MAKE YOUR OWN SMART TEXTILE Experimentation of Edm Conductive Ink on Textiles and Development of a Specific Writing Instrument for Ink Deposition on Fabric
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Scuola del Design Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Design & Engineering MAKE YOUR OWN SMART TEXTILE Experimentation of EdM conductive ink on textiles and development of a specific writing instrument for ink deposition on fabric Relatore: Prof. Barbara Del Curto Correlatore: Ass. Jenny Faucheu Studente: Francesco Botticini Matricola: 797011 Anno Accademico 2014-2015 Table of contents List of figures XI List of tables XVI Abstract Ita XVIII Abstract Eng XX Introduction XXII Part I | Research area 1 Chapter 3 State of the art in wearable technology 1.1 A brief history of wearable technology 6 1.2 Understand the concept of smart textiles 12 1.2.1 Basic definitions 12 1.2.2 Different types of smart materials 14 1.2.3 Smart textiles classified by their functionality 15 1.3 Architecture of wearable electronic system 16 1.3.1 Functions of conductive fabrics 16 1.3.2 Wearable electronic system 18 1.3.3 Description of the main components 20 1.4 Power requirements of portable devices 32 1.5 Integration level of electronic components in smart textiles 34 1.6 Joining technologies for electronic textiles 35 1.6.1 Methods of joining electronic devices 36 1.7 Consumer design needs 42 III 1.8 Environmental and waste issues concerning the 44 production of smart clothes and wearable technology References 47 2 Chapter 49 Smart textiles applications 2.1 Sports 49 2.2 Healthcare 52 2.3 Fashion and entertaiment 56 2.4 Military, public sector and safety 59 References 62 3 Chapter 65 Conductive textiles 3.1 Brief history of conductive yarns 67 3.2 Conductive fibers and yarns 65 3.3 Process of creating conductive fabrics 66 3.4 Types of conductive fibers and yarns 67 3.5 Summary 80 References 84 4 Chapter 86 Conductive inks 4.1 Differences between graphic art inks and conductive inks 88 4.2 Types of conductive inks 89 IV 4.2.1 Nanoparticle Silver Inks 92 4.2.2 Nanoparticle Copper Inks 92 4.2.3 Silicon Inks 94 4.2.4 Conductive Polymers 95 4.2.5 Carbon-based Inks 96 4.3 Printing and coating process 98 4.3.1 Spray coating 100 4.3.2 Inkjet printing 103 4.3.3 Aerosol Jet Deposition System 103 4.3.4 Offset Lithography 105 4.3.5 Screen printing 107 4.3.6 Flexoprinting 108 4.3.7 Gravure printing 110 4.4 Printed electronics applications 113 References 118 5 Chapter 121 History of writing instruments 5.1 Evolution of writing tools 121 5.2 Analysis of the working principles about writing 128 instruments that use an ink to mark the substrate References 131 6 Chapter 132 The substrate: textiles 6.1 Types of textile fibres 134 6.2 Fibres to fabrics 138 V 6.3 Fabric finishing 142 6.4 Textile market 147 6.5 Textile selection for the thesis project 150 References 152 Part II | Experimental area 153 7 Chapter 155 Testing phase 1 in the laboratory 7.1 Introduction to the main actors 155 7.2 Making the composite blend following the ink recipe 159 7.3 Looking for conductivity on fabric 161 7.4 Focus on wearable textiles 168 7.5 Use of writing instruments for laying down the ink 172 7.6 An alternative approach to have conductive textile by 176 using the conductive ink 7.7 Microscope analysis of the fabric samples 178 7.8 Outcome of the testing phase 1 185 8 Chapter 189 Testing phase 2 in the laboratory 8.1 Introduction to the main actors 189 8.2 Approach to the testing phase 2 192 8.3 Laying down EdM conductive ink by stencil 196 VI 8.4 Laying down EdM conductive ink by the designed pen 199 prototype 8.5 Demonstrations 202 8.6 Microscope analysis of the fabric samples 208 8.7 Outcome of the testing phase 2 215 References 221 9 Chapter 223 Process to develop a specific writing instrument for EdM conductive ink 9.1 Use scenario 227 9.2 Writing instruments analysis 231 9.3 Meeting the requirements to lay down EdM conductive 234 ink by a prototype 9.4 Design the pen prototype, a specific writing instrument 241 to lay down EdM conductive ink 10 Chapter 244 Outlook for the future of EdM conductive ink 10.1 Context 244 10.2 Competitive landscape of the current conductive inks 246 10.3 Features and outlook of EdM conductive ink 248 References 253 Conclusions 255 VII List of figures Chapter 1 Fig. 1.1 Chasing shoe, 1961. 7 Fig. 1.2 Pulsar calcolator watch, 1975. 7 Fig. 1.3 Sony Walkman, 1979. 