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Róninové a Jejich Role V Politických Událostech Doby Bakumacu

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Róninové a Jejich Role V Politických Událostech Doby Bakumacu Masarykova univerzita Filosofická fakulta Ústav jazykovědy a baltistiky Japanistika Klára Kubíčková Róninové a jejich role v politických událostech doby bakumacu Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jakub Havlíček, Ph.D. 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Prohlašuji, že tištěná verze práce je shodná s verzí elektronickou. Souhlasím, aby práce byla archivována a zpřístupněna ke studijním účelům. ……………………………..… Podpis autorky práce 2 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. Jakubu Havlíčkovi, Ph.D. za trpělivost a ochotu při vedení mé diplomové práce, a za cenné připomínky, které přispěly k její konečné podobě. 3 Obsah 1 Úvod…………………………………………………………………………………………….5 2 Róninové v období Tokugawa………………………………………………………………….8 2.1 Sociální systém v tokugawském období………………………………………………..8 2.2 Sociální status róninů……………………………………………………………………9 2.3 Protišógunátní aktivity róninů………………………………………………………….10 3 Charakteristika doby bakumacu (幕末)………………………………………………………12 3.1 Přerušení politiky izolace: komodor Perry a Townsend Harris………………………..12 3.2 Protišógunátní opozice a hnutí sonnó džói (尊王攘夷)………………………………..14 3.2.1 Heslo sonnó džói a jeho myšlenkové pozadí ……………………………………15 3.2.2 Hnutí sonnó džói do roku 1864………………………………………………….17 3.2.3 Konec sonnó džói a aliance sačó………………………………………………...19 4 Róninové v době bakumacu…………………………………………………………………..20 4.1 Venkovská povstání a účast róninů……………………………………………………...20 4.2 Róninové a sonnó džói – střety s cizinci………………………………………………...21 4.3 Róninové jako političtí aktivisté………………………………………………………...22 4.4 Kiheitai (奇兵隊)………………………………………………………………………..23 4.4.1 Charakteristika jednotky Kiheitai………………………………………………..23 4.4.2 Bombardování Šimonoseki v roce 1864 a role Kiheitai…………………………25 4.4.3 Kiheitai v občanské válce………………………………………………………..26 4.4.4 Kiheitai a restaurace Meidži……………………………………………………..27 4.5 Šinsengumi (新選組)……………………………………………………………………28 4.5.1 Róšigumi (浪士組) – předchůdce Šinsengumi…………………………………..28 4.5.2 Incident v Ikedaja 1864………………………………………………………….30 4.5.3 Šinsengumi v občanské válce……………………………………………………30 5 Závěr…………………………………………………………………………………………..33 Bibliografie……………………………………………………………………………………….35 Resumé…………………………………………………………………………………………...38 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………….39 Přílohy……………………………………………………………………………………………40 4 1 Úvod Rónin (浪人), nebo také róši (浪士) je označením pro samuraje, který přišel o službu u svého pána. Ve společnosti, která byla založena na hierarchii vazalských vztahů, to pro samuraje znamenalo vzdát se svého statutu a začlenit se mezi měšťany, nebo žít na okraji společnosti. Tato práce se má zabývat rolí róninů v politických událostech, které vedly k restauraci Meidži. Jak je ovšem možné, že by skupina obyvatel prakticky vyloučená ze společnosti, mohla mít podíl na událostech, na kterých mají podle obecného povědomí konečnou zásluhu daimjóové ze Sacumy a Čóšú, a dokonce sám císař? Jak píše Craig, právě vyloučený status róninů je předurčoval k tomu, aby se postavili do opozice ke stávajícímu systému,1 ovšem jejich aktivitám nebývá věnována přílišná pozornost. S problematikou róninů v době bakumacu se autorka poprvé setkala v podobě několika televizních seriálů o Šinsengumi. 2 Nejedná se však jen o Šinsengumi, protože život róninů obecně je v japonském prostředí častým námětem pro filmy, literaturu, dokonce i pro animované seriály. Popularita róninů v dnešní době zřejmě přesahuje jejich historický přínos, a zřejmě souvisí s tím, že Japonci chovali vždy sympatie k tragickým hrdinům.3 Naskýtá se tedy otázka: jsou tedy róninové skutečně jen romantičtí hrdinové s tragickým osudem, jejichž oslavované činy nejsou z historického hlediska příliš přínosné? Nebo je možné, že svými aktivitami přeci jen přispěli ke změnám, které se odehrály v šedesátých letech osmnáctého století? Cílem naší práce bude pokusit se na tyto otázky alespoň částečně odpovědět. V naší práci budeme vycházet zejména ze sekundární literatury. Na základě co největšího množství dostupných zdrojů se pokusíme začlenit róniny do politických událostí doby Bakumacu. Práce si neklade za cíl zrekonstruovat komplexní obraz života róninů v daném období, spíše se budeme na několika konkrétních příkladech snažit dokázat, že i róninové mohli svými aktivitami přispět ke svržení tokugawského šógunátu a k restauraci Meidži. 1 Srov. Craig, Albert M. - Reischauer, Edwin O. Dějiny Japonska. 2. vyd. Praha: Lidové noviny, 2006, s. 90. 2 新選組！(NHK, Japonsko, 2004), 薄桜鬼 (Jamazaki Osamu, Japonsko, 2010), PEACE MAKER 鐵 (Hirata Tomohiro, Japonsko, 2003) 3 Například příběh čtyřiceti sedmi róninů był zdramatizován už po dvou letech od této událost. 