Living Resources Committee ICES CM 2002/G:02 Ref. ACFM, ACE
REPORT OF THE
Working Group on Cephalopod Fisheries and Life History
Lisbon, Portugal 4–6 December 2002
This report is not to be quoted without prior consultation with the General Secretary. The document is a report of an expert group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer
Palægade 2–4 DK–1261 Copenhagen K Denmark
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Terms of Reference...... 1 1.2 Attendance ...... 1 1.3 Opening of the Meeting and Arrangements for the Preparation of the Report ...... 2 2 LANDINGS AND EFFORT STATISTICS AND SURVEY DATA (TOR A)...... 3 2.1 Compilation of Landing Statistics...... 3 2.2 General Trends...... 3 2.3 National Trends...... 4 2.3.1 England and Wales ...... 4 2.3.2 France ...... 17 2.3.3 Portugal...... 19 2.3.4 Spain ...... 22 2.3.5 Ireland...... 22 2.3.6 Cephalopod Fishery Trends outside ICES waters...... 23 2.4 Cephalopod discards data...... 23 2.5 Gear selectivity data...... 24 2.6 Conclusions...... 24 3 STOCK IDENTIFICATION AND POPULATION SIZE ESTIMATION (TOR B)...... 32 3.1 Stock identification ...... 32 3.2 Estimates of population trends based on indices...... 32 3.3 Total stock size assessments ...... 32 4 POSSIBLE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT (TOR C)...... 33 4.1 Minimum Landing Sizes (MLS) ...... 33 4.2 Minimum Mesh Sizes (MMS) ...... 33 4.3 Stock enhancement and protected areas...... 33 4.4 Catch and effort controls...... 33 4.4.1 Licences...... 34 4.4.2 Total Allowable Catches and Effort restrictions...... 34 4.5 General considerations...... 34 5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS (TOR D)...... 34 6 CEPHALOPOD CULTURE TECHNIQUES (TOR E) ...... 35 7 CEPHALOPOD LITERATURE RELEVANT TO FISHERIES (TOR F) ...... 35 8 RESEARCH PRIORITIES ...... 35 8.1 Importance of including cephalopods in the National Sampling ...... 35 8.2 Research priorities ...... 36 9 THE FUTURE PROGRAMME OF WGCEPH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 36 9.1 Terms of reference ...... 36 9.2 Next WGCEPH meeting ...... 37 10 OTHER BUSINESS...... 37 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 37 12 REFERENCES...... 37 ANNEX 1 CEPHALOPOD BIBLIOGRAPHY (2002-03)...... 40 ANNEX 2 ...... 49 @#
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Terms of Reference
As indicated in the ICES Annual Report for 2002, ICES Council Resolution 2002/2G01 stated that the Working Group on Cephalopod Fisheries and Life History [WGCEPH] (Chair: Dr .J.P. Robin, France) would meet in Lisbon, Portugal from 4-6 December 2002 to: a) update currently available landing statistics and information on fishing effort and discards and gear selectivity; explore existing resource survey databases for information about sampled cephalopods in the ICES area; b) compile methods and results available for stock identification and estimation of population size of fished cephalopods; c) identify possible precautionary approaches to the management of these cephalopod resources; and provide management options. d) compile available data and identify relationships between abundance and environmental conditions, factors affecting recruitment, migration and distribution patterns of juveniles and adults, and trophic interactions; e) review cephalopod culture techniques and results and their interest in the understanding of biological phenomena. f) update the bibliographic database of cephalopod literature relevant to fisheries, including grey literature;
WGCEPH will report by the end of April 2003 for the attention of the Living Resources Committee, ACFM and ACE.
1.2 Attendance
The WGCEPH meeting at the Tivoli Tejo Hotel, Lisbon, 5-6 December 2002, was attended by 11 of the currently appointed WGCEPH members. These participants represented 5 ICES member states (France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, UK).
Participants: 1) WGCEPH members
Name Address Telephone and Fax E-mail Dr. Teresa Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) Tel: +351.289 800924 [email protected] Cerveira University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas Fax: +351.289 818353 Borges 8000-810 Faro Portugal Dr. Matthew CEFAS Lowestoft Laboratory,Pakefield Road Tel: +44 1502 562244 [email protected] Dunn Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK Fax +44 1502 513865 Dr. Angel ECOBIOMAR, Instituto de Investigacions Tel +34-986-231930 [email protected] Guerra Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, (Ext. 181) Spain Fax: 34 986 292762 Dr. Noussithé Université de Caen, 14032 Caen Cedex, Tel +33 231 538016 [email protected] Koueta France Fax +33 231 538009 Dr. Ana IPIMAR, Avenida de Brasília, S/N, 1449-006 Tel +351-1-3027000 [email protected] Moreno Lisbon, Portugal Fax +351-1-3015948 Dr. João IPIMAR, Avenida de Brasília, S/N, 1449-006 Tel +351-1-3027000 [email protected] Pereira Lisbon, Portugal Fax +351-1-3015948 Dr. Uwe Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Kiel, Tel +49-431-6004571 [email protected] Piatkowski Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Fax +49-431-6001515 kiel.de Germany Dr. Graham J. Department of Zoology, University of Tel: +44 1224 272459 [email protected] Pierce Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen Fax: +44 1224 272396 AB24 2TZ, Scotland. Dr. Jean-Paul Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines, Tel +33 231 538017 [email protected] Robin (Chair) Université de Caen, F-14032 Caen Cedex, Fax +33 231 538009 France Dr. Marina AZTI, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z/g, 48369 Tel +34 946 870700 [email protected] Santurún Sukarrieta (Bizkaia), Spain Fax +34 946 870006 Karsten Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Kiel, Tel +49-431-6004554 [email protected] Zumholz Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany Fax +49-431-6001515
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The WGCEPH meeting was held in conjunction with the first meeting of the EC-funded CEPHSTOCK concerted action (QLRT-2001-00962). The following observers were present:
Participants: 2) observers
Name Address Telephone and Fax E-mail
Dr. Eugenia National Center for Marine Research, Agios Tel: +30-1-9820214 [email protected] Lefkaditou Kosmas, Hellinikon 16604, Athens, Greece. Fax: +30-1-9833095 Dr. Jaime Otero ECOBIOMAR, Instituto de Investigacions Tel +34-986-231930 [email protected] Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Fax: 34 986 292762 Spain Dr. Pilar Sanchez Institut de Ciencès del Mar, CMIMA – CSIC, Tel: +34 932 309 500 [email protected] s Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37 – 49, Fax: +34 932 309 555 E-08003 Spain Mrs. Sonia Seixas Universidade Aberta (Uab), Rua Escola Tel: +351 213916300, [email protected] Politécnica nº 147, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal. Fax: +351 213969293 Dr Roger Institut de Ciencès del Mar, CMIMA – CSIC, Tel: +34 932 309 500 [email protected] Villanueva Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta 37 – 49, Fax: +34 932 309 555 E-08003 Spain Dr. Jianjun Wang Department of Zoology, University of Tel: +44 1224 272459 [email protected] Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen Fax: +44 1224 272396 AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
WGCEPH, more than most ICES Working Groups, relies on participation from a wide range of scientists working outside the traditional government fisheries laboratories and has, again this year, benefited from the input of scientists working for instance in univeristies. A major result of WGCEPH analyses is to underline the importance that cephalopods have gained as a fishery resource within the ICES area. This trend has consequences on fishing fleets, on fishermen's behaviour and on fished marine resources in many ICES countries and this is why WGCEPH wishes to encourage fishery scientists from government agencies to participate.
1.3 Opening of the Meeting and Arrangements for the Preparation of the Report
The meeting was hosted by Joao Pereira (IPIMAR) and took place in the meeting room of Tivoli Tejo Hotel (Lisbon) where the CEPHSTOCK project meeting was held. Dr. Graham Pierce agreed to act as rapporteur of the meeting. In order to produce the 2003 report by the end of April 2003, participants agreed to continue to work by correspondence after the meeting.
2 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 2 LANDINGS AND EFFORT STATISTICS AND SURVEY DATA (TOR A)
2.1 Compilation of Landing Statistics
The present section updates national landing statistics from 1996 to 2002 for major cephalopod groups (cuttlefish, common squid, short-finned squid, octopods) which were caught in the ICES area (Tables 2.1 to 2.6). Data for 2002 are still preliminary and will be further evaluated in the 2004 report of WGCEPH. In contrast to most previous reports the data compilation of the present report has benefited of input from all major nations which collect cephalopod catch statistics in the ICES area. Additionally to the information provided by ICES from the STATLANT database the following nations contributed important information: England/Wales, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland, Spain and Sweden. The more precise data supplied by representatives from these nations were not necessarily identical to the data officially reported to the ICES ATATLANT database and this indicates the inaccuracy with which cephalopod statistics are still handled. The compilation has been done with great care and represents most precise information on cephalopod landings within the ICES area that can be obtained to date.
In addition to the landings statistics compiled in the tables further information on general trends in the cephalopod fisheries is provided for the most important fishing nations (see below).
Tables 2.1 to 2.4 give information on annual catch statistics (1996-2002) per cephalopod group in each ICES division or sub-area, separately for each nation. The cephalopod groups listed in the tables comprise the following species:
• Table 2.1. Cuttlefish (Sepiidae). The majority of landings summarised in this table are catches of Sepia officinalis, the common cuttlefish, plus small amounts of S. elegans and S. orbignyana. WGCEPH considers that no bobtail squids (Sepiolidae) occur in the reported catches.
• Table 2.2. Common squid (including the long-finned squids Loligo forbesi, L. vulgaris, Alloteuthis subulata and A. media). The majority of common squid landings are L. forbesi and L.vulgaris.
• Table 2.3. Short-finned squid (Illex coindetii and Todaropsis eblanae), European Flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus), and Neon Flying squid (Ommastrephes bartrami).
• Table 2.4. Octopods (including Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata and Octopus vulgaris).
A compilation separated into single species is still not possible as all countries report landings for cephalopod groups, mostly in the format as given in the tables.
Table 2.5 summarises total annual cephalopod landings in the whole ICES area for major cephalopod groups. Table 2.6 provides information of total annual cephalopod landings in the whole ICES area for major cephalopod groups separated for each fishing nation.
2.2 General Trends
Total reported annual cephalopod landings within the ICES region decreased from 58480 t in 2000 to 44929 t in 2001 (see Table 2.5). Data for 2002 (49705 t) are still provisional and definitely too low, particularly because data of some fishing nations for that year are yet not available. It is striking, however, that the overall catch increased constantly from year to year in the period of 1996 to 2000. This clearly emphasises the greater importance that cephalopods have gained as a fishery resource within the ICES area.
In terms of yields, cuttlefish are currently the most important cephalopod group taken in the ICES area. Their landings increased from 1996 to 2002 (19736 t and 22915 t, respectively), with the exception of 1997 when the total catch of this group dropped to about 16652 t (Table 2.5 and 2.6). As previously reported by WGCEPH this increase is mostly due to an increase of catches in the English Channel taken by France and the UK. France was by far the most important fishery nation with annual catches of always more than 60% of the overall annual cuttlefish catch (Table 2.6).
Total landings of common squid (Loliginidae) were more stable in recent years and in the range of ca. 10000 t from 1996 to 2002 (Tables 2.2; 2.5; and 2.6). The yield of short-finned squid (comprised of the species Illex coindetii, Todaropsis eblanae und Todarodes sagittatus) showed the most obvious fluctuations ranging from 2709 t in 2002 (still preliminary) to 7719 t in 1999 (see Tables 2.3; 2.5; and 2.6). During the period reported here Spain was by far the major fishery nation of this group taking more than 80% of the total catch in most years.
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In terms of total cephalopod landings, the most active nations in 2002 were France (22821 t), followed by Portugal (9847 t), Spain (8841 t) and the UK (6118 t) which all conduct some target fishing on cephalopods and which together took the major share within the ICES region (96%). The remaining 4% were mainly taken by Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium. The Netherlands and Belgium catch cuttlefish and common squid as a valuable by-catch and have increased their fishing efforts in recent years substantially. In the following paragraphs some information and trends for the major fishing nations are provided.
2.3 National Trends
2.3.1 England and Wales
Cuttlefish
The landings of cuttlefish into England and Wales primarily consist of Sepia officinalis. Sepia elegans and S. orbignyana are also known to occur in the British waters, and have been identified in CEFAS research vessel surveys (CEFAS, unpublished data), but they have not be recorded in samples of commercial landings (Dunn, 1999).
Total reported landings of cuttlefish increased from <1 tonne in 1973 to >2,000 tonnes since 1993, peaking at 4,517 tonnes in 1996 (Fig. 2.3.1). Several peaks in landings have occurred since 1973, centred around the years 1976, 1984, 1990 and 1996. Although reported landings were relatively low prior to 1993, and in particular low prior to 1983, anecdotal evidence indicates that ‘large’ quantities of cuttlefish were caught in commercial fisheries in the 1970s, but they were either discarded as they had little commercial value, or if landed they were not reported. The increase of landings since the late 1980s was associated with an increase in the unit price of cuttlefish, following the development of overseas markets (primarily in southern Europe), a diversification of fishing effort following declining catches and more severe restrictions on established species (e.g. sole and cod), combined with an apparent increase in cuttlefish abundance, and improved reporting of landings.
The fishery can be divided into two main sectors, based upon season, area fished, and the main exploiting fleets. The first sector takes place during the autumn and winter, usually peaking between November and March (Fig. 2.3.2). Landings in this fishery have been reported throughout waters of the southern British Isles, but primarily from offshore waters of the western English Channel (Fig. 2.3.3). The fishery is typified by, and most landings are from, larger (generally >20 m in length) vessels using beam trawls (Table 2.3.1), for which cuttlefish have been a valuable by-catch, and in more recent years an important target species. The most important ports for cuttlefish landings in this fishery are Brixham, Newlyn and Plymouth. The fishery primarily exploits a single cohort of cuttlefish offshore and in the later stages of maturation, prior to an inshore migration to spawn the following spring (Dunn, 1999). The start of the winter fishery, usually in the more inshore waters during September, also coincides with the main period of recruitment.
The second sector takes place during the spring and early summer, usually peaking between March and June (Fig. 2.3.4), in inshore waters primarily of the eastern Channel (Fig. 2.3.5). In this fishery cuttlefish are landed and targeted by beam trawlers as well as a more diverse inshore fleet, including vessels using otter trawls, fixed nets, and pots or traps (Table 2.3.1). Traps are used to specifically target cuttlefish, with little or no by-catch, and were first used in English waters in the mid-1990s, following a Sea Fish Industry Authority (SFIA) study (Arkley et al., 1996; Figure 6). Because the reporting of cuttlefish landings has not been mandatory in England and Wales, it is possible that not all landings have been reported. This problem is more pronounced for the inshore fishery, which is less heavily regulated and more diverse than the offshore fishery. In addition, vessels <10 m in length working in the inshore fishery often have landing statistics submitted as summaries for several vessels together, and therefore the allocation of landings (and effort) to gear may not be correct. For example, landings from traps may in some cases not be reported, and in other cases may be reported but attributed to a different gear, such as fixed nets. The most important ports for cuttlefish landings in the inshore fishery are Brixham, Shoreham, Portsmouth, Hastings and Eastbourne. The fishery targets, and primarily exploits, adult spawning cuttlefish, and ends when the cuttlefish suffer high rates of post-spawning natural mortality (Dunn, 1999).