7 Fig. 1.4 Smart life technology’s garment, 2007. 10 Fig. 1.5 Data logging compression shirt, 2010. 10 Fig. 1.6 Garment with fully integrated LEDs. 11 Fig. 1.7 Optical textile, 2015. 11 Fig. 1.8 General system configuration of a typical 18 wearable electronics and photonics product. Fig. 1.9 Systemisation of wearable electronic systems. 19 Fig. 1.10 Three key parts of an intelligent system with enabling 20 technology. Fig. 1.11 Relations between internal, external and personal 21 space communications. Fig. 1.12 Levels of integration of electronic components. 34 Fig. 1.13 Scheme of electronic functional yarn. 37 Fig. 1.14 LED yarn and LED garment. 37 Fig. 1.15 Electronic modules integrated onto textiles by 38 embroidery and soldering. Fig. 1.16 Automated attachment of LEDs by embroidery. 39 Fig. 1.17 Joining of a PCB due to embroidery. 40 Fig. 1.18 Adhesive bonding Joint between copper-contact 41 and conductive fabric. IX Fig. 1.19 Conductive hook and loop, velcro tape. 42 Fig. 1.20 Ease of recycling of different textile products. 44 Chapter 2 Fig. 2.1 PoloTech Shirt. 50 Fig. 2.2 Intelligent Knee Sleeve. 51 Fig. 2.3 Wealthy project, wearable wellness system. 54 Fig. 2.4 WarmX SilverSun, heated knitted underwear system. 55 Fig. 2.5 Hub snowboard jacket,Infineon Technologies and O’Neill. 57 Fig. 2.6 Solar-powered jacket, SilvrLining Company. 58 Fig. 2.7 ProeTEX project. 60 Fig. 2.8 Zackees Turn Signal Gloves, Zackees Company. 61 Chapter 3 FIg. 3.1 Silver-wrapped silk thread from the seventeenth century. 66 Fig. 3.2 Garment with fully integrated LEDs. 71 Fig. 3.3 Embroidered antenna. 72 Fig. 3.4 Stretch sensor knitted from silver coated yarns. 74 Fig. 3.5 Carbon nanotube fibre. 74 Fig. 3.6 Illuminated plastic strips within a fabric. 75 Fig. 3.7 Three typical structures of hybrid polymer–metal yarns. 77 Fig. 3.8 Optical fiber general scheme. 80 Fig. 3.9 Schematic diagrams of (a) segmented yarns and 81 (b) continuous optical fibre. Fig. 3.10 Optical fibres embedded in a piece of fabric. 82 Chapter 4 Fig. 4.1 Illustration of spry coating. 100 X Fig. 4.2 Schematic illustration of piezo-based drop-on- 102 demand ink-jet printing. Fig. 4.3 Aerosol spray jet technology versus inkjet. 105 Fig. 4.4 Diagram of Optomec aerosol spray deposition 105 system. Fig. 4.5 Illustration of Offset Lithography. 106 Fig. 4.6 Illustration of the flatbed screen-printing principle. 107 Fig. 4.7 Flatbed screen printing of silver top electrodes. 108 Fig. 4.8 Illustration of the flexoprinting principle. 109 Fig. 4.9 The printing cylinder with the relief carrying the ink 110 during printing, (in this case a silver paste). 111 Fig. 4.10 Illustration of the gravure-printing principle. 112 Chapter 5 Fig. 5.1 Fountain pen. 130 Fig. 5.2 Ballpoint pen. 130 Fig. 5.3 Felt-tip pen. 130 Fig. 5.4 Paint tube. 130 Chapter 6 Fig. 6.1 Types of textiles fibres. 134 Fig. 6.2 Types of yarns. 139 Fig. 6.3 Woven fabric. 140 Fig. 6.4 Knitted fabric. 141 Fig. 6.5 Nonwoven fabric. 142 Fig. 6.6 Typical production sequence of fabrics for apparel 143 and interiors. Fig. 6.7 Chart of global textile fibre demand. 147 Fig. 6.8 Ratio of global textile production. 148 Fig. 6.9 Europe smart textile market by end-use, 2012-2020. 149 XI Chapter 7 Fig. 7.1 Fountain pen. 158 Fig. 7.2 Correction pen. 158 Fig. 7.3 Felt-tip pen. 158 Fig. 7.4 Syringe. 158 Fig. 7.5 Concentration process, heating and stirring the 160 graphene solution. Fig. 7.6 Making the blend. 161 Fig. 7.7 Digital analytical balance with 1mg readability. 162 Fig. 7.8 Fabric samples n. 1,2,3,4. 163 Fig. 7.9 Hair dryer for drying the fabric samples. 163 Fig. 7.10 Fabric sample n.1 in a ring clamp. 164 Fig. 7.11 Multimeter. 164 Fig. 7.12 Heating in the oven EdM conductive ink in silicon forms. 166 Fig. 7.13 Drying the ink by using a hair dryer. 166 Fig. 7.14 Fabric samples dipped in water. 167 Fig. 7.15 Fabric samples n. 6,7,8. 168 Fig. 7.16 Measuring the electrical resistance on samples n. 6,7,8. 169 Fig. 7.17 Pieces of fabric samples 6,7,8. 170 Fig. 7.18 Four probe galvanometer equipment (Kelthley 2400). 171 Fig. 7.19 Correction pen used with EdM conductive ink in the 172 testing phase 1. Fig. 7.20 Fountain pen used with EdM conductive ink in the 172 testing phase 1 Fig. 7.21 Felt-tip marker used with EdM conductive ink in the 173 testing phase 1. Fig. 7.22 Parallel pen used with EdM conductive ink in the testing 174 phase 1. Fig. 7.23 Cotton fabric sample n.10, ink lines test 1.