriaceae Fire-vine Cipó-de-fôgo Caryocaraceae Caryocar villosum Piquiá Caryocar glabrum Piquiarana Margraviaceae Marcgravia Quiinaceae Clusiaceae Vismia cayennensis Lacre-branco Vismia guianensis Lacre-vermelho Symphonia Ananí used for cerol? globulifera Elaeocarpaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculia frondosa Tacacá Waltheria
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinator Attraction in Vanilla Pompona (Orchidaceae)
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.30.458254; this version posted August 31, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Watteyn et al. 2021 1 Trick or Treat? Pollinator attraction in Vanilla pompona (Orchidaceae) 2 Charlotte Watteyna,b*, Daniela Scaccabarozzic,d, Bart Muysa*, Nele Van Der Schuerena, Koenraad 3 Van Meerbeeka, Maria F. Guizar Amadore, James D. Ackermanf, Marco V. Cedeño Fonsecab,g, 4 Isler F. Chinchilla Alvaradob,g, Bert Reubensh, Ruthmery Pillco Huarcayai, Salvatore Cozzolinod, 5 Adam P. Karremansb,j 6 a Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU 7 Leuven. Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. 8 b Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica. PO Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica. 9 c School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University. Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western 10 Australia 6102. 11 d Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II. Corso Umberto I, 80126 Naples, Italy. 12 e Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis. One Shields Avenue 13 Davis, 95616 California, USA. 14 f Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico. Avenida Universidad STE. 1701, San Juan, 15 00925-2537 Puerto Rico. 16 g Herbario Luis Fournier Origgi, Department of Biology, University of Costa Rica. Apdo. 11501- 17 2060, San Pedro de Montos de Oca, San José, Costa Rica. 18 h Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 19 Burgemeester van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
    [Show full text]
  • Vanilla Master
    Vanilla Master Vanilla….the most popular flavour in the world History of Vanilla • Indigenous to Southeastern Mexico • Discovered by the Totonaco Indians in Mexico • Following Cortez’s conquest in 1519 of the Aztecs, Vanilla became known in Europe • 1604 introduced in France – Used to soften taste of coffee and as an ingredient in chocolate drink • 1836 – Botanist Charles Morren identified the Melipone Bee responsible for pollination • 1841 – Hand pollination technique discovered by Edmund Albius • 1866 – First Vanilla grown outside of Mexico • Island of Reunion, East of Madagascar • Island of Bourbon Three Varieties of Vanilla Beans Vanilla Fragrans - Bourbon varieties from Madagascar, Comoros, (Vanilla Planifolia) Mexico, Indonesia, Uganda, Seychelles, Maturities, Tonga Vanilla Pompona - Guadeloupe Vanilla Tahitensis - Tahiti Map of Vanilla Growing Areas China Guadeloupe India Mexico Moorea Martinique Uganda Seychelles Indonesia Costa Tonga Rica Reunion Tahiti Madagascar Mauritius Key areas Growing Conditions • 10 to 20 degrees north or south of the Equator • 600 meters above sea level • Hot, moist tropical climate • Temperature 24-30°C all year round • Little wind, high humidity • Rich soil, on gently sloping land • Grows 10-15 meters tall, supported by a host tree • For cultivation of vanilla, vines are kept at a height of 1.75 meters Cultivation • Flowers in 3rd year of growth • Flowers must be hand pollinated at precisely the right time • Pollination occurs over a 2 month time frame • Grows 15-23 cm tall in 6 weeks • 6-9 months after pollination – tips yellow and are ready to be harvested • Conditions: Rain, wind, early pick, disease Harvesting Time Line December to March May to August June to September Mexico Tahiti Madagascar Reunion & Comoros Indonesia Harvest Too early: Poor or weak flavor, low vanillin, brittle beans, moldy.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Analysis of Vanilla Mosaic Virus from the Cook Islands
    Molecular Analysis of Vanilla mosaic virus from the Cook Islands Christopher Puli’uvea A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) 2017 School of Science I Abstract Vanilla was first introduced to French Polynesia in 1848 and from 1899-1966 was a major export for French Polynesia who then produced an average of 158 tonnes of cured Vanilla tahitensis beans annually. In 1967, vanilla production declined rapidly to a low of 0.6 tonnes by 1981, which prompted a nation-wide investigation with the aim of restoring vanilla production to its former levels. As a result, a mosaic-inducing virus was discovered infecting V. tahitensis that was distinct from Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) but serologically related to dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV). The potyvirus was subsequently named vanilla mosaic virus (VanMV) and was later reported to infect V. tahitensis in the Cook Islands and V. planifolia in Fiji and Vanuatu. Attempts were made to mechanically inoculate VanMV to a number of plants that are susceptible to DsMV, but with no success. Based on a partial sequence analysis, VanMV-FP (French Polynesian isolate) and VanMV-CI (Cook Islands isolate) were later characterised as strains of DsMV exclusively infecting vanilla. Since its discovery, little information is known about how VanMV-CI acquired the ability to exclusively infect vanilla and lose its ability to infect natural hosts of DsMV or vice versa. The aims of this research were to characterise the VanMV genome and attempt to determine the molecular basis for host range specificity of VanMV-CI.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Vanilla Species from Costa Rica Closely Related to V. Planifolia (Orchidaceae)