The inshore fishery exploits the same cohort as the offshore fishery, but it takes place later in the life-cycle. Therefore, the landings in the inshore fishery are dependent upon cohort abundance, and the level of survivorship (mortality rates) from the winter fishery.
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Table 2.3.1. Landings of cuttlefish (tonnes) by vessels registered in England and Wales by year, season and gear group.
Month Gear group 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 October to Beam trawl 620.7 1275.0 1292.1 1832.7 2603.1 1127.7 1406.1 964.3 1460.5 1847.6 2117.4 March Otter trawl 109.6 267.8 276.8 746.3 746.2 208.2 539.6 487.0 436.9 188.8 627.5 Dredges 7.3 15.7 14.5 51.3 6.4 3.3 21.0 1.7 3.2 3.9 13.8 Fixed nets 1.2 0.6 1.8 4.1 1.4 9.7 21.5 21.7 2.5 3.1 1.2 Traps and pots 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.1 2.9 29.3 6.4 1.4 Other 1.3 3.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 April to Beam trawl 26.2 56.4 46.5 261.5 416.0 86.7 165.5 68.9 328.6 209.9 233.6 September Otter trawl 152.8 286.6 238.4 394.2 482.6 361.3 304.6 235.4 470.0 115.3 141.9 Dredges 0.1 6.5 11.1 14.1 24.7 3.8 2.3 7.6 5.5 1.3 0.8 Fixed nets 152.3 94.0 109.1 164.1 221.8 347.9 176.7 278.7 158.6 116.0 93.7 Traps and pots 0.1 1.5 0.2 24.8 7.5 20.2 32.4 154.3 131.1 94.0 119.5 Other 0.1 61.7 0.1 0.3 1.9 0.2 0.1 2.8 7.7 0.1 0.1
5000 4500 4000
) 3500 s ne
n 3000 o t (
s 2500 g n i 2000 nd a L 1500 1000 500 0 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 200 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1
Year
Figure 2.3.1. Total reported landings of cuttlefish by vessels registered in England and Wales, from 1973 to 2002.
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800
700
600 ) s 500 nne o t (
s 400 g n i
nd 300 a L 200
100
0 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
Year (1st January labelled)
Figure 2.3.2 : Total landings of Cuttlefish by month from English and Welsh registered vessels using beam trawls, between January 1992 and December 2002
Figure 2.3.3. Map of reported landings of cuttlefish by ICES rectangle from English and Welsh registered beam trawlers. Total landings from November to February, averaged for the period 1992-2002.
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200 )
nnes 150 (to s
100 nding La
50
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year (1st January labelled)
Figure 2.3.4. Total landings of Cuttlefish by month from English and Welsh registered vessels using fixed nets, between January 1992 and December 2002
Figure 2.3.5. Map of reported landings of cuttlefish by ICES rectangle from English and Welsh registered vessels using fixed nets. Total landings from April to June, averaged for the period 1992-2002.
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Figure 2.3.6. Examples of English cuttlefish traps. The traps are most often baited using white plastic tiles, or with live adult (spawning) female cuttlefish.
Squid
Landings of squid into England and Wales are identified as either ‘Squid’ (Loligo spp) or ‘European Flying Squid’ (Todarodes sagittatus) in Defra statistics. However, there are no published studies describing samples of the species composition in English and Welsh commercial landings. Mixed landings of Loligo forbesi and L. vulgaris have been identified in samples of French commercial landings from the English Channel (Robin & Boucaud, 1995), and L.forbesi, L.vulgaris and T.sagittatus recorded in catches from research vessel surveys of the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Irish Sea (CEFAS, unpublished data).
Total Loligo spp. reported landings increased from approximately 300 tonnes in 1983 to a maximum of 2225 tonnes in 1996, after which landings declined, remaining at approximately 750 tonnes from 2000-02 (Fig. 2.3.7). Peaks in landings occurred around 1989 and 1996. There are no records of landings of Loligo between 1973 and 1978, 26kg was reported in 1979, and then no landings recorded until 1983. The large increase in landings between 1991 and 1996 does not appear to be a consequence of a rapid increase in unit price. However, unit price has increased steadily from less than £1.50 per Kg in 1983 to over £3.00 per Kg in 2000 and 2001 (Fig. 2.3.8).
8 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 A detailed description of the English and Welsh fisheries for Loligo has not been published. Landings have been made from waters all around the British Isles, but a preliminary analysis indicates 2 main fisheries, one in the western English Channel, and one to the west and south-west of Ireland (Fig. 2.3.9).
The fishery in the western English Channel is seasonal, with peak landings generally taking place during the autumn, between August and December (Fig. 2.3.10). The majority of the landings are made from otter trawls (approximately 75%), which seasonally target squid as part of a mixed fishery, with demersal pair trawls and beam trawls accounting for most of the remainder (Table 2.3.2). There is no clear difference in seasonality between the different catching gears (Fig. 2.3.11). The main ports for landings are Brixham, Looe, Plymouth and Newlyn.
The peak landings from the fishery to the west of Ireland take place between late autumn and early summer, generally between December and May (Fig. 2.3.12). The main exploiting gears are otter trawls, with few landings made by other gears (Table 2.3.3). The main ports for landings are in Spain, particularly Corunna, Vigo, Gijon and Ondarroa. Some landings are also made into Castletown in Ireland. Landings into England and Wales are mostly made in Newlyn, with smaller landings into Milford Haven, Brixham and Falmouth.
No landings of European Flying squid were reported between 1973 and 1996, but landings peaked at approximately 300 tonnes in 1998, and then slowly declined from just under 200 tonnes in 1999 to approximately 160 tonnes in 2002 (Fig. 2.3.13). The landings have been reported to the west and south-west of Ireland (Fig. 2.3.14). The fishery is seasonal, and generally takes place between November and June (Fig. 2.3.15). The main ports for landings are in Spain, particularly Corunna. Landings into England and Wales are mostly made in Milford Haven, with smaller landings into Newlyn.
2500
2000 ) s e n
n 1500 (to s g n i 1000 nd a L
500
0 197 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 200 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1
Year
Figure 2.3.7. Total reported landings of Loligo spp. by vessels registered in England and Wales, from 1973 to 2002.
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4
3.5
3 ) G K
r 2.5 e p £
( 2 e ic r
p 1.5 it n U 1
0.5
0 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
Ye ar
Figure 2.3.8. Average price per unit weight (£ per Kg) for Loligo spp. landed into England and Wales.
Figure 2.3.9. Map of annual reported landings (tonnes) of Loligo spp. by ICES rectangle, averaged for 1992-2002, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
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180
160
140 )
s 120 e n n 100 (to s g n
i 80 d n a
L 60
40
20
0 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
Ye ar
Figure 2.3.10. Total monthly landings of Loligo spp. in VIIe, for all gears, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
1.2
m 1 u m
axi 0.8 m ar ye
0 0.6 1 of on
i 0.4 t or p o r 0.2 P
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Beam Trawl Demersal pair trawl Unspecified otter trawl
Figure 2.3.11 (a). Normalised monthly landings (landings as a proportion of maximum monthly value) of Loligo spp. from English and Welsh registered vessels in VIIe, using trawl gears.
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1.2
m 1 u m
axi 0.8 m ar ye
0 0.6 1 of on
i 0.4 t or op r
P 0.2
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Gill Net s Lines (jigs)
Figure 2.3.11 (b). Normalised monthly landings (landings as a proportion of maximum monthly value) of Loligo spp. from English and Welsh registered vessels in VIIe, using nets and jigs.
300
250 )
s 200 nne o t (
s 150 g n i nd a
L 100
50
0 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
Year
Figure 2.3.12. Total monthly landings of common squid (Loligo spp.) in VIIb&c and VIIj&k, for all gears, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
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350
300
250
s 200 nne o
T 150
100
50
0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Ye ar
Figure 2.3.13. Total reported landings of European Flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus) by vessels registered in England and Wales, from 1996 to 2002 (no reported landings from 1973-1996).
Figure 2.3.14 Map of annual reported landings (tonnes) of European flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus) by ICES rectangle, averaged for 1992-2002, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
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60
50 )
s 40 e nn o t (
s 30 g n i nd a
L 20
10
0 19 19 19 20 20 20 9 9 9 0 0 0 7 8 9 0 1 2
Year
Figure 2.3.15. Total monthly landings of European flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus), for all gears, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
Table 2.3.2. Reported landings of Loligo spp. in VIIe by gear and year (tonnes), by English and Welsh registered vesels.
Gear 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 group Beam 34.9 63.5 66.9 67.8 51.0 47.7 28.6 29.1 48.1 44.9 64.8 trawl Demersal 141.6 183.3 101.4 70.1 15.4 1.4 2.4 17.5 12.6 25.2 32.4 pair trawl Otter trawl 428.5 450.8 446.3 433.6 281.6 362.0 297.5 511.8 330.2 289.6 354.2 Dredge 0.4 0.1 0.4 1.3 0.9 9.3 0.2 0.0 0.5 1.8 29.6 Fixed nets 5.8 7.6 6.0 4.7 2.5 1.4 4.7 5.2 2.5 3.1 4.1 Lines 6.8 32.9 7.9 5.0 3.5 3.1 1.1 5.9 0.2 2.1 3.7 (jigs) Other 5.6 2.5 0.2 0.8 0.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.3 1.6
Table 2.3.3. Reported landings of Loligo spp. in VIIb&c and VIIj&k by gear and year (tonnes), by English and Welsh registered vessels.
Gear 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 group Beam 13.1 15.7 23.2 25.5 12.0 14.3 5.9 3.5 2.3 2.6 10.4 trawl Otter trawl 105.9 268.5 604.4 948.7 1485.1 1017.6 569.5 369.9 217.1 183.5 103.3 Fixed nets 0.2 0.03 0.01 0.3 40.5 24.1 7.6 21.4 0.04 0.04 3.1 Other 0.2 0.7 0.04 2.1 5.2 0 3.6 0 0 0.02 0
Octopods
Landings into England and Wales are identified as ‘Octopus’ (Octopodidae) in Defra statistics, and not identified to species. There are no published studies describing samples of the species composition in English and Welsh commercial landings. However. landings are thought to consist largely of Eledone cirrhosa, based upon observations of commercial
14 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 landings (M.Dunn, pers. obs.), and the dominance of this species in research vessel catches in the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Irish Sea (CEFAS, unpublished data).
Total reported Octopodidae landings increased from approximately 2 tonnes in 1983 to a maximum of 321 tonnes in 1995 (Fig. 2.3.16). No landings were recorded between 1973 and 1982. Peaks in landings have occurred around 1988 and 1995 and have increased from 1999 to 2002. The first sale price of Octopods does not explain the peaks in landings, but has increased from an average of £0.54 per Kg during 1983-95 to £1.10 per Kg during 1996-2002 (Fig. 2.3.17).
A detailed description of the English and Welsh fisheries for Octopodidae has not been published. Landings have been made from waters all around the British Isles, and are largely a by-catch in trawl fisheries for valuable flatfish (Table 2.3.4). No targeting of Octopods is currently known. The majority of landings have been made from the western English Channel (Fig. 2.3.18), where the fishery is seasonal, with peak landings generally taking place between September and May (Fig. 2.3.19). The main ports for landings are Newlyn, Brixham and Milford Haven, and into Spain, largely La Coruña and Ondarroa.
350
300
250
s 200 nne o
T 150
100
50
0 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
Year
Figure 2.3.16. Total reported landings of Octopodidae by vessels registered in England and Wales.
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 g 1 er K
p 0.8 £ 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Year
Figure 2.3.17. Average price per unit weight (£ per Kg) for Octopodidae landed into England and Wales.
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 15
Figure 2.3.18. Map of annual reported landings of Octopodidae by ICES rectangle, averaged over 1992-2002, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
20 18 16 14
s 12
nne 10 o T 8 6 4 2 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year
Figure 2.3.19. Total monthly landings of Octopodidae in VIIe, for all gears, from English and Welsh registered vessels.
16 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Table 2.3.4. Total landings of Octopodidae by gear and year (tonnes)
Beam Trawl Otter trawl Other 1992 41.1 38.2 0.4 1993 88.6 48.6 0.3 1994 182.4 82.7 0.2 1995 215.7 99.2 0.5 1996 110.8 104.6 0.2 1997 77.9 58.6 0.1 1998 39.4 42.9 0.2 1999 21.5 20.2 0.1 2000 51.7 61.1 0.1 2001 28.9 110.5 3.2 2002 69.1 99.1 0.3
2.3.2 France
Details about cephalopod landings in France are available only up to year 2001. Provisional overall figures suggest that year 2002 yields were among the highest ever observed (except for octopods; see table 2.6).
Cephalopod resources exploited by the French fishing fleet have already been described in a series of documents. Denis (2000) provided a general presentation of catch and effort data in Atlantic waters. Studies of more limited areas have been carried out with Bay of Biscay Fisheries (Donoso-Perez and Forest, 1993) and with English Channel Fisheries (Royer, 2002). Recent trends in the exploitation of specific Cephalopod resources have also been presented (see for instance in cuttlefish: Denis and Robin, 2001).
Cephalopod Landings By Fishing Gear. (figures 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2)
Fishery Statistics underline that although more than 40 gear types contribute to reported cephalopod landings, the bulk of French production is landed by otter bottom trawlers. Inter-annual trends suggest that the relative importance of this gear would be decreasing. However, this may be related to the way trawlers are recorded: it must be noted that there is a simultaneous increase of landings by unspecified (or miscelleneous) trawls. As previously noted (Denis and Robin, 2001), cuttlefish traps represent only a small percentage of landings in national databases. English Channel studies (Royer, 2002) have used also unofficial records from the "Comité Regional des Pêches Maritimes de Basse Normandie" which suggested that in 1999- 2001 national databases included only 25-40% of cuttlefish traps production. It is sometimes hard to tell whether higher figures in fishery statistics correspond to increased landings or to better reporting of the catch by fishermen. For instance in cuttlefish (figure 2.3.2.1), "twin trawl" catches are winter catches by the fishery for Nephrops norvegicus in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. This fishery has well known interaction problems (especially with hake) and the increase of cephalopods landed by such trawlers should be analysed in the light of finn- fish landings.