5 Práce je rozdělena na tři hlavní části. V první části se budeme zabývat tokugawským sociálním systémem. Nastíníme, jakou pozici v tomto systému zastávali róninové, a pokusíme se zanalyzovat, jak tento systém sám přispíval k nárůstu počtu róninů od začátku 17. století, a zároveň jim neumožňoval začlenit se do společnosti. Na několika příkladech si také ukážeme, že nespokojenost s životními podmínkami už v počátcích období Tokugawa róniny přiměla, aby se postavili do opozice proti šógunátu. V druhé části se budeme už konkrétněji zabývat analyzovaným obdobím, a představíme politické a společenské souvislosti tohoto období. Především se budeme věnovat vzniku a průběhu protišógunátního hnutí, a také jeho ideovému pozadí. Třetí část je zaměřena na aktivity róninů v tomto období, které se pokusíme představit z různých úhlů. Jádro práce potom budou představovat dvě poslední kapitoly, týkající se jednotek Kiheitai a Šinsengumi, které poslouží jako konkrétní příklady toho, jak byli róninové organizovaně zapojeni do politických událostí jak na straně opozice, tak na straně bakufu. 6 Poznámka k formálním náležitostem textu Pro přepis japonských termínů do latinky je použito české transkripce. U japonských jmen je zachováno jejich původní pořadí, tzn. nejprve rodové jméno a poté osobní jméno. Japonské termíny budou zvýrazněny kurzívou, v závorce bude uveden jejich zápis v japonských znacích a překlad, pokud jejich význam nebude patrný z kontextu práce. U termínů, které mají oficiální ekvivalent v českém jazyce, bude v závorce následovat japonský zápis a přepis výslovnosti v české transkripci. U jmen nejdůležitějších osobností bude též v závorce uveden jejich japonský zápis. Všechny překlady citovaných pasáží z anglicky psaných prací jsou dílem autorky. 7 2 Róninové v období Tokugawa 2.1 Sociální systém v tokugawském období V období sjednocení Japonska 4 se v zemi vytvořil systém, který byl reformou původního feudálního zřízení, a který v podstatě znamenal upevnění feudálního řádu. Země byla rozdělena na relativně samostatné domény, které zastávaly funkci místní správy. Daimjóové, feudální páni, nesli plnou odpovědnost za chod domény, a v případě špatné správy jim mohlo být centrální vládou (bakufu) zkonfiskováno léno. 5 Ke stabilitě systému přispívalo i nové společenské uspořádání. K zabránění společenským změnám měl sloužit takový systém, který co nejvíce omezoval sociální mobilitu. Ideálním vzorem se stal konfuciánský model hierarchicky uspořádané společnosti, ve které existovaly čtyři přirozené třídy: ši (士, samurajové), nó (農, rolníci), kó (工, řemeslnící), šó (商, obchodníci).6 Změna společenského systému znamenala přísné oddělení samurajské třídy od prostého lidu, zároveň znamenala i změnu její společenské funkce. Samurajové teď zastávali pozici úředníků, což zcela přerušilo jejich tradiční vazbu s venkovem: „Úzké vazby vojenské šlechty k půdě – typické pro feudalismus v Evropě i v Japonsku – se rozpadaly, neboť samurajstvo, obecně považované za představitele válečnické vrstvy, se usazovalo v okolí hradních pevností jednotlivých knížat.“7 To mělo tvrdý dopad především na vrstvu venkovských samurajů, protože byli vytrženi z prostředí, ve kterém měli kořeny. Ztratili tím rodovou základnu, a v případě, že přišli o pána, se už neměli kam uchýlit a stali se z nich potulní róninové. Zároveň byli připraveni i o možnost vlastní obživy, protože byli závislí pouze na svých lénech.8 V roce 1615 vstoupil platnost Zákoník pro vojenskou šlechtu (武家諸法度, buke šohatto), který se stal kodexem pro chování samurajů. Daimjóové, pokud by byli obviněni z porušování 4 Sjednocování Japonska je proces, probíhající zhruba od poloviny do konce 16. století. Znamenal konec období sengoku (戦国, „válčící domény“), ve kterém jednotlivé domény Japonska válčily navzájem mezi sebou. Za sjednotitele Japonska jsou považováni Oda Nobunaga, Tojotomi Hidejoši a Tokugawa Iejasu, zakladatel tokugawského šógunátu. (Více viz Asao, Naohiro. The sixteenth-century unification. In The Cambridge History of Japan : Early Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, s. 40-95.) 5 Viz Craig, Albert M. - Reischauer, Edwin O. Dějiny Japonska…, s. 86. 6 Viz tamtéž, s. 88. 7 Tamtéž, s. 75. 8 Srov. Hall, John Whitney (ed.). The Cambridge History of Japan : Early Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, s. 122. 8 tohoto kodexu, mohli by být vypovězeni ze svých lén. Tím by zanechali všechny své vazaly v pozici róninů. Protože měl šógun možnost přemístit daimjóy do jakékoli domény, šógunát sám přispíval k tomu, že se společenská skupina róninů rozrůstala, což přinášelo nemalé starosti.9 Přísné sociální rozdělení neumožňovalo překročit hranice jednotlivých tříd, což znemožňovalo róninům najít si jinou možnost obživy, a tak samotný společenský systém přispíval k tomu, že se už tak početná a nemajetná skupina róninů začala stále více rozrůstat.
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