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Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Due to Emerin Gene Mutations

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Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Due to Emerin Gene Mutations OBSERVATION Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Due to Emerin Gene Mutations Shigehisa Ura, MD; Yukiko K. Hayashi, MD, PhD; Kanako Goto, MS; Mina Nolasco Astejada, MD; Terumi Murakami, MD; Masako Nagato, MD; Shigeru Ohta, MD; Yasuhisa Daimon, MD; Hidehiro Takekawa, MD, PhD; Koichi Hirata, MD, PhD; Ikuya Nonaka, MD, PhD; Satoru Noguchi, PhD; Ichizo Nishino, MD, PhD Background: Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, nant muscle involvement, with minimal or no joint and caused by EMD gene mutations, is characterized by cardiac involvement. humeroperoneal muscular dystrophy, joint contrac- tures, and conduction defects and is often associated Main Outcome Measures: Muscle biopsy and muta- with sudden cardiac death, even without prior cardiac tion analysis results. symptoms. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed an absence of Objective: To describe the clinical and molecular fea- emerin staining in muscle biopsy specimens. Mutation tures of 2 patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy analysis identified nonsense mutations in EMD. with mutations in EMD. Conclusions: Mutations in EMD may indicate a limb-girdle Design: Case reports. muscular dystrophy phenotype. Identification of emerin de- ficiency among patients with limb-girdle muscular dystro- Setting: Academic research. phy is essential to prevent cardiac catastrophe. Patients: Two male patients manifested proximal domi- Arch Neurol. 2007;64(7):1038-1041 MERY-DREIFUSS MUSCULAR of EDMD and autosomal dominant EDMD dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare are similar and indistinguishable. How- muscular dystrophy clini- ever, mutations in LMNA are known to be cally characterized as a triad associated with several other disorders col- of (1) slowly progressive lectively known as laminopathies, includ- Ehumeroperoneal muscular dystrophy; ing limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (2) early joint contractures of Achilles ten- (LGMD) type 1B, which is characterized dons, elbows, and hind neck, and (3) car- by proximal dominant muscular dystro- diomyopathy with conduction defects.1 phy with atrioventricular conduction dis- The X-linked form of EDMD is caused by turbance.8 To exclude EMD mutations in mutations in the emerin gene (EMD)or patients with LGMD, we examined emerin in STA on Xq28,2 whereas autosomal expression in muscle biopsy specimens and dominant and rare recessive forms of performed genetic screening. Author Affiliations: EDMD are caused by mutations in the la- 3 Department of Neuromuscular min A/C gene (LMNA) on 1q21. EMD is METHODS Research, National Institute of composed of 6 small exons that encode Neuroscience, National Center emerin, a 34-kDa inner nuclear mem- of Neurology and Psychiatry, brane protein.2,4 Immunohistochemical MUSCLE BIOPSY SPECIMENS Tokyo (Drs Ura, Hayashi, analysis is valuable for the diagnosis of the Astejada, Murakami, Nonaka, X-linked form of EDMD because most pa- All clinical materials used in this study were Noguchi, and Nishino and tients show a lack of emerin staining at the obtained for diagnostic purposes following in- Ms Goto); Department of nuclear membrane of skin, leukocytes, and formed consent. Skeletal muscle biopsy speci- Pediatrics, Tenri Hospital, Nara 5-7 mens were flash frozen in isopentane chilled (Drs Nagato and Ohta); and skeletal and cardiac muscles. LMNA en- with liquid nitrogen. A panel of histochemi- Department of Neurology, codes lamin A and C, which are major cal staining, including hematoxylin-eosin and Dokkyo Medical University, components of nuclear lamina. Emerin and modified Gomori trichrome, was performed to Tochigi (Drs Daimon, lamin A/C are nuclear envelope proteins, obtain the pathological diagnosis. Immuno- Takekawa, and Hirata), Japan. and clinical features of the X-linked form histochemical and immunoblotting analyses (REPRINTED) ARCH NEUROL / VOL 64 (NO. 7), JULY 2007 WWW.ARCHNEUROL.COM 1038 ©2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/23/2021 A A B B HE Emerin C HE Emerin C G C C C C C C C A G Exon 2: c.153_154insC (p.Ser52Gln fsX9) C C G C C A G T G A C T Exon 4: c.359_362delCAGT Figure 1. Patient 1. A, A 9-year-old boy had proximal muscle atrophy (p.Ser120 fsX1) without joint contractures. B, Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and emerin immunoreaction (Emerin) of skeletal muscle biopsy specimen. The HE staining shows fiber-size variation, regenerating fibers, and fibers with Figure 2. Patient 2. A, A 50-year-old man had proximal dominant muscle internalized nuclei. Immunoreaction of emerin is absent at the nuclear atrophy of the limbs with minimal joint contractures at the right elbow and membrane. The bar indicates 50 µm. Inset, Emerin staining of control Achilles tendon. B. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and emerin muscle is shown. C, Mutation analysis revealed a 1–base pair insertion at immunoreaction (Emerin) of muscle biopsy specimen. The HE staining c.154 in exon 2. shows fiber-size variation, regenerating fibers, and fibers with internalized nuclei. Immunoreaction of emerin is absent at the nuclear membrane. The bar indicates 50 µm. Inset, Emerin staining of control muscle is shown. were conducted as previously described.9 Genomic DNA was C, Direct sequence analysis revealed a 4–base pair deletion at c.359-362 extracted from muscle biopsy specimens or from peripheral lym- in exon 4. phocytes using standard techniques. We examined 94 patients who were clinically and patho- Figure 2). Mutation analysis of EMD revealed a 1–base logically diagnosed as having LGMD. Exclusion of LGMD types pair (bp) insertion (c.153_154insC in exon 2) in pa- 1C, 2A to 2G, 2I, and 2K was performed by immunohisto- tient 1 (Figure 1) and a 4-bp deletion (c.359_362delCAGT chemical and Western blotting analyses. In detecting emerin in exon 4) in patient 2 (Figure 2). Both mutations were in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens, monoclonal antiemerin predicted to cause premature termination codon and ab- antibody (Novocastra Laboratories, New Castle upon Tyne, En- gland) was used. sence of protein expression. MUTATION ANALYSIS REPORT OF CASES All 6 exons and their flanking intronic regions of EMD were Patient 1, a 9-year-old boy from nonconsanguineous directly sequenced using an automated sequencer (ABI PRISM parents, neither of whom had neuromuscular or cardiac 3100; PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). Infor- disorders, was initially seen with proximal dominant mation about the primers used for the sequence analysis is avail- muscle weakness and atrophy. He had normal develop- able from the corresponding author. Sequence analysis of LMNA mental milestones, acquiring independent ambulation was also performed to exclude LGMD type 1B. at age 1 year; however, unsteady gait was noticed at age 4 years. By age 6 years, he developed weakness and at- RESULTS rophy of the proximal muscles of the lower limbs, wad- dling gait, and lordotic posture. He then needed sup- Among 94 patients with LGMD of unknown cause, we port in climbing stairs. On physical examination at age identified 2 patients with negative immunostaining 6 years, his calf muscles were not atrophic. Serum cre- for emerin in their skeletal muscles (Figure 1 and atine kinase levels were elevated to 927 U/L (to convert (REPRINTED) ARCH NEUROL / VOL 64 (NO. 7), JULY 2007 WWW.ARCHNEUROL.COM 1039 ©2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/23/2021 to microkatal per liter, multiply by 0.0167) (reference contractures. In contrast, mutations in EMD have been range, Ͻ180 U/L). Muscle biopsy was performed on the associated with only the EDMD phenotype. left biceps brachii, and the biopsy specimen showed A previously described 21⁄2-year-old boy had a con- moderate fiber size variation, with some regenerating fi- dition resembling LGMD with contracture of the right bers and several fibers with internalized nuclei ankle joint requiring Achilles tendon lengthening; this (Figure 1). Results of dystrophin immunostaining were patient had an absence of emerin and had a mutation in positive, and he was diagnosed as having LGMD. At age EMD.10 Both patients described herein demonstrated 9 years, he showed Gowers sign, waddling gait, and proximal muscle weakness with minimal or no joint proximal dominant limb muscle weakness and atrophy. contractures due to mutations in EMD. Patient 1 No joint contractures were observed (Figure 1). An showed proximal muscular dystrophy without joint electrocardiogram revealed transient sinus arrhythmia, contractures and demonstrated only minimal cardiac but his echocardiogram was normal. involvement as transient sinus arrhythmia. However, Patient 2, a 50-year-old man, initially was seen with joint contractures and a severe cardiac condition may proximal dominant muscle weakness and atrophy. His develop in this patient. Patient 2 had unusual clinical father had died of acute myocardial infarction; his mother findings manifesting as adult-onset LGMD. Minimal was alive without symptoms of neuromuscular or car- joint contractures were noticed only after careful physi- diac disorders. He was healthy until age 35 years, when cal examination at the age of 50 years. A conduction de- he noticed difficulty in going up and down stairs. Dur- fect was observed during the course of his cardiac fol- ing this time, he was incidentally found to have hyper- low-up for valvular insufficiency. It remains unclear tension. Muscle weakness was progressive, and he had whether the absence of emerin has a role in the devel- difficulty raising his arms by age 40 years. At age 49 years, opment of valvular insufficiency observed in this pa- he required support in climbing stairs and had difficulty tient. The same mutation identified in patient 2 was in buttoning his clothes. Although his electrocardio- previously reported in a patient with typical EDMD.11 gram was normal, an echocardiogram demonstrated mod- Additional unknown factors may cause different clini- erate mitral and tricuspid insufficiency without dilata- cal phenotypes in patients harboring identical muta- tion of ventricles. Other than his father’s death from acute tions in the same gene. myocardial infarction, his family history was noncon- Based on these findings, mutations in EMD may cause tributory.
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