Cephalopod Landings By Harbour. (figures 2.3.2.3 and 2.3.2.4)
Data on annual landings by harbour underline the fact that that English Channel Harbours with trawlers fleets dominate (Boulogne, Port-en-Bessin, Cherbourg and Granville). The recent increase in cuttlefish landings is a general trend and this species is landed in significant amounts in a larger number of harbours. The share of Boulogne in common squid landings has increased even in periods of low abundance.
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 17 France Cuttlefish Landings by fishing gear (Tonnes) 20 000 18 000
16 000 Unspecified trawl 14 000 Unspecified gear Misc. trawl 12 000 Other gears (not trawl) 10 000 S Tramel nets 8 000 cuttlefish traps 6 000 Twin trawl 4 000 Otter bottom trawl 2 000 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 2.3.2.1: France Cuttlefish Landings By Fishing Gear (Tonnes), in the period 1989-2001
France Common Squid Landings by fishing gear (Tonnes) 8 000
7 000
6 000
5 000 Other gears 4 000 Misc. trawl Otter bottom trawl 3 000
2 000
1 000
0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 2.3.2.2: France Common Squid Landings By Fishing Gear (Tonnes), in the period 1989-2001
18 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 France Cuttlefish Landings By Harbour 20000 BOULOGNE/MER 18000 PORT EN BESSIN 16000 CHERBOURG 14000 GRANVILLE 12000 LE GUILVINEC 10000 CONCARNEAU 8000 LORIENT 6000 SABLES D OLONNE 4000 LA ROCHELLE 2000 Others 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 2.3.2.3: France Cuttlefish Landings By Harbour, in the period 1989-2001
France Common squid Landings By Harbour 8000 BOULOGNE/MER 7000 PORT EN BESSIN 6000 CHERBOURG 5000 GRANVILLE LE GUILVINEC 4000 CONCARNEAU 3000 LORIENT 2000 SABLES D OLONNE 1000 LA ROCHELLE Others 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 2.3.2.4: France Cuttlefish Landings By Harbour, in the period 1989-2001.
2.3.3 Portugal
Cephalopod Landings By Fishing Gear
Official landings in Portugal are grouped by gear, as well as by species (or group of species) and port. The gear are further grouped into “gear types”, of which three are relevant to this WG: trawl (industrial-type bottom trawlers), seine (chiefly purse-seiners) and artisanal (or multipurpose – usually small vessels licensed for a multitude of different low- investment gear). In the 2002 report, general landing trends were commented upon from a species perspective, irrespective of the gear involved in the capture. The following paragraphs comment upon the current trends looking at the individual gear landings and comparing across gears, per species.
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 19 Shortfin squid (Illex coindetii, Todaropsis eblanae and the odd Todarodes sagittatus, as well as some minor occurrences of other ommastrephid squid)
TRAWL 500 SQI ARTISANAL )
s 400 SEINE onne
t 300 ( gs n 200 ndi a
L 100
0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Ye ar
Figure 2.3.20. Landings of short-fin squid by gear-type.
The species are traditionally caught with gill or trammel nets and by bottom-trawling. The former gear types are grouped under artisanal, whereas the latter is classified under trawling. In the series depicted, it is apparent that they have generally followed similar trends and caught similar quantities of the species, except since 1998, when the relative importance of the landings obtained with each type of gear was inverted. Nonetheless, there appears to be no specific reason for this and, apart from the year 2000, the landings of the two groups have been very similar. A biological explanation for the surge in trawl landings of ommastrephids in the year 2000 (a further 200 tonnes than what might be expected) may be if the species composition varied, notably if there was a greater proportion of species with a deeper range of occurrence in which, possibly, catches of Todarodes sagittatus might play an important role. However, in the year 2000 IPIMAR did not have a regular market sampling programme for shortfin squid and the species are not discriminated in the landings. The only way to shed some light on the issue is to see whether other countries reported higher than usual Todarodes sagittatus landings in that year, since years of greater abundance in the past (1980’s) in the northernmost areas of its distribution have been correlated with its occurrence in Portuguese catches.
Longfin squid (Loligo vulgaris and possibly Loligo forbesi as well as some Alloteuthis spp. mixed with the undersized by-catch)
TRAWL 1500 ARTISANAL SQC ) s
SEINE e 1000 onn t ( gs n i
nd 500 a L
0 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 Ye ar
Figure 2.3.21. Landings of longfin squid by gear-type.
20 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Catches of longfin squid by trawling gear are always much more important than those from any other gear type, in spite of the directed hand-jigging catches that get grouped under the artisanal category. In general, even at different scales, catches have followed similar patterns throughout most of the last 13 years. The period between 1995 and 1998 was however different, since most of the catches were then made by trawlers. This was not due to the occurrence of a greater quantity of Loligo forbesi (a generally less coastal species than L. vulgaris) since by then the early-1990’s peak in abundance of that species was over. It is equally not due to any shift in depth of occurrence of Loligo vulgaris, which from research cruises, were seen to occur with roughly the same pattern of distribution across all of the years covered by the landings data series. It may be an artefact resulting from misreporting of landings in artisanal fisheries. This could also explain low artisanal landings, which were then at their lowest, but we cannot at present completely explain the pattern observed.
Cuttlefish (chiefly Sepia officinalis and possibly some Sepia elegans and Sepia orbignyana mixed with the undersized by-catch
TRAWL 300 2000
SEINE ) CTC s s e 250 ARTISANAL 1500 g nn in o d
t 200 ) n ( s s e n l la
ng 150 1000 n a n a (to ndi s a 100 i t L 500 r 50 A 0 0 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 Ye ar
Figure 2.3.22. Landings of cuttlefish by gear-type.
Cuttlefish landings by artisanal gear are twice as important those from trawling gear, mostly because most of the catches occur in shallow waters and estuarine or coastal lagoon areas, where gill-nets and traps are commonly employed. The year-to-year pattern varies with respect to the magnitude of the differences observed but has otherwise stayed somewhat stable, indicating that the fluctuations of each of the series are probably unrelated and fortuitious conditions dictate the relative similariy or difference between the value of the landings originating with each gear category. Unlike the French fishery, which exploits a concentrated growing population over a wide coastal shelf, in Portugal cuttlefish concentrate in shallow waters when breeding or soon after recruitment and no noticeable concentrations occur which may be available for large trawlers opperating over the shelf.
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 21 Octopus (almost exclusively Octopus vulgaris, very little Eledone cirrhosa and Eledone moschata and even fewer specimens of a variety of other species)
TRAWL 3000 10000 SEINE OCT )
2500 s s 8000 ARTISANAL g e in
2000 d ) onn n t 6000 s e ( n l la
gs 1500 n a n n i a 4000 (to nd
1000 tis a r L 500 2000 A
0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Ye ar
Figure 2.3.23. Landings of octopods by gear-type.
Octopus landings are even more dependent on artisanal sources than are those of cuttlefish. Generally landings originating from catches produced by traps and pots (particularly traps) are nearly four times as great as those obtained by trawlers and sometimes even more. In the period between 1990 and 2002, trawler landings increased until 1996, the year of record landings, having sharply drecreased thereafter, a situation which is not matched by artisanal landings. The explanation for this is also not clear at present but may be unrelated to population biology.
2.3.4 Spain
Overall figures suggest that a decreasing trend is observed in cephalopod landings. Peak landings were observed in 1999 in cuttlefish, 1997 in common squid, 1999 in short-finned squid and 2000 in octopods and since these times lower production has been observed (table 2.6).
Landings by the Basque fishery are described in a working document annexed to this report. The main points are: 1) the wide range of areas fished by offshore trawlers which operate along the shelf edge from area VIIIc to VI, 2) the seasonality of catches in every group of species, with autumn-winter peaks in common squid, cuttlefish and octopods and spring peak in short-finned squid, 3) the fact that Bay of Biscay landings dominate, in this area the proportion of cephalopods in "Baka" trawlers total catches is increasing.
2.3.5 Ireland
Loliginid squid (almost entirely Loligo forbesi) remain the most important cephalopod species in Irish landings. Landings increased in 2002 to 364 t, which is the highest amount of landings in recent years. The southwest (VIIj), north (VIa) and west (VIIb) coasts remain the most important areas for Loligo. Landings show distinct season patterns with highest landings in October or November each year (WGCEPH 2001). Loligo are mainly caught as a by-catch in demersal trawl fisheries and there is limited targeting of Loligo when abundant.
Ommastrephid squid, mainly Illex coindetii, Todaropsis eblanae and Todarodes sagittatus, have been reported separately in Irish landings statistics since 2000. Highest catches occur in deeper water to the west and southwest of Ireland in the Porcupine sea bight (VIIc,j,k). Landings are sporadic and discarding is also thought to occur due to the lower market value of these species. Ommastrephids are mainly caught in otter trawl fisheries although there are also some by-catches in gill nets.
Landings of octopus (all thought to be Eledone cirrhosa) remain low at just over 10 t in 2001 and 2002.
22 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 2.3.6 Cephalopod Fishery Trends outside ICES waters
Two working documents annexed to this report describe trends in cephalopod fisheries outside ICES waters. The main points that can be commented on in relation to Northeast Atlantic Fisheries are summarized below.
Greece
Inter-annual trends in the Greek fishery show a decreasing trend in cephalopod landings after the 1994 peak. In spite of that, the percentage of cephalopods in total fishery landings has continued to increase. The main species are Octopus vulagris and Sepia officinalis, which are mainly fished by artisanal gears whereas ommastrephid squid and Eledone sp. are mainly caught by bottom trawlers. The main fishing grounds are in the northern part of the Aegean Sea where continental shelf is more extended. Month to month variations in landings are influenced by policy measures (in particular May-October is a closed season for the trawl fishery).
SW Atlantic
Data on catch and effort of cephalopods were collected by scientific observers of IEO on board commercial Spanish trawlers operating in the fishing grounds of the Patagonian Shelf between 1998 and 2001. Variations in fishing yields depended on the fishing season but also on the area fished. In Loligo gahi fishery, yields seem to be greatly dependent on the exploitation of a fishing ground located to the South of the Falklands/Malvinas archipelago. In the Illex argentinus fishery, the highest concentrations are exploited along the shelf edge in Northern fishing grounds far from the Falklands zone.
2.4 Cephalopod discards data
Several projects funded under the CEC DG Fisheries Study Project programme have collected data on cephalopod discards and results from these are starting to appear in the literature. It is at present difficult to construct a comprehensive picture of amounts of cephalopods discarded, or of patterns in discarding. Whether this picture changes in the near future depends on funding for data collection. The Study Project programme is closed and, under Council Resolution 1543/2000, there is now no provision for collecting fishery data on cephalopods in northern Europe (see WGCEPH report, 2001). It is not clear whether discards data will be collected as part of routine cephalopod fishery monitoring in southern Europe.
Southern Europe
Machias et al. (2000) summarised a study of discarding in Greek waters. Sixteen cephalopod species were marketed either locally in all areas, although all were sometimes discarded. A further eight cephalopod species were always discarded. Overall between 11% and 31% of cephalopod catches were discarded, with lower discards in the summer and the Ionian Sea than in other seasons and areas. Borges et al. (2001) documents by-catches and discards in five southern Portuguese fishery métiers and found several cephalopod species to be frequently discarded, including Octopus vulgaris, Sepia officinalis, Loligo vulgaris, Todaropsis eblanae and Illex coindetii. Species of little or no commercial importance such as octopus of the genus Eledone, the small loliginid squid Alloteuthis media, the enoploteuthid Abralia veranyi and members of the Sepiolidae were regularly discarded. A total of 236 species of all taxa were discarded, with fish and cephalopods accounting for more than 90% of the discarded biomass, except trammel nets (81%) (Erzini et al., 2002).
Sator et al. (1998) described cephalopods in the catch of Spanish and Italian trawlers fishing in the Mediterranean Sea. The species composition and the yield of the retained and discarded portions of the catch were noted for each port. From these data the commercial importance of each species was evaluated. Cephalopods were commercially important particularly in the shallower bathymetric stratum (>150 m), where they constituted 8.2-30.0% of the total commercially retained catch. Discarding of cephalopods was minimal by mass in all bathymetric strata, only 0.06-1.69% of the total catch or 0.10-5.23% of total discarded catch. However, in terms of number of species, the discarded component was notable.
Erzini et al. (1997) describes an experimental study of ‘ghost fishing’ by discarded gill and trammel nets off southern Portugal. Two cuttlefish were among approximately 180 marine organisms caught by trammel nets although no cephalopods were caught in gill nets.
Santurtún et al. (annexed Working Document n° 4) presents discards from two type of trawlers of the Basque country operating in three different areas in 2000 and first quarter of 2001. The discards are considered to be very low and reasons for discarding are related to low economic value (like with Eledone cirrhosa discarded by "Baka" trawlers).
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 23 Northern Europe
Pierce et al. (2002) documented by-catches and discards of pelagic trawlers in Scottish waters. They recorded discarding of small numbers of Todarodes sagittatus in the experimental argentine fishery.
Naylor (2003) examined discard data collected by the Scottish Executive’s marine laboratory during 1998-2000. Loligo forbesi regularly appeared in catches and was discarded in small amounts throughout Scottish waters. Ommastrephid squid were occasionally caught and always discarded.
Denis et al. (2002) mentioned limited observations of cephalopods discarded by English Channel trawlers in 1997. On- board observations were available for 31 days fishing during the summer period. Very few cephalopods were discarded by these trawlers (about one animal discarded per ton of cuttlefish or common squid landed). Ommastrephid squid are scarce in English Channel waters and occasional catches were also discarded.
2.5 Gear selectivity data
An earlier study by Hastie (1996) has previously been discussed by WGCEPH. In a recent paper Fonseca et al. (2002) provide information on trawl selectivity in Portuguese waters which is summarised below:
In the autumn of 1998 and the spring and summer of 1999 surveys were carried out off the northern coast of Portugal to study codend selectivity of finfish bottom trawls. Mesh sizes used were 65, 80 and 90 mm (full mesh size). During these surveys primarily targeting fish species, data were obtained for the octopus, Octopus vulgaris, the European squid, Loligo vulgaris and the broadtail shortfin squid, Illex coindetii. For the octopus, selectivity parameters were estimated for the 65 mm codend (L-50 between 8.4 and 9.7 cm and selection factor (SF) 1.3 and 1.5) and for the 80 mm codend in the summer (L-50 14.2 cm and SF 1.9). For the European squid, selectivity parameters were estimated in the autumn survey for the 80 and 90 mm mesh size codends (L-50 9.7 and 11.4 cm, respectively, and SF 1.3 for both codends). For the broadtail shortfin squid, selectivity parameters were estimated in the summer for the 65 mm mesh size codend (L-50 9.5 cm and SF 1.5). Considering that the finfish bottom trawl fishery uses a minimum mesh size of 65 mm, it is concluded that a high proportion of small octopus that has a minimum landing weight (MLW) of 0.75 kg (corresponding to a dorsal mantle length of 11.8 cm) is retained. For the European squid, a 65 mm mesh size would also retain an extremely high proportion of juvenile individuals (with DML ≤ 10 cm) but these occur in very small numbers in the fishery. The broadtail shortfin squid has no established MLS.