    European Journal of Taxonomy 284: 1–26 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.284 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Azofeifa-Bolaños J.B. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. DNA Library of Life, research article A new vanilla species from Costa Rica closely related to V. planifolia (Orchidaceae) José B. AZOFEIFA-BOLAÑOS 1, L. Rodolphe GIGANT 2, Mayra NICOLÁS-GARCÍA 3, Marc PIGNAL 4, Fabiola B. TAVARES-GONZÁLEZ 5, Eric HÁGSATER 6, Gerardo A. SALAZAR-CHÁVEZ 7, Delfi no REYES-LÓPEZ 8, Fredy L. ARCHILA-MORALES 9, José A. GARCÍA-GARCÍA 10, Denis da SILVA 11, Agathe ALLIBERT 12, Frank SOLANO- CAMPOS 13, Guadalupe del Carmen RODRÍGUEZ-JIMENES 14, Amelia PANIAGUA- VÁSQUEZ 15, Pascale BESSE 16, Araceli PÉREZ-SILVA 17 & Michel GRISONI 18,* 1,15 Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales, Heredia, Costa Rica. 2,11,16 Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France. 3,17 Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec, Tuxtepec (Oax), Mexico. 4 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, UMR 7205 – ISYEB CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, Paris, France. 5,14 Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz (Ver), Mexico. 6 Herbario AMO, México (DF), Mexico. 7 Universidad Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, México (DF), Mexico. 8 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería Agro-hidráulica, Teziutlán (Pue), Mexico. 9 Herbario BIGU, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala. 10 Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias, Heredia, Costa Rica. 12,18 CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNATIONAL UNION for the PROTECTION of NEW VARIETIES of PLANTS Geneva
    E TG/303/1 ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2014-04-09 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS Geneva * VANILLA UPOV Codes: VANIL_PLA; VANIL_POD; VANIL_PBA; VANIL_PPO; VANIL_PPH; VANIL_PTA Vanilla planifolia Jacks.; Vanilla planifolia Jacks. x Vanilla odorata; Vanilla planifolia Jacks. x Vanilla bahiana; Vanilla planifolia Jacks. x Vanilla pompona; Vanilla planifolia Jacks. x Vanilla phaeantha; Vanilla planifolia Jacks. x Vanilla tahitensis GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY Alternative Names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Vanilla planifolia Jacks. Vanilla Vanillier Vanille Vainilla, Xanath V. planifolia Jacks. x V. odorata V. planifolia Jacks. xV. bahiana V. planifolia Jacks. x V. pompona V. planifolia Jacks. x V. phaeantha V. planifolia Jacks. x V. tahitensis The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] TG/303/1 Vanilla, 2014-04-09 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. SUBJECT OF THESE TEST GUIDELINES .......................................................................................................... 3 2. MATERIAL REQUIRED .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.AN INTEGRATED STRATEGY for the CONSERVATION and SUSTAINABLE USE of NATIVE VANILLA SPECIES in COLOMBIA
    Lankesteriana International Journal on Orchidology ISSN: 1409-3871 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Flanagan, Nicola S.; Mosquera-Espinosa, Ana Teresa AN INTEGRATED STRATEGY FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATIVE VANILLA SPECIES IN COLOMBIA Lankesteriana International Journal on Orchidology, vol. 16, núm. 2, 2016 Universidad de Costa Rica Cartago, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44347813006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative LANKESTERIANA 16(2): 00–00. 2016. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/lank.v16i2.00000 AN INTEGRATED STRATEGY FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATIVE VANILLA SPECIES IN COLOMBIA NICOLA S. FLANAGAN1,2 & ANA TERESA MOSQUERA-ESPINOSA1 1Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali, Colombia 2 Author for correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The natural vanilla essence is obtained principally from the fruits of the species Vanilla planifolia, a member of the Vanilla aromatic clade, and native to the neo-tropics. Colombia is an important center of diversity for the genus with 22 Vanilla species reported, of which 18 belong to the aromatic clade. Colombian native Vanilla species comprise important genetic resources for the vanilla crop. Although there is no tradition of cultivation of vanilla in the country, these species have potential for establishment in sustainable agroforestry systems. Nonetheless, Vanilla, like many orchid species, is subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic conservation threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Vanilla Culture in Puerto Rico
    Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Vanilla Culture in Puerto Rico CIRCULAR NO. 28, Federal Experiment Station in Puerto Rico UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Office of Experiment Stations FEDERAL EXPERIMENT STATION IN PUERTO RICO MAYAGUEZ, PUERTO RICO Administered by the Office of Experiment Stations Agricultural Research Administration United States Department of Agriculture R. W. Trullinger, Chief, Office of Experiment Stations STATION STAFF Kenneth A. Bartlett, Director. Arnaud J. Loustalot, Assistant Director, Plant Physiologist. Richard H. Hageman. Chemist. Caleb Pagan Carlo, Chemist. Harold K. Plank, Entomologist. Edward P. Hume, Horticulturist. Harold F. Winters, Horticulturist. Harry E. Warmke, Plant Breeder. Ruben H. Freyre, Scientific Aid. Carmelo Alemar, Administrative Assistant. Hilda J. Carrero, Clerk-Stenographer. Juana F. Cedo, Clerk-Stenographer. William Vargas, Property Clerk. Narciso Almeyda, Collaborating Agronomist. 1 Hector R. Cibes Viade, Collaborating Agronomist. 1 1 Hector J. Crtjzado, Collaborating Agronomist. Roberto Ferrer Delgado, Collaborating Agronomist. 1 1 Jose C. Mangual, Collaborating Agronomist Rafael Fernandez Pol, Collaborating Chemist. 1 1 Pedro J. Seguinot, Collaborating Laboratory Helper. Nilda Acevedo, Collaborating Clerk-Stenographer. 1 Julia Lopez, Collaborating Clerk-Stenographer. 1 Susana Rodriguez, Cooperating Clerk-Stenographer. 1 Jose Gonzalez, Collaborating Farm Foreman. 1 Astor Gonzalez, Cooperating Librarian.
    [Show full text]