2.6 Conclusions
The compilation of fishery statistics for Northeast Atlantic waters shows increasing yields and underlines the greater importance that cephalopods have gained as a fishery resource. This task was facilitated by the participation of all ICES countries.
Contributions to the description of national trends show that all nations with a cephalopod fishery collect statistics on a monthly basis, which is necessary for cephalopod stock assessment (see also WGCEPH 2002 Report).
National contributions contain two kinds of information which suggests that the objectives of this term of reference may need clarification: + The first kind concerns details about the origin of cephalopod commercial landings (fishing grounds, fishing seasons, fishing gears). At this stage (and knowing that cephalopods are by-catch species for a number of gears) it does not seem to be an objective for WGCEPH to describe trends in fishing effort of all fleets involved in cephalopod production. + The second kind concerns observations of abundance and spatial distribution of some specific stages. This second kind of indices can either be derived from surveys or from commercial vessels (see annexed working documents about the Basque fishery or the Spanish vessels in Southwest Atlantic). Abundance indices require catch and effort data and, for this objective, fishing effort of specific fleets is presented.
Althgough ICES has indicated that cephalopod studies should make a greater use of available survey data there is very little new work to present here. Examples of survey data sets that would be useful to access were discussed during the Lisbon meeting. However their analysis requires both authorisation and funding. TOR A Tables: Landings Statistics
24 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Table 2.1. Landings (in tonnes) of Cuttlefish (Sepiidae).
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
ICES Division IVb (Central North Sea) Belgium 1 2 3 3 24 12 19 Netherlands + + + + 2 + 11
ICES Division IVc (Southern North Sea) Belgium 5 4 4 5 121 110 205 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 90 22 28 22 14 5 4 France 174 135 140 231 420 184 225 Netherlands + + + + 97 118 154
ICES Division VIa,b (NW coast of Scotland and North Ireland, Rockall) France 3 1 0 17 1 + 1 Spain 11 14 16 0 1 0 0
ICES Division VIIa (Irish Sea) Belgium 11113 2 5 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 81111 + + France 1 0 0 + 1 1 29
ICES Divisions VIIb, c (West of Ireland and Porcupine Bank) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 00430 0 0 Spain 10 13 14 0 3 17 3
ICES Divisions VIId, e (English Channel) Belgium 11 6 15 9 254 224 494 Channel Islands 11 8 20 22 26 8 15 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 4038 1634 2449 2014 2869 2607 3326 France 8012 5742 7530 8266 12061 7462 11164 Netherlands + + + + 2 3 3
ICES Division VIIf (Bristol Channel) Belgium 1 1 + 1 8 12 4 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 64 44 39 9 12 7 19 France 33 29 36 23 22 11 145
ICES Divisions VIIg-k (Celtic Sea and SW of Ireland) Belgium 23345 3 6 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 367 464 220 206 139 80 102 France 34 21 946 872 966 773 581 Netherlands +++++ 5 17 Spain 46 57 181 122 13 6 0
ICES Subarea VIII (Bay of Biscay) Belgium + 0 0 1 49 7 12 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 40 37 19 4 0 + 0 France 4058 5118 4363 5031 5464 5374 3830 Netherlands +++++ 41 44 Portugal 11 8 11 5 8 10 6 Spain 260 368 593 829 683 365 302
ICES Subarea IX Portugal 1625 1415 1723 1156 1357 1348 1369 Spain 819 1504 1916 1868 1454 765 820
Grand Total 19736 16652 20275 20725 26080 19560 22915
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 25 Table 2.2. Landings (in tonnes) of Common Squid (includes Loligo forbesi, L. vulgaris, Alloteuthis subulata and A. media).
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
ICES Division IIIa (Skagerrak and Kattegat) Denmark 16867 2 7 Sweden + 1 1 1 + + 1
ICES Division IVa (Northern North Sea) Denmark 12533 2 3 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 00323 2 1 France 0 1 0 + + 0 0 Scotland 279 453 844 712 547 350 686
ICES Division IVb (Central North Sea) Belgium 9 7 11 16 7 3 13 Denmark + 9 3 18 10 1 14 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 21 39 144 65 29 36 55 Germany 13553 2 14 Netherlands + + + + 4 5 28 Scotland 14 66 214 144 87 112 218
ICES Division IVc (Southern North Sea) Belgium 87 39 36 72 12 20 39 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 33224 12 5 France 85 123 93 151 165 244 580 Germany 21612 2 3 Netherlands + + + + 758 137 210
ICES Division Vb (Faroe Grounds) Faroe Islands + 5 32 23 + + + Scotland 11122 6 6
ICES Division VIa (NW coast of Scotland and North Ireland) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 4940732 3 2 France 132 82 136 88 56 8 23 Ireland 114 140 99 106 49 50 100 Scotland 287 301 285 334 210 192 197 Spain + + 7 8 3 0 3
ICES Division VIb (Rockall) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 8 5 14 1 + + 1 Ireland 61223 4 + Scotland 19 5 27 13 5 34 57 Spain 61 76 49 2 + 0 0
ICES Division VIIa (Irish Sea) Belgium 82531 2 9 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 218 125 173 40 31 103 117 France 9 5 17 11 12 22 43 Ireland 9 6 22 13 11 17 19 Isle of Man 3 2 2 2 + 1 + Scotland 23222 4 5
26 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Table 2.2. continued.
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
ICES Divisions VIIb, c (West of Ireland and Porcupine Bank) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 307 228 162 59 40 35 21 France 84 80 60 34 76 14 11 Ireland 48 42 34 40 26 65 47 Scotland 76 45 71 34 27 14 19 Spain 55 69 51 0 17 18 29
ICES Divisions VIId, e (English Channel) Belgium 163 77 133 113 35 22 57 Channel Islands 1 6 5 11 9 1 10 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 392 496 419 641 449 439 552 France 2033 2518 2689 3417 3227 2646 3878 Netherlands + + + + 11 19 19
ICES Division VIIf (Bristol Channel) Belgium 126661 1 5 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 39 77 29 68 16 55 115 France 164 193 126 147 88 245 190
ICES Divisions VIIg-k (Celtic Sea and SW of Ireland) Belgium 63 10 13 9 2 3 8 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 1381 924 505 377 202 167 114 France 50 69 325 402 268 249 594 Ireland 143 168 158 123 35 123 197 Scotland 121 127 128 109 100 96 150 Spain 241 302 225 352 77 14 3
ICES Sub-area VIII (Bay of Biscay) Belgium 46 14 49 3 2 0 1 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 46 68 8 3 + 0 0 France 1419 1489 829 1571 1256 1205 947 Portugal 22211 1 1 Spain 418 505 811 826 767 614 253
ICES Sub-area IX Portugal 463 848 1011 329 619 862 679 Spain 236 1301 1043 540 507 843 637
ICES Sub-area X (Azores Grounds) Portugal* 200 303 98 45 58 67 196
Grand Total 9632 11519 11245 11115 9944 9184 11191
*Landings consist exclusively of Loligo forbesi.
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 27 Table 2.3. Landings (in tonnes) of Short-finned Squid (Illex coindetii and Todaropsis eblanae), European Flying Squid (Todarodes sagittatus), and Neon Flying Squid (Ommastrephes bartrami).
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
ICES Sub-area I + II (Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea) Norway* + 190 2 + + + +
ICES Division Va (Iceland Grounds) Iceland* 35431 + +
ICES Division VIa, b (NW coast of Scotland and North Ireland, Rockall) England, Wales & Northern Ireland + + 3 5 1 1 1 Spain 43 112 177 3 + + +
ICES Division VIIa (Irish Sea) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 0 0 0 0 + 7 0 Ireland 23 + + 0 + 0 1
ICES Divisions VIIb, c (West of Ireland and Porcupine Bank) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 0 8 39 18 35 19 25 France 0 0 0 1 27 12 20 Ireland 36 + 52 + 1 75 95 Spain 38 97 150 69 148 233 411
ICES Divisions VIId, e (English Channel) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 01000 0 0 France 11125 7 15
ICES Divisions VIIg-k (Celtic Sea and SW of Ireland) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 13 14 251 181 151 173 144 France 0 2 49 72 97 63 116 Ireland 312 + 295 9 83 81 110 Spain 164 427 658 873 710 339 87
ICES Sub-area VIII (Bay of Biscay) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 03000 0 0 France 139 372 166 228 230 136 304 Portugal 111512 1 1 Spain 1830 2013 1806 1453 1400 868 584
ICES Sub-area IX Portugal 121 353 383 325 325 233 205 Spain 1495 2536 1800 4476 2461 2133 592
Grand Total 4219 6145 5841 7719 5677 4381 2709
*Landings consist exclusively of Todarodes sagittatus.
28 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Table 2.4. Landings (in tonnes) of Octopods (Eledone spp. and Octopus vulgaris).
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
ICES Division IVa (Northern North Sea) Scotland 2 6 13 17 15 6 1
ICES Division IVb (Central North Sea) Belgium + + 2 5 5 6 2 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 00111 2 1 Scotland 0 0 1 1 + + 0
ICES Division IVc (Southern North Sea) Belgium 0 2 + 2 1 1 0 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 4 1 + + + + 1
ICES Division VIa, b (NW coast of Scotland and North Ireland, Rockall) Belgium 0 1 1 + + 0 0 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 0 0 2 0 + 0 0 Ireland 1 + 0 1 1 + + Scotland 1 1 0 + + 0 0 Spain 27 35 42 0 + + +
ICES Division VIIa (Irish Sea) Belgium 3 18 26 4 5 11 31 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 0 1 + + + + + Ireland +0101 0 +
ICES Divisions VIIb, c (West of Ireland and Porcupine Bank) England, Wales & Northern Ireland 43534 20 2 France 0 0 0 + 8 7 0 Ireland 24023 5 1 Spain 27 33 41 34 44 276 741
ICES Divisions VIId, e (English Channel) Belgium 1 1 + + + + 2 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 75 37 17 9 22 15 20 France 23 7 3 8 13 7 7
ICES Division VIIf (Bristol Channel) Belgium 6 6 3 3 13 1 9 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 6 9 3 4 10 4 13 France 2 1 0 + 1 + 0
ICES Divisions VIIg-k (Celtic Sea and SW of Ireland) Belgium 17 13 11 10 16 6 12 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 127 66 58 16 78 105 138 France 0 1 9 8 33 66 17 Ireland 253276 9 10 Scotland 51915 10 1 Spain 116 145 179 348 518 156 111
ICES Sub-area VIII (Bay of Biscay) Belgium 1 4 4 17 5 5 13 England, Wales & Northern Ireland 5 23 1 + 0 0 0 France 49 84 78 225 429 308 103 Portugal 113 75 57 156 250 70 63 Spain 2486 2448 2787 1261 1057 1272 1329
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 29 Table 2.4. continued.
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
ICES Sub-area IX Portugal 11523 9078 6350 9098 0919 7247 7316 Spain 2991 3630 3298 4490 5205 2178 2936
ICES Sub-area X (Azores Grounds) Portugal* 16 64 39 12 11 11 11
Grand Total 17658 15801 13043 15743 16779 11804 12890
*Landings consist exclusively of Octopus vulgaris.
Table 2.5. Total annual cephalopod landings (in tonnes) in whole ICES area separated into major cephalopod species groups.
Cephalopod Group 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
Cuttlefish 19736 16652 20275 20725 26080 19560 22915 Common Squid 9632 11519 11245 11115 9944 9184 11191 Short-finned Squid 4219 6145 5841 7719 5677 4381 2709 Octopods 17658 15801 13043 15743 16779 11804 12890
Total 51245 50117 50404 55302 58480 44929 49705
30 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Table 2.6. Total annual cephalopod landings (in tonnes) in whole ICES area by country and separated into major cephalopod species groups.
Country 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002P
(a) Cuttlefish (Sepiidae)
Belgium 21 17 26 24 464 370 745 Channel Islands 11 8 20 22 26 8 15 England, Wales & N. Ireland 4607 2202 2760 2259 3035 2699 3451 France 12315 11046 13015 14440 18935 13805 15975 Netherlands + + + + 101 167 229 Portugal 1636 1423 1734 1161 1365 1358 1375 Spain 1146 1956 2720 2819 2154 1153 1125 Total 19736 16652 20275 20725 26080 19560 22915
(b) Common Squid (Loliginidae)
Belgium 388 155 253 222 60 51 132 Channel Islands 1 6 5 11 9 1 10 Denmark 2 17 16 27 20 5 24 England, Wales & N. Ireland 2464 2005 1466 1261 776 852 983 Faroe Islands + 5 32 23 + + + France 3976 4560 4275 5825 5148 4623 6266 Germany 3 4 11 6 5 4 17 Ireland 320 357 315 284 124 259 363 Isle of Man 3 2 2 2 + 1 + Netherlands + + + + 773 161 257 Portugal 665 1153 1111 375 678 930 876 Scotland 799 1001 1572 1350 980 808 1338 Spain 1011 2253 2186 1728 1371 1489 925 Sweden + 1 1 1 + + + Total 9632 11519 11245 11115 9944 9184 11191
(c) Short-finned Squid (Ommastrephidae)
England, Wales & N. Ireland 13 26 293 204 187 200 170 France 140 375 216 303 359 218 453 Iceland 3 5 4 3 1 + + Ireland 371 + 347 9 84 156 206 Norway + 190 2 + + + + Portugal 122 364 388 326 327 234 206 Spain 3570 5185 4591 6874 4719 3573 1674 Total 4219 6145 5841 7719 5677 4381 2709
(d) Octopods (Octopodidae)
Belgium 28 45 47 41 45 30 69 England, Wales & N. Ireland 221 140 87 33 115 146 174 France 74 93 90 241 484 388 127 Ireland 28 7 3 10 11 14 11 Portugal 11652 9217 6446 9266 9280 7328 7390 Scotland 8 8 23 19 20 16 2 Spain 5647 6291 6347 6133 6824 3882 5117 Total 17658 15801 13043 15743 16779 11804 12890
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 31 3 STOCK IDENTIFICATION AND POPULATION SIZE ESTIMATION (TOR B).
3.1 Stock identification
There is relatively little new work on stock identification.
Work by Perez-Losada et al. (2002) on cuttlefish population structuring has recently been published. There were no differences between cuttlefish from different rías (in Galicia, NW Spain), although cuttlefish from the Tyrrhenian Sea were different to Atlantic populations. Although the Atlantic population shows gradual clinal genetic variation, it is effectively genetically homogeneous. However, it may be managed as different stocks exploited by different fleets (e.g. separating stocks from the rías bajas and rías altas in Galicia). Shelf and lagoon populations in Portugal differ in size, lifespan and physiological parameters (e.g. salinity tolerance).
Work carried out on the ommastrephid species Illex coindetii and Todaropsis eblanae, by Dillane (2001), indicates a limited degree of stock structuring in both species. Microsatellite DNA loci were the markers used in that study. In the case of Illex coindetii, statistical analysis showed evidence of population structuring between samples from the coast of Mauritania and samples from the Saharan Bank and European waters. These results suggest that it may be appropriate to manage fisheries in Mauritania separately from both the Saharan Bank and the European fisheries (Eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean). Genetic differentiation within European waters was limited. In the case of Todaropsis eblanae, results of genetic analysis indicated statistical evidence of more significant population differentiation in this species. Samples from Mauritania and South Africa showed significant differentiation from European samples as well as from one another. Within European waters, there was a suggestion of differences between the Western Mediterranean and European Atlantic waters, while within European Atlantic waters no genetic heterogeneity was detected. Both of these studies will be submitted for publication shortly.
3.2 Estimates of population trends based on indices.
Updated LPUE data and abundance trends are available from AZTI (Santurtún et al., Working Document N° 4). Population trends are different according to the commercial fleet ("Baka Otter Trawls" or "VHVO Pair Trawls") and to the fishing ground. In the Bay of Biscay, stable annual indices are obtained since 1996 with "Baka Trawl" data whereas "VHVO Pair Trawl" indices suggest increasing abundance until 2000 in cuttlefish and ommastrephid squid.
3.3 Total stock size assessments
A paper on abundance of Loligo forbesi in Scottish waters has been submitted by Iain Young (University of Aberdeen) and co-authors from the University of Aberdeen, University of Caen, IEO and IPIMAR.
New information is available for English Channel stocks from the PhD thesis of Juliette Royer (Royer, 2002). Using cohort analysis total stock size assessments have been obtained in 5 squid cohorts (from 1993 to 1997) in both species Loligo forbesi and Loligo vulgaris and in two cuttlefish cohorts (1995 and 1996). Exploitation diagrams suggest that fishing mortality increases with age and projections (using a Thomson and Bell model) indicate full exploitation in Loligo forbesi and Sepia officinalis and some growth overfishing in Loligo vulgaris. Changes in fishing mortality suggest that English Channel fishermen target other species when recruitment is low.
In addition to this analysis at the scale of whole stocks, details about cephalopod distribution within the English Channel were obtained using spatial cohort analysis. Abundance and fishing mortality estimates were computed for each spatial box (groups of ICES rectangles). These boxes were determined with multivariate analysis (correspondence analysis and clustering) from monthly GLM abundance indices per statistical rectangle. Results provide a description of the spatial distribution of recruitment, seasonal abundance and fishing pressure. Also the method enables us to evaluate migratory balances, in number of animals, between zones. Local exploitation patterns at age have the same profile regardless of area. Nevertheless, for both squid stocks fishing mortalities are higher in the east part of English Channel and lowest around the English coast. This exercise provided also information about local recruitment and migration patterns. Spatial cohort analysis results were presented to the CIAC 2003 meeting (Royer et al, 2003) and a manuscript is in preparation.
32 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 4 POSSIBLE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT (TOR C)
In the absence of management measures defined on a scientific basis for European cephalopod stocks, WGCEPH discussed some potential management tools.
4.1 Minimum Landing Sizes (MLS)
For octopus, the minimum size legally landed, stored, sold, displayed or offered for sale is 750 g in regions 1 to 5 of community waters (except the Kattegat and Skagerrak; Council Conservation Regulation 850/98). To our knowledge, the only MLS regulations applying to other cephalopod species, are set in Portugual with a minimum mantle length of 10 cm in cuttlefish and in common squid. Minimum landing sizes are intended to reduce the exploitation of juveniles. However, because cephalopods are semelparous, determination of an appropriate MLS is more complex. A MLS determined on the basis of maturation parameters might prohibit much of the commercial fisheries for squid and cuttlefish, as these species are heavily exploited prior to maturation. Because the animals die rapidly after spawning, a fishery targeting mature animals would have a limited temporal and spatial duration. Alternatively, a MLS could be determined on the basis of yield per recruit, i.e. to maximise yield according to size of first capture. In either case, the success of the measure would depend upon discard survival rates. In the case of octopus, discard survival is probably high, whereas in trawl fisheries for squid and cuttlefish discard survival is likely to be low, in which case a MLS without supporting mesh size regulations would be inefficient. However, there are no published studies on discard survival rates for cephalopods in Europe.
4.2 Minimum Mesh Sizes (MMS)
Cephalopds are included in the EC regulations for MMS of enmeshing nets (Council Conservation Regulation 850/98), and are summarised by region below. a) Regions 1 & 2 (except Skagerrak and Kattegat). For towed gear, octopus MMS 70 mm, squid 32 - 54 mm when targeted or MMS 70 mm in mixed fisheries, cuttlefish 80 mm MMS, Skagerrak & Kattegat 90 mm MMS. For fixed gears, cuttlefish 100 mm MMS. b) Region 3 (except IXa east of long. 2°23’48”W). For towed gear, octopus 55 mm MMS, squid 32 - 54 mm (if targeted) or 55 mm (mixed fisheries). Cuttlefish 60 mm MMS. For fixed gears, cuttlefish 50 mm, ommastrephids 60 mm MMS.
The appropriateness of MMS measures should be analysed in the light of scientific studies on selectivity. Two papers are discussed in this report (selectivity section) although additional information is still desirable.
4.3 Stock enhancement and protected areas
The closure of specific areas to targeted fishing for cephalopods could be an efficient tool for stock conservation. Closed areas could take two forms, either areas closed for the protection of juveniles, or areas closed for the protection of adult and/or spawning animals. However, nursery grounds have not been determined for cephalopods in EC waters. For example in the English Channel although cuttlefish spawning grounds are known there have been practical difficulties in finding high concentrations of 0-group pre-recruit cuttlefish. Spawning grounds are better described for some species, but further analysis would be necessary to determine (a) the specific areas where closures should and could be implemented, and (b) the biological and in particular economic costs and benefits of such a closure.
An experiment is being carried out on the west of Normandy to prevent cuttlefish laying eggs on the fishing traps, by adding egg laying device in the spawning ground . Many eggs are attached to the traps, and the action of hauling, cleaning and shooting traps means egg mortality is likely to be high, as many eggs are damaged. However, there are no published scientific studies describing rates of egg mortality on the traps. The egg laying devices are very simple, being ropes attached to a steel frame and partially buried in the sand, and are used by females to attach eggs as an alternative to the traps. However, the consequences of these efforts on recruitment are still not known, and need to be studied scientifically as density dependent survival or growth in early life stages are likely the reduce the benefit.
4.4 Catch and effort controls
Catch and effort controls could take the form of licences, landings restrictions (total allowable catches) and effort controls (days at sea).
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 33 4.4.1 Licences.
In some countries (France, Portugal) licences are in use by fishermen’s organisations to identify fleets involved in the exploitation of cephalopods. Licences can represent a useful source of information about fishing activity (métiers), and are thus a valuable tool in the measurement of fishing effort. It is also possible that restrictive licensing could be introduced as a means of effort limitation (as in the Falkland Islands squid fishery), however the practicalities of such a licensing scheme, for the (generally) mixed species Cephalopod fisheries in Europe, requires further investigation.
4.4.2 Total Allowable Catches and Effort restrictions
There are no current total allowable catch (TAC) regulations or effort (days at sea) restrictions for cephalopods in EC waters. There are insufficient stock assessments to allow reference points and scientifically-based TAC or effort levels to be set. Both measures could be efficient in controlling landings or catches in targeted fisheries, such as the octopus trap fishery in Spain and Portugal, or the cuttlefish trap fishery in the English Channel, where discard survival may be high and there is little commercial by-catch. However, in mixed trawl fisheries discard survival is likely to be low, and by-catch rates high, therefore a TAC or effort limit as a conservation tool in such fisheries may not be effective. Also, whilst TAC or effort restrictions could be applied only to fleets targeting cephalopods, the costs and benefits to all exploiting fleets must be considered. Because cephalopods generally have short life cycles and high recruitment variability, TAC levels would need to be determined annually, with the further potential requirement for real-time assessments and management (as in the Falkland Islands squid fishery). The practicalities of such stock assessment and management methods need to be considered for EC stocks.
4.5 General considerations
At present, there are insufficient stock assessments to allow management reference points to be determined with confidence for any EC cephalopod stocks. Some of the basic details of the stocks, such as spawning and nursery grounds, are also insufficiently determined to allow specific management options, such as closed areas, to be evaluated. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the environment plays a major role in cephalopod stock dynamics. Nevertheless, the unregulated fishing on many cephalopod stocks is an area for concern, as exploitation could reduce stocks to such a level such that they become highly vulnerable to environmental fluctuations, and recruitment levels could be severely damaged. It has also been demonstrated that cephalopods play an important role in marine ecosystems, thus the redirection of fishing effort onto cephalopods could have unknown and acute effects throughout the ecosystem, and upon other commercial finfish species. It is therefore precautionary to attempt to prevent further increase in fishing effort, and scientific studies based on considerations above should be encouraged to allow such precautionary measures to be evaluated and implemented.
5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS (TOR D)
The term of reference is as follows: Compile available data and identify relationships between abundance and environmental conditions, factors affecting recruitment, migration and distribution patterns of juveniles and adults, and trophic interactions
Environmental relationships
There have been numerous desk studies using existing data that have attempted to describe and quantify relationships between abundance and environmental conditions. This section focuses on work in European waters, but there was been much relevant work elsewhere, e.g. in South Africa (Roberts & Sauer, 1994; Roberts, 1998) and the Southwest Atlantic (Waluda et al., 1999, 2001a,b).
The use of empirical, heuristic, models relating fishery abundance to environmental parameters (e.g. sea surface and bottom temperature and salinity) has the potential advantage that it can be used to forecast abundance, is. Such models have been proposed for a range of marine molluscs (Fogarty, 1989) and there has been recent interest in fishery forecasting for cephalopods (e.g. Brodziak and Henderson, 1999). Many older studies used simple regression models but the potential applicability of time-series methods has long been recognised (Fogarty, 1989) and several recent studies have applied time-series methods to cephalopod fisheries data (Georgakarakos et al., 2002; Pierce & Boyle, 2003; Zuur & Pierce, In Press).
A good deal of research has been directed towards understanding the spatial pattern of abundance of Loligo spp. in UK waters. Pierce et al. (1998) found that the spatial pattern of catch rates for Loligo in trawl survey hauls in the North Sea in February could be related to sea bottom temperature and salinity. Waluda and Pierce (1998) showed that the spatial pattern of Loligo fishery catch per unit effort in the North Sea in the winter was strongly (positively) related to both sea
34 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 surface and sea bottom temperature and, to a lesser extent, salinity. Bellido et al. (2001) applied generalised additive models to show that local abundance of Loligo forbesi was highest at around 11 oC SST.
Regarding interannual variation in abundance, Pierce et al. (1994) showed that the time series of annual total squid landings in Scotland during the 20th Century could be modelled as an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process, there being some relationship between the values for total landings in successive years. Pierce et al. (1998) demonstrated that squid catch rate during surveys in February in the North Sea was correlated with fishery LPUE in the autumn of the same calendar year. Robin & Denis (1999) showed that an index of fishing season abundance of Loligo spp. in the English Channel could be predicted from SST in the previous winter.
Pierce & Boyle (2003) compared alternative empirical models for forecasting interannual variation in squid (Loligo spp.) abundance around Scotland (UK). Abundance in coastal waters was correlated with several annual environmental indices, including the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index and the average sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) in the northern North Sea. Regression models, relating fishery abundance to annual environmental indices, and time-series models, predicting abundance from the previous year’s abundance, could both provide reasonable fits to observed abundance data. Model fits obtained for coastal waters were generally better than those for the Rockall area. Regression models produced consistently poor forecasts whereas time-series models produced satisfactory forecasts for the years 1997-99. Forecast accuracy for the time-series models could be improved by taking into account environmental variables. The apparent influence of May SST in the northern North Sea on the coastal fishery could indicate that SST affects recruitment strength.
6 CEPHALOPOD CULTURE TECHNIQUES (TOR E)
The term of reference is as follows: Review cephalopod culture techniques and results and their interest in the understanding of biological phenomena.
Within the CEPHSTOCK project, a review of culture techniques applied to cephalopods and a list of biological questions that require controlled rearing conditions is going to be prepared (as staded in Workpackage 7: Review of cephalopod culture and capture fisheries). Progress in this task is too preliminary to be reported here.
It should be noted that from the economic point of view, commercial culture of cephalopods could be viable only provided that production costs are held down. However, the biological implications of results on culture, rather than its economic potential, are of particular interest to WGCEPH. In order to provide biologically meaningful results experimental rearing will require control of more parameters than low cost commercial trials.
7 CEPHALOPOD LITERATURE RELEVANT TO FISHERIES (TOR F)
Information on literature relevant to cephalopod fisheries published during the last calendar year (2001-2002) was downloaded from bibliographic databases and supplied by WGCEPH members. This information is presented in Annex 4 and divided in two sections (journal papers and grey literature).
8 RESEARCH PRIORITIES
8.1 Importance of including cephalopods in the National Sampling
The WGCEPH is concerned about the negative effect underlining the new management of EU funding for fishery data collection (Council Resolution 1543/2000 and 1639/2001) and all the consequences of downgraded cephalopod data collection. From these resolutions, there has been a quite significant change in cephalopod fisheries monitoring which does not adequately cover data requirements from cephalopod fisheries. The framework of the sampling programmes does not take into account the biological differences between cephalopods and most finfish species. Thus, cephalopods as short-lived species, with extended periods of recruitment and spawning, complex migratory movements and wide interannual fluctuations in distribution and abundance will be very poorly sampled if low-resolution sampling programs are deployed. It will be desirable that sampling would be deployed on (minimally) a monthly basis and at ICES statistical rectangle level to understand migratory patterns and environment relationships.
The low priority assigned to collection of cephalopod data is not consistent with their current importance as a fishery and fishing industry resource. Cephalopod stocks as European shared resources need to be managed by the EU, however, poor biological sampling is the main obstacle towards stock assessments and the subsequent evaluation of management measures.
The wide differences in the scope and quality of fishery and biological data collected from these fisheries delay seriously to step forward assessment and management of cephalopod stocks in the near future. Council Resolutions
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 35 jeopardise the improvements in biology, fisheries, stock identification, assessment and management knowledge achieved over the last decade.
Thus, the design of optimal data collection takes on additional importance and urgency. Optimal data collection programs should be based on previous experienced programs carried out by the organizations involved.
8.2 Research priorities
A rather comprehensive list of priorities was presented in the 2001report. WGCEPH considers that all these points are still very worth studying and would all contribute usefully to the definition of sustainable exploitation.
Last year's WGCEPH report focused the attention on two main points: the assessment of most important stocks and the ecological study of early life stages. WGCEPH considers that these points are still dominant. The lack of transnational reseach project to co-ordinate progress in these two directions does not reduce their interest. The rationale for studying theses two points is repeated here:
The assessment of most important stocks (the major stocks like English Channel cuttlefish, Octopuses off Portugal and Spain and English Channel common squid are significant resources shared by several countries which is also the case in common squid off Scotland). In spite of the lack of information about some population parameters (like natural mortality) the comparison of results obtained with methods based on different sets of assumptions should be encouraged. Stock assessments are not only useful for fisheries management but are also desirable for an approach of ecosystem changes.
The ecological study of early life stages. Almost all studies of environmental factors affecting cephalopod abundance have underlined that recruitment variations were the most important. Pre-recruit survival and growth are assumed to be key parameters. Difficulties in collecting juvenile have limited the available material however improved methodology and better knowledge of paralarvae distribution and behaviour can help to solve this. Also, back-calculated age with statolith readings, or rearing experiments can provide information about early life history
Within the CEPHSTOCK concerted action, the state of knownledge in a series of aspects of cephalopod biology is being reviewed. Gaps identified with this work shall be compared to existing expertise to propose new objectives.
9 THE FUTURE PROGRAMME OF WGCEPH AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 Terms of reference
WGCEPH considers that, broadly speaking, the present terms of reference continue to be relevant. The working group wishes to continue to gather expertise on European cephalopod fisheries and to make available to ICES Advisory Commission for Fisheries Management any progress in stock assessments. Also, the working group considers that progress in the understanding of cephalopod life history and of the role of cephalopod populations in changing ecosystems should be of interest to the Advisory Commission for Environmental Management.
The following update of terms of reference is proposed: a) Update currently available landing statistics and information on fishing effort and discards and gear selectivity; explore existing resource survey databases for information about sampled cephalopods in the ICES area. b) Compile methods and results available for stock identification and estimation of population size of fished cephalopods. It should be noted that funding for formal analytical stock assessment has been project-based and some basic data (e.g. market sampling) will not be available. On the other hand, it will be possible to provide general “assessment” of stock trends (e.g. based on CPUE). c) Identify possible precautionary approaches to the management of these cephalopod resources; evaluate management options and consider socio-economic issues. The changed wording reflects (a) the opinion that it is not yet possible to provide management options, in the absence of a specific remit to provide assessments, and (b) current interest in socio-economic issues. Any evaluation of management options requires an ability to take account of social and economic as well as biological objectives. It is useful to know what social and economic information would then be required. d) Compile available data and identify relationships between abundance and environmental conditions, factors affecting recruitment, migration and distribution patterns of juveniles and adults, trophic interactions and contaminants bio-accumulation.
36 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 e) Review cephalopod culture techniques and results and their interest in the understanding of biological phenomena. f) Update the bibliographic database of cephalopod literature relevant to fisheries, including grey literature.
9.2 Next WGCEPH meeting
It has already been underlined that WGCEPH, more than most ICES Working Groups, relies on participation from a wide range of scientists working often in universities where no funding is available for participation in ICES activities. In order to use EU project funding, it was agreed to hold WGCEPH meetings in combination with The CEPHSTOCK concerted action meetings.
The CEPHSTOCK group plans to meet in Lesvos (Greece) between 6-10 October 2003. Thus WGCEPH proposes to hold its 2004 meeting in October 9-10, 2003 in the same place and to work by correspondence afterwards so as to report to ICES in April 2004.
10 OTHER BUSINESS
CIAC 2003: The Cephalopod International Advisory Committee held its conference in Phuket (Thailand) in February 17-21, 2003. The symposium was entitled "Biology, Recruitment and Culture of Cephalopods". A series of papers of interest to WGCEPH were presented and the symposium programme is given in the annex 2 of this report. Also of interest is the publication of the proceedings of the 2002 conference in Bulletin of Marine Science.
11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
WGCEPH wishes to thank Joao Pereira and his colleagues at IPIMAR for hosting the meeting in Lisbon (Portugal). Uwe Piatkowski (Germany), Matt Dunn (UK), Graham Pierce (UK), Marina Santurtún (Spain) for assistance with drafting the report and staff at ICES, notably Mette Bertelsen, for assistance with provision of data and for general assistance during 2002-2003.
12 REFERENCES
Arkley, K., Jacklin, M.S., Boulter, M. and Tower, J., 1996. The cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis): A guide to its exploitation in UK waters. Seafish Report No. SR567.
Bellido, J.M., Pierce, G.J. and Wang, J., 2001. Modelling intra-annual variation in abundance of squid Loligo forbesi in Scottish waters using generalised additive models. Fisheries Research, 52: 23-39.
Borges, T.C., Erzini, K., Bentes, L., Costa, M.E., Goncalves, J.M.S., Lino, P.G., Pais, C.& Ribeiro, J., 2001. By-catch and discarding practices in five Algarve (southern Portugal) metiers. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 17: 104-114.
Brodziak, J. & Hendrickson, L., 1999. An analysis of environmental effects on survey catches of squids Loligo pealei and Illex illecebrosus in the northwest Atlantic. Fishery Bulletin, 97: 9-24.
Denis V., Lejeune J., Robin J.P, 2002. Spatio-temporal analysis of commercial trawler data using General Additive models: patterns of Loliginid squid abundance in the north-east Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 59, 3, 633-648 Denis, V. and Robin, J.P., 2001. Present status of the French Atlantic fishery for cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). Fisheries Research 52, 11-22 (I. Factor 0.764) Denis, V., 2000. Variations spatio-temporelles d'abondance des cephalopods exploités depuis les côtes atlantiques françaises et influence de paramètres environnementaux. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Caen, 269p. Donoso-Perez, R. and Forest, A., 1993. Analyse des pêcheries françaises de cephalopods dans le golfe de Gascogne (division VIII du CIEM) ICES CM1993/K:51., 16p. Dunn, M.R., 1999. The exploitation of selected non-quota species in the English Channel. PhD Thesis, University of Portsmouth. Erzini, K., Costa, M.E., Bentes, L.& Borges, T.C., 2002. A comparative study of the species composition of discards from five fisheries from the Algarve (southern Portugal). Fisheries Management and Ecology, 9: 31-40.
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 37 Erzini, K., Monteiro, C.C., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M.N., Gaspar, M., Monteiro, P.& Borges, T.C., 1997. An experimental study of gill net and trammel net 'ghost fishing' off the Algarve (southern Portugal). Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 158: 257-265. Fogarty, M.J., 1989. Forecasting yield and abundance in exploited invertebrates. In: Caddy, J.F. (Ed.), Marine invertebrate fisheries: their assessment and management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 701-724. Fonseca, P., Campos, A.& Garcia, A., 2002. Bottom trawl codend selectivity for cephalopods in Portuguese continental waters. Fisheries Research, 59(1-2): 263-271. Georgakarakos, S., Haralabous, J., Valavanis, V., Koutsoubas, D., 2002. Loliginid and ommastrephid stock prediction in Greek waters using time series analysis techniques. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71: 269-288. Hastie, L.C., 1996. Estimation of trawl codend selectivity for squid (Loligo forbesi), based on Scottish research vessel survey data. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53: 741-744. Machias, A., Vassilopoulou, V., Vatsos, D., Bekas, P., Kallianiotis, A., Papaconstantinou, C.& Tsimenides, N., 2001. Bottom trawl discards in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Fisheries Research, 53: 181-195. Naylor, M., 2003. Analysis of squid discard data to determine whether the factors of time of year, fishing area, fishing gear, and depth fished are important influences in the process of discarding squid. Unpublished Honours thesis, University of Aberdeen. Pérez-Losada, M., Guerra, A., Carvalho, G.R., Sanjuan, A. & Shaw P.W., In Press. Extensive population subdivision of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) around the Iberian Peninsula indicated by microsatellite DNA variation. Heredity. Pierce, G.J., Bailey, N., Stratoudakis, Y. & Newton, A., 1998. Distribution and abundance of the fished population of Loligo forbesi in Scottish waters: analysis of research cruise data. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55: 14-33.
Pierce, G.J. & Boyle, P.R., 2003. Empirical modelling of interannual trends in abundance of squid (Loligo forbesi) in Scottish waters. Fisheries Research, 59: 305-326.
Pierce, G.J., Boyle, P.R., Hastie, L.C. & Shanks, A., 1994. Distribution and abundance of the fished population of Loligo forbesi in UK waters: analysis of fishery data. Fisheries Research, 21: 193-216.
Pierce, G.J., Dyson, J., Kelly, E., Eggleton, J.D., Whomersley, P., Young, I.A.G., Santos, M.B., Wang, J. & Spencer, N.J., 2002. Results of a short study on by-catches and discards in pelagic fisheries in Scotland (UK). Aquatic Living Resources 15, 327-334. Roberts, M.J., 1998. The influence of the environment of chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii spawning aggregations: steps towards a quatified model. South African Journal of Marine Science, 20: 267-284.
Roberts, M.J. & Sauer, W.H.H., 1994. Environment: the key to understanding the South African chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) life-cycle and fishery? Antarctic Science, 6: 249-258.
Robin, J.P. & Denis, V., 1999. Squid stock fluctuations and water temperature: temporal analysis of English Channel Loliginidae. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36: 101-110.
Robin, J.P. and Boucaud-Camou, E., 1995. Squid catch composition in the English Channel bottom trawl fishery: proportion of Loligo forbesi and Loligo vulgaris in the landings and length frequencies of both species during 1993-94 period. ICES CM1995/K:36.
Royer, J., 2002. Modélisation des stocks de céphalopodes de Manche. Thèse de doctorat, Université de Caen, 242p. Royer, J., Pierce, G.J., and Robin, J.P., 2003. Recruitment spatial patterns and migratory exchanges in English Channel loliginid squids described with Spatial Cohort Analysis. Poster presented at the CIAC 2003 meeting, 17-21 February 2003, Phuket, Thaïland.
Waluda, C.M. & Pierce, G.J., 1998. Temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of squid Loligo spp. in United Kingdom waters. South African Journal of Marine Science, 20: 323-336.
Waluda, C.M., Rodhouse, P.G., Podestá, G.P., Trathan, P.N. & Pierce, G.J., 2001a. Surface oceanography of the inferred hatching grounds of Illex argentinus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) and influences on recruitment variability. Marine Biology, 139: 671-679.
Waluda, C.M., Rodhouse, P.G., Trathan, P.N. & Pierce, G.J., 2001b. Remotely sensed mesoscale oceanography and the distribution of Illex argentinus in the South Atlantic. Fisheries Oceanography, 10: 207-216.
38 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 Waluda, C.M., Trathan, P.N. & Rodhouse, P.G., 1999. Influence of oceanographic variability on recruitment in the Illex argentinus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) fishery in the South Atlantic. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 183: 159- 167.
Wang, J., Pierce, G.J., Boyle, P.R., Denis, V., Robin, J.P. & Bellido, J.M., In Press. Spatial and temporal patterns of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) abundance and environmental influences – a case study using trawl fishery data in French Atlantic coastal, English Channel and adjacent waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science.
Zuur, A.F. & Pierce, G.J., In Press. Common trends in Northeast Atlantic squid time series. Journal of Sea Research
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ANNEX 1
CEPHALOPOD BIBLIOGRAPHY (2002-03)
New literature on cephalopods is listed under two headings: (a) the primary literature (mainly peer-reviewed journals) and (b) grey literature, including reports and PhD theses. Most subject areas are covered, although some palaentological literature was excluded. This compilation concentrates on material published in 2002 but also includes material that is due for publication in early 2003 and older material that was missed in the previous compilation. Additionally we list data products (e.g. CD-ROMs) and relevant web sites.
PRIMARY LITERATURE
Agnew, D.J., 2002. Critical aspects of the Falkland Islands pelagic ecosystem: distribution, spawning and migration of pelagic animals in relation to oil exploration. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 12(1): 39- 50. Agnew, D.J., Beddington, J.R. & Hill, S.L., 2002. The potential use of environmental information to manage squid stocks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59(12): 1851-1857. Allcock, A.L., Collins, M.A. & Vecchione, M., In Press. A redescription of Graneledone verrucosa (Verrill, 1881) (Octopoda: Octopodidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies. Allcock, A.L. & Piertney, S.B., 2002. Evolutionary relationships of Southern Ocean Octopodidae (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) and a new diagnosis of Pareledone. Marine Biology 140:129-135. Allcock, A.L., Piatkowski, U., Rodhouse, P.G.K. & Thorpe, J.P., 2001. A study on octopodids from the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 24: 832-838. Allcock, A,L,, Brierley, A.S., Thorpe, J.P. & Rodhouse, P.G.K., 1997. Restricted geneflow and evolutionary divergence between geographically separated populations of the Antarctic octopus Pareledone turqueti. Marine Biology 129(1): 97-102. Arkhipkin, A.I. & Middleton, D.A.J., 2002. Inverse patterns in abundance of Illex argentinus and Loligo gahi in Falkland waters: possible interspecific competition between squid? Fisheries Research, 59(1-2): 181-196. Baron, P.J. & Re, M.E., 2002. Morphometry of the northern Patagonian sympatric populations of Loligo sanpaulensis and Loligo gahi. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82: 269-278. Barros, N.B., Jefferson, T.A. & Parsons, E.C.M., 2002. Food habits of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Hong Kong waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology: 115-123. Barton, J., 2002. Fisheries and fisheries management in Falkland Islands conservation zones. Aquatic Conservation- Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 12(1): 127-135. Basil, J.A., Lazenby, G.B., Nakanuku, L. & Hanlon, R.T., 2002. Female Nautilus are attracted to male conspecific odor. Bulletin of Marine Science, 70: 217-225. Belcari P., Cuccu D., Gonzalez, M., Srairi, A. & Vidoris, P., 2002. Distribution and abundance of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 (Cephalopoda : Octopoda) in the Mediterranean sea. Scientia Marina, 66: 157-166. Belcari P., Sartor P., Sanchez P., Demestre M., Tsangridis A., Leondarakis P., Lefkaditou E. & Papaconstantinou C., 2002. Exploitation patterns of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Sepioidea, Sepiidae), in the Mediterranean sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71: 187-196. Belcari, P., Tserpes, G., Gonzalez, M., Lefkaditou, E., Marceta, B., Manfrin, G.P. & Souplet, A., 2002. Distribution and abundance of Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798) and E. moschata (Lamarck, 1798) (Cephalopoda : Octopoda) in the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 66: 143-155. Bello, G. & Pipitone, C., 2002. Predation on cephalopods by the giant red shrimp Aristaemorpha foliacea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82: 213-218. Berger, D.K. & Butler, M.J., 2001. Octopuses influence den selection by juvenile Caribbean spiny lobster. Marine and Freshwater Research, 52(8): 1049-1053. Bergmann, M., Wieczorek, S.K., Moore, P.G. & Atkinson, R.J.A., 2002. Utilisation of invertebrates discarded from the Nephrops fishery by variously selective benthic scavengers in the west of Scotland. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 233: 185-198. Beuerlein, K., Lohr, S., Westermann, B., Ruth, P. & Schipp, R., 2002. Components of the cellular defense and detoxification system of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Tissue & Cell, 34(6): 390-396. Beuerlein, K., Ruth, P., Westermann, B., Lohr, S. & Schipp, R., 2002. Hemocyanin and the branchial heart complex of Sepia officinalis: are the hemocytes involved in hemocyanin metabolism of coleoid cephalopods? Cell and Tissue Research, 310(3): 373-381. Boletzky, S.V., Fuentes, M. & Offner, N., 2002. Developmental features of Octopus macropus Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Vie et Milieu, 52(4): 209-215. Borges, T.C., Erzini, K., Bentes, L., Costa, M.E., Goncalves, J.M.S., Lino, P.G., Pais, C. & Ribeiro, J., 2001. By-catch and discarding practices in five Algarve (southern Portugal) metiers. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 17: 104-114.
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Borghi, E., Solari, P.L., Beltramini, M., Bubacco, L., Di Muro, P. & Salvato, B., 2002. Oxidized derivatives of Octopus vulgaris and Carcinus aestuarii hemocyanins at pH 7.5 and related models by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Biophysical Journal, 82(6): 3254-3268. Bower, J.R., Murphy, J.M. & Sato, Y., 2002. Latitudinal gradients in body size and maturation of Berryteuthis anonychus (Cephalopoda : Gonatidae) in the northeast Pacific. Veliger, 45: 309-315. Boyle, P.R., Collins, M.A. & Pierce, G.J. (editors), 2002. Cephalopod biomass and production. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71(1-2). Bustamante, P., Cosson R.P., Gallien I., Caurant, F. & Miramand, P., 2002. Cadmium detoxification processes in the digestive gland of cephalopods in relation to accumulated cadmium concentrations. Marine Environmental Research, 53: 227-241. Bustamante, P., Teyssie, J.L., Fowler, S.W., Cotret, O., Danis, B., Miramand, P. & Warnau, M., 2002. Biokinetics of zinc and cadmium accumulation and depuration at different stages in the life cycle of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 231: 167-177. Byrne, R.A., Kuba, M. & Griebel, U., 2002. Lateral asymmetry of eye use in Octopus vulgaris. Animal Behaviour, 64: 461-468. Casu, M., Maltagliati, F., Meloni, M., Casu, D., Cossu, P., Binelli, G., Curini-Galletti, M. & Castelli, A., 2002. Genetic structure of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from the Mediterranean Sea as revealed by a microsatellite locus. Italian Journal of Zoology, 69(4): 295-300. Chrachri, A. & Williamson, R., 2003. Modulation of spontaneous and evoked EPSCs and IPSCs in optic lobe neurons of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis by the neuropeptide FMRF-amide. European Journal of Neuroscience, 17(3): 526-536. Challier, L., Royer, J. & Robin, J.P., 2002. Variability in age-at-recruitment and early growth in English Channel Sepia officinalis described with statolith analysis. Aquatic Living Resources, 15(5): 303-311. Chapela, M.J., Sotelo, C.G., Calo-Mata, P., Perez-Martin, R.I., Rehbein, H., Hold, G.L., Quinteiro, J., Rey-Mendez, M., Rosa, C. & Santos, A.T., 2002. Identification of cephalopod species (Ommastrephidae and Loliginidae) in seafood products by forensically informative nucleotide sequencing (FINS). Journal of Food Science, 67: 1672-1676. Chase, B.C., 2002. Differences in diet of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) at five seasonal feeding grounds on the New England continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin, 100: 168-180. Clarke, M., Allcock, L. & Santos, M.B., 2002. Cephalopod Biomass Workshop Report. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71: 47-66. Clausen, A. & Putz, K., 2003. Winter diet and foraging range of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) from Kidney Cove, Falkland Islands. Polar Biology, 26(1): 32-40. Clausen, A.P. & Putz, K., 2002. Recent trends in diet composition and productivity of gentoo, magellanic and rockhopper penguins in the Falkland Islands. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 12(1): 51- 61. Cobb, C.S., Metz, J.R., Flik, G. & Williamson, R., 2002. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone plasma levels and environmental illumination in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis: A role for the neurosecretory system of the vena cava in cephalopods. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 125(3): 435-440. Collins, M.A., Yau, C., Boyle, P.R., Friese, D. & Piatkowski, U., 2002. Distribution of cephalopods from plankton surveys around the British Isles. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71: 239-254. Colombo, F., Cerioli, M., Colombo, M.M., Marchisio, E., Malandra, R. & Renon, P., 2002. A simple polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for the differentiation of cephalopod mollusc families Loliginidae from Ommastrephidae, to avoid substitutions in fishery field. Food Control, 13: 185- 190. Cottrell, P.E. & Trites, A.W., 2002. Classifying prey hard part structures recovered from fecal remains of captive Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Marine Mammal Science, 18(2): 525-539. Crawford, K., 2002. In vitro fertilization to hatching, a novel culture method for embryos of the long-finned squid, Loligo pealei. Developmental Biology, 247(2): 47. Crawford, K., 2002. Culture method for in vitro fertilization to hatching of the squid, Loligo pealeii. Biological Bulletin, 203(2): 216-217. Crook, A.C., Baddeley, R. & Osorio, D., 2002. Identifying the structure in cuttlefish visual signals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 357(1427): 1617-1624. Denis, V., Lejeune, J. & Robin, J.P., 2002. Spatio-temporal analysis of commercial trawler data using General Additive models: patterns of Loliginid squid abundance in the north-east Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: 633- 648. Di Cosmo, A., Di Cristo, C. & Paolucci, M., 2002. A estradiol-17 beta receptor in the reproductive system of the female of Octopus vulgaris: characterisation and immunolocalization. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 61 (3): 367-375. Di Cristo, C., Paolucci, M., Iglesias, J., Sanchez, J. & Di Cosmo, A., 2002. Presence of two neuropeptides in the fusiform ganglion and reproductive ducts of Octopus vulgaris: FMRFamide and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 292 (3): 267-276. Diekmann, R. & Piatkowski, U., 2002. Early life stages of cephalopods in the Sargasso Sea: distribution and diversity relative to hydrographic conditions. Marine Biology, 141: 123-130.
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Domingues, P.M., Sykes, A. & Andrade, J.P., 2001. The use of Artemia sp or mysids as food source for hatchlings of the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.); effects on growth and survival throughout the life cycle. Aquaculture International, 9: 319-331. Domingues, P.M., Sykes, A. & Andrade, J.P., 2002. The effects of temperature in the life cycle of two consecutive generations of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), cultured in the Algarve (South Portugal). Aquaculture International, 10(3), 207-220. Durholtz, M.D., Lipinski, M.R. & Field, J.G., 2002. Laboratory validation of periodicity of incrementation in statoliths of the South African chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (d'Orbigny, 1845): a reevaluation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 279: 41-59. Eddleman, C.S., Bittner, G.D. & Fishman, H.M., 2002. SEM comparison of severed ends of giant axons isolated from squid (Loligo pealeii) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Biological Bulletin, 203(2): 219-220. Erzini, K., Costa, M.E., Bentes, L. & Borges, T.C., 2002. A comparative study of the species composition of discards from five fisheries from the Algarve (southern Portugal). Fisheries Management and Ecology, 9: 31-40. Erzini, K., Monteiro, C.C., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M.N., Gaspar, M., Monteiro, P. & Borges, T.C., 1997. An experimental study of gill net and trammel net 'ghost fishing' off the Algarve (southern Portugal). Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 158: 257-265. Evans, K., Morrice, M., Hindell, M. & Thiele, D., 2002. Three mass strandings of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in southern Australian waters. Marine Mammal Science, 18: 622-643. Fonseca, P., Campos, A. & Garcia, A., 2002. Bottom trawl codend selectivity for cephalopods in Portuguese continental waters. Fisheries Research, 59(1-2): 263-271. Forister, A., 2002. The octopus and the orangutan: More true tales of animal intrigue, intelligence, and ingenuity. Library Journal, 127(13): 136-136. Forsythe, J., Lee, P., Walsh, L. & Clark, T., 2002. The effects of crowding on growth of the European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 reared at two temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 269: 173-185. Foster, J.S., von Boletzky, S. & McFall-Ngai, M.J., 2002. A comparison of the light organ development of Sepiola robusta Naef and Euprymna scolopes Berry (Cephalopoda : Sepiolidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 70: 141-153. Furuya, H., Damian, R.T. & Hochberg, F.G., 2002. Dicyema shorti n. sp (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus burryi (Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Octopodidae) in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 88: 325-329. Furuya, H. & Hochberg, F.G., 2002. New species of Dicyemennea (Phylum: Dicyemida) in deep-water Graneledone (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from the Antarctic. Journal of Parasitology, 88: 330-336. Furuya, H., Hochberg, F.G. & Short, R.B., 2002. Dicyemennea canadensis n. sp (phylum dicyemida) from Bathypolypus arcticus (Mollusca : Cephalopoda : Octopoda). Journal of Parasitology, 88(1): 119-123. Garcia, B.G. & Gimenez, F.A., 2002. Influence of diet on ongrowing and nutrient utilization in the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Aquaculture, 211: 171-182. Gestal, C., Abollo, E. & Pascual, S., 2002. Observations on associated histopathology with Aggregata octopiana infection (Protista : Apicomplexa) in Octopus vulgaris. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 50(1): 45-49. Gestal, C., de la Cadena, M.P. & Pascual, S., 2002. Malabsorption syndrome observed in the common octopus Octopus vulgaris infected with Aggregata octopiana (Protista: Apicomplexa). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 51: 61-65. Gestal, C., Serra, C., Guerra, A. & Pascual, S., 2002. Scratching the sporocyst surface: characterisation of European Aggregata species by Atomic Force Microscope. Parasitology Research, 88: 242-246. Gestal, C., Guerra, A., Pascual, S. & Azevedo, C., 2002. On the life cycle of Aggregata eberthi and observations on Aggregata octopiana (Apicomplexa, Aggregatidae) from Galicia (NE Atlantic). European Journal of Protistology, 37(4): 427-435. Gimenez-Bonafe, P., Ribes, E., Sautiere, P., Gonzalez, A., Kasinsky, H., Kouach, M., Sautiere, P.E., Ausio, J. & Chiva, M., 2002. Chromatin condensation, cysteine-rich protamine, and establishment of disulphide interprotamine bonds during spermiogenesis of Eledone cirrhosa (Cephalopoda). European Journal of Cell Biology, 81: 341-349. Gimenez-Bonafe, P., Ribes, E., Zamora, M.J., Kasinsky, H.E. & Chiva, M., 2002. Evolution of octopod sperm I: Comparison of nuclear morphogenesis in Eledone and Octopus. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 62: 357-362. Gomez-Guillen, M.C., Hurtado, J.L. & Montero, P., 2002. Autolysis and protease inhibition effects on dynamic viscoelastic properties during thermal gelation of squid muscle. Journal of Food Science, 67(7): 2491-2496. González, A.F., Guerra, A. & Rocha, F., In Press. New data on the life history and ecology of the deep-sea hooked squid Taningia danae. Sarsia. González, A.F., Guerra, A., Rocha, F. & Briand, P., 2002. Morphological variation in males of Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis (Cephalopoda). Bulletin of Marine Science, 71: 289-298. González, A.F., Guerra, A., Rocha, F. & Gracia, J., 2002. Recent findings of the giant squid Architeuthis in the northerm Spanish waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom, 82: 859-861. González, A.F., Pascual, S., Gestal, C., Abollo, E. & Guerra, A. In Press. Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the cephalopod infection by parasites: the case of Galician waters (NW Iberian Peninsula). Fisheries Research. González, A.F., Pascual, S., Gestal, C., Abollo, E. & Guerra, A., In Press. What makes a cephalopod a suitable host for parasite? The case of Galician waters. Fisheries Research.
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Gonzalez, M. & Sanchez, P., 2002. Cephalopod assemblages caught by trawling along the Iberian Peninsula Mediterranean coast. Scientia Marina, 66: 199-208. Gowland, F.C., Boyle, P.R. & Noble, L.R., 2002. Morphological variation provides a method of estimating thermal niche in hatchlings of the squid Loligo forbesi (Mollusca : Cephalopoda). Journal of Zoology, 258: 505-513. Gowland, F.C., Moltschaniwskyj, N.A. & Steer, M.A., 2002. Description and quantification of developmental abnormalities in a natural Sepioteuthis australis spawning population (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 243: 133-141. Guard, M. & Mgaya, Y.D., 2002. The artisanal fishery for Octopus cyanea Gray in Tanzania. Ambio, 31(7-8): 528-536. Guerra, A., 2002. Los cefalópodos. In: Hércules S.A. (editor), Serie Naturaleza. Proyecto Galicia, Tomo III, Santiago de Compostela, pp. 366-374 Guerra, A., González, A.F., Rocha, F., Sagarminaga, R. & Cañadas, A., 2002. 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GREY LITERATURE
Allcock, A.L., 1997. The genetics and taxonomy of Antarctic octopuses with special reference to the genus Pareledone. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Liverpool. Allcock, A.L., 2000. pp. 64-71 in Gutt J, Arnzt W, and Sirenko B (eds). Biodiversity of the Weddell Sea, with contributions from 27 taxonomists. Berichte zur Polarforschung 372:1-103. Allcock, A.L., 2001. Cephalopod taxonomy and biology. Berichte zur Polarforschung 402: 96-98. Allcock, L., 2001. Cephalopod biology. In P. Bagley (ed) RRS Discovery Cruise 255: 33. Allcock, L., Billet, D., Collins, M. & McAllen, R., 2001. Invertebrate fauna of the Porcupine Seabight and Porcupine Abyssal Plain. In P. Bagley (ed) RRS Discovery cruise 255: 26-29. Anderson, C. Oceanographic influences on squid population variability: Martialia hyadesi in the western South Atlantic. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen. Bellido, J.M., 2002. Use of geographic information systems, spatial and environment-based models to study ecology and fishery of the veined squid (Loligo forbesi Steenstrup 1856) in Scottish waters. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen. Biemann, M., 2001. Spurenelemente in Statolithen von Kalmaren in Abhängigkeit von der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Meerwassers. Diplomarbeit, University of Kiel, 92 pp. Borges, T.C., 2002. Managing by-catch and discards: a multidisciplinary approach (BYDISCARD). Final Report to the European Commission, DG Fisheries. 146pp + annexes. Borges, T.C., Costa, M.E., Erzini, K., Gonçalves, I., Malaquias, M., Olim, S., Pais, C., Ramos, J., Santos, J. & Sendão, J., 2001. Análise e avaliação do efeito do arrasto nas espécies demersais da costa do Algarve: quantificação e estudos bio-ecológicos (BIOPESCAS). Relatório Final à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. 395pp (in Portuguese). Borges, T.C., Erzini, K., Gama, I., Gonçalves, I., Pereira, A., Raposo, C., Sendão, J., Ramos, F., Silva, L. & Sobrino, I., 2001. Cephalopod Resources Dynamics and Fisheries Trends in the Algarve and the Gulf of Cadiz (ALCACEPH). Final Report to the European Commission, D.G. Fisheries, 432pp. Chapela Portela, A., 2002. O engorde do polbo en batea (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797): parámetros oceanográficos e biolóxicos. Tesina, Universidad deVigo Cordes, S., 2002. Age determination of the squid Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda) based on statoliths. Unpublished MSc thesis (Diplomarbeit), University of Bremen. Craig, S., 2001. Environmental conditions and yolk biochemistry: factors influencing embryonic development in the squid Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) Steenstrup. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen. Diekmann, R., Piatkowski, U. & Schneider, M., 2002. Early life and juvenile cephalopods around seamounts of the subtropical eastern North Atlantic: Illustrations and a key for their identification. Berichte Institut für Meereskunde Kiel, 326: 1-42. Dinis, A.M., 2002. Alguns aspectos da biologia do polvo cabeçudo – Eledone moschata e Eledone cirrhosa – na região Algarvia. Estágio de Licenciatura em Biologia Marinha e Pescas, Universidade do Algarve. 47 pp + anexo. Gowland, F., 2002. Development variability in loliginid squid Loligo forbesi and Sepioteuthis australis. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen. Guerra, A., González, A.F. & Rocha, F., 2002. Sea temperature increase and species changes. Marine Biological Association Newsletter, No 28: 1.
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Lefkaditou Ε. & D’ Onghia, G., 2001. L. forbesi and Ommastrephid squids by-catches on the North-eastern Ionian slope: preliminary analysis of stock structure based on exploratory trawling. NAFO Special Symposium on Deep- Sea Fisheries, Varadero, Cuba, September 2001, NAFO SCR Doc.01/144, 6pp. Lefkaditou Ε., Papaconstantinou C., Tsangridis A. & Leondarakis, P., 2001. Contribution of cephalopods to the artisanal and trawl fisheries in the Thracian Sea. Proceedings of the 10th Panhellenic Ichthyological Congress on “Management and sustainable development of water resources and nearby regions”, Chania, Greece, October 2001(in Greek): pp. 45-48. Linse, K., Shrödl, M., McClain, C. & Allcock, L., In Press. Mollusca in the Antarctic Deep Sea – Preliminary notes on their taxonomy, biogeography and diversity. Berichte zur Polarforschung. Nyegaard, M., 2001. What does it for a squid? An analysis of reproductive behaviour, demography, diet and spatial distribution of the European common squid (Alloteuthis subulata) in the Irish Sea. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Tromsø. Outeiral Radío, R., 2002. La pesquería de Sepia officinalis en Galicia: aplicación de un modelo basado en entrevistas sobre estadísticas de pesca. Tesina, Universidad de Vigo. Pereira, J.M.F. (Ed.), 2002. Data Collection For Assessment of Cephalopod Fisheries (Study Contract 99/063). Consolidated Report 01 January 2000 To 31 December 2001. European Commission Directorate General Fisheries - DG XIV, Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, University of Aberdeen, Instituto de Investigaciones Mariñas, Université de Caen, Instituto Español de Oceanografía & Institute of Marine Biology of Crete. 616p. Pereira, P.;Gil, O.; Vale, C. (2002) Partition of metals and PCBs in tissues of Sepia officinalis L. from Ria de Aveiro. XI Seminário Ibérico de Química Marinha. Abril de 2002, Universidade do Algarve, Faro. Raimundo, J., 2000. Acumulação de metais em peixes e cefalópodes de duas regiões da costa portuguesa (costa Algarvia e estuário do Tejo). Tese de Licenciatura. Universidade do Algarve, 66 p. (In Portuguese) Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Cravo, A.(2000). Níveis de metais em peixes e cefalópodes da costa Algarvia e zona adjacente ao estuário do Tejo, 3º Congresso Ibérico sobre Contaminação e Toxicologia Ambiental. Abril de 2000, Universidade do Algarve, Faro. (In Portuguese) Raimundo, J., 2003. Repartição de metais (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb e Hg) no polvo Octopus vulgaris Cuvier (1797) na costa portuguesa. Tese de mestrado. Universidade Nova, 89 p. (In Portuguese) Rosa, R. 1999. Biochemical characterisation of Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier, 1797, in three areas of the Portuguese Coast. BSc Thesis, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. Rosa, R., Nunes, M.L., Sousa Reis, C. 2001. Variações sazonais da composição bioquímica do polvo-comum, Octopus vulgaris, em três zonas da costa portuguesa. Relatórios Científicos e Técnicos do Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, nº 61, 20 p. (In Portuguese) Petrakis, G. & Politou, C.-Y., 2001. Cuttlefish trammel net metier in Greece. Poster, 36rd Congress Assemble Pleniere de la C.I.E.S.M, Monaco. Piatkowski, U., Allcock, L. & Vecchione, M., In Press. Cephalopod diversity and ecology. Berichte zur Polarforschung. Royer, J., 2002. Modélisation des stocks de céphalopodes de Manche. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Caen. Steimer, S., Allcock, L. & Palm, H., 1997. Cephalopod Ecology and Physiology. Berichte zur Polarforschung 249: 79- 81. Stieler, G. (2002): Untersuchungen zur Cephalopodenfauna aus dem Gebiet der Keltischen See und angrenzenden Meeresgebieten. Diplomarbeit, University of Kiel, 83 pp. Wood J.B., 2002. What we don't know about nautilus. Tentacle, 10: 22-23. Zumholz, K., 2001. Fischereibiologische Untersuchungen zur Cephalopoden-Fauna dee Nordsee. Diplomarbeit, University of Kiel, 99 pp. OTHER PRODUCTS
Allcock, L., Beak data CD-ROM. Available from Dr Louise Allcock, Queens University, Belfast, UK.
WEB SITES
Cephbase: http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/ Eurosquid: www.abdn.ac.uk/eurosquid Proyecto Kraken: http://www.proyectokraken.com/ Southern Ocean cephalopods (in German) http://www.ifm.uni-kiel.de/volvooceanrace/beitraege/kraken/beitrag.htm
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ANNEX 2
Programme of the International Workshop and Symposium of Cephalopod International Advisory Council (CIAC2003)
"Biology, Recruitment and Culture of Cephalopods", February 17-21, 2003, Phuket, Thailand.
WORKSHOP I to IV (Parallel Sessions)
Workshop I: Developing Standard for Modelling and Describing Cephalopod Growth Workshop II: Systematics of Indo-West Pacific Octopods Workshop III: Idiosepius : Ecology, Biology and Biogeography of A Mini Maximalist Workshop IV: Systematics of Indo-West Pacific Loliginids
Monday 17 -Tuesday 18 February 2003 0900-1200 Workshop 1200-1300 Lunch 1300-1630 Workshop
SYMPOSIUM (Plenary Session)
Wednesday 19 February 2003
0800-1000 Registration 0900-0930 Symposium opening ceremonies 0930-1000 Group photograph & Coffee 1000-1015 Conference Introduction 1015-1030 CIAC Introduction and Symposium Introduction 1030-1110 Keynote: “Intra-specific groupings in cephalopods” -Kir N. Nesis
Session I: General Biology
1110-1115 Convenor Introduction 1115-1135 “Feeding and digestion in squid paralarvae” -Erica A. G. Vidal 1135-1155 “Mating strategies in a member of the octopus Abdopus sub-genus from Sulawesi Indonesia: first report of mate guarding in octopus” -Christine L. Huffard 1155-1215 “First approach to the quantification of age pigment Lipofuscin in brains from Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)” -Ignacio Sobrino and Mario del Real 1215-1235 “Do squid make a visual language on their skin? An answer for Moynihan” -Jennifer A. Mather
1235-1330 Lunch
1330-1350 “Vertical distribution of paralarval gonatid squids in the northeast Pacific” -John R. Bower and Shogo Takagi 1350-1410 “Effects of season and location on the reproductive strategy adopted by Nototodarus gouldi in Australian waters”-Belinda McGrath and George D. Jackson 1410-1430 “Understanding cephalopod growth: assessing protein synthesis and nitrogen-flux” -Chris Carter and Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj 1430-1450 “Odor mixture interactions in olfactory neurons of the squid Lolliguncula brevis” -Mary T. Lucero and Jonathan Danaceau 1450-1510 “Temporal variation in the diet of the onychoteuthid Moroteuthis ingens at Macquarie Island assessed using fatty acid dietary tracers” -Katrina Phillips, George D. Jackson and Peter Nichols 1510-1530 “Plasticity in squid growth: is it genetics or environment?” -Lianos Triantafillos
1530-1550 Coffee
1550-1610 “Architeuthis in Japanese waters” -Tsunemi Kubodera 1610-1630 “Genetic divergence and geographic diversification in Octopus cf. vulgaris based on mitochondrial DNA sequences” -Kerstin Warnke, Rainer Soller, Dietmar Blohm and Ulrich Saint-Paul 1630-1650 “Niche overlap in teuthophagus whales in the NE Atlantic” -M. Begona Santos and Graham J. Pierce
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1650-1710 “Interannual variation in life-cycle biology of Loligo forbesi in Scottish (UK) waters” -Graham J. Pierce, Peter R. Boyle and Lee C. Hastie 1710-1730 “Squid as barometers of environmental change, life in the fast lane” -George D. Jackson
Thursday 20 February 2003 Session I: (cont.)
0830-0835 Introduction & Announcement 0835-0915 Keynote: “Past, present and future studies on tropical west pacific cephalopod diversity” -Takashi Okutani 0915-0935 “Lipofuscin accumulation in cephalopods: is it a measure of octopus growth?”-Jayson M. Semmens 0935-0955 “Interpreting cephalopod distribution using predators foraging data” -Jose C. C. Xavier, G. A. Tarling, J. P. Croxall and Paul G. Rodhouse 0955-1015 “Revisiting old ideas in the light of new investigations: the evolution of bacteriogenic light organs in cephalopods” -Michele K. Nishiguchi and Sigurd von Boletzky 1015-1035 “Symbiotic association between some cephalopods and the Roseobacter bacteria strain” -Delphine Pichon, Sveva Grigioni and Renata Boucher-Rodoni
1035-1055 Coffee
1055-1115 “On the confusion surrounding Pareledone charcoti (Joubin, 1905): cryptic speciation and endemic radiation in the southern ocean” -Louise Allcock 1115-1135 “Antarctic jaws: trophic relationships between sharks and cephalopods, including giant squids, in Kerguelen waters”-Yves Cherel and Guy Duhamel 1135-1155 “The gonatid squids -why do some of them become watery upon maturation?”- Oleg Nickolaevich Katugin 1155-1215 “Spatial and temporal aspects of chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii biology on the Agulhas bank, South Africa” -Leonard Olyott J. H., Warwick H. H. Sauer and Anthony J. Booth
1215-1310 Lunch
Session II: Recruitment
1310-1315 Convenor Introduction 1315-1335 “Are bigger Calamary hatchlings more likely to recruit? A study based on statolith dimensions” -Mike A. Steer, Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj, Gretta T. Pecl and A. R. Jordan 1335-1355 “Does pycnocline depth affect the hatching success of Todarodes pacificus paralarvae from pelagic egg masses?” -Jun Yamamoto, Yasunori Sakurai and Tsuneo Goto 1355-1415 “Stock fluctuations of Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) related to the winter monsoon” - Yasunori Sakurai, Jun Yamamoto, Hideki Kidokoro and Ken Mori 1415-1435 “Small-scale spatial and temporal patterns of egg production by the temperate loliginid squid Sepioteuthis australis” -Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj and Gretta T. Pecl 1435-1455 “Embryonic life of the squid Loligo vulgaris (Cephalopoda): a comparison between Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic populations using statolith analysis” - Roger Villanueva, Alexander I. Arkhipkin, P. Jereb, E. Lefkaditou, Marek R. Lipinski, Catalina Perales-Raya, J. Riba and F. Rocha 1455-1515 “DNA markers indicate that the distinct spawning cohorts of Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) do not represent genetically discrete populations”-Paul W. Shaw and Alexander I. Arkhipkin 1515-1535 “Relationships between early growth variation and recruitment in English Channel and Scottish waters Loligo forbesi.” – Laurence Challier, Graham J. Pierce and Jean-Paul Robin.
1535-1600 Coffee
1600-1630 CIAC Open meeting
1630-1830 Poster Session
Friday 21 February 2003 Session II (cont.)
0830-0835 Introduction & Announcement 0835-0915 Keynote: “In search of deep sea squids” -Malcolm R. Clarke 0915-0935 “Finding Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) migration routes in the Japan/East Sea” - Hidetada Kiyofuji and Sei-ichi Saitoh 0935-0955 “Reproduction of Octopus vulgaris from the Saharan bank (northwest Africa)” -Eduardo Balguerias
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0955-1015 “Embryonic development and mortality of Illex argentinus as a function of temperature: a possibility of the spawning along the Malvinas current” -Mitsuo Sakai, Norma E. Brunetti and Marcela Ivanovic 1015-1035 “Inter-annual changes in population structure and life-history characteristics of a temperate squid: environment or effects of fishing?” -Gretta T. Pecl, Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj, Sean R. Tracey and J. R. Jordan
1035-1055 Coffee
1055-1115 “Why is the body size of the neon flying squid (Ommastraphes bartamii) of the autumn cohort much bigger than that of the winter-spring cohort in the north Pacific?” -Taro Ichii, Kedarnath Mahapatra and Mitsuo Sakai 1115-1135 “Using Lights to track squid fishing fleets from space” -Claire Marie Waluda 1135 –1155 “A model of loliginid squid survival (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)” Marek R. Lipinski, Christian Wissel, Rene Navarro and Jose D’Olivera 1155-1215 “Could poor recruitment in the South African chokka squid fishery (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) be caused by offshore losses of paralarvae?” -Michael Roberts 1215-1235 “Management of the squid fishery in post apartheid South Africa” -Warwick H. H. Sauer and J. Tucker
1235-1330 Lunch
1330-1350 “The chambered nautilus fishery of northwestern Panay island, west central Philippines: yield, fishing practices and seasonality” -Annabelle G. C. Del Norte-Campos, Rheza A. Beldia, Marianito Bernardo and Jessy Maquirang 1350-1410 “Environment-based models to predict distribution and local abundance of the Scottish squid Loligo forbesi” -Jose M. Bellido, Graham J. Pierce and Jianjun Wang 1410-1430 “Biology and ecology of Photololigo etheridgei and its application to the management of squid fisheries in NSW, Australia” -Katie O’Donnell
Session III: Culture
1430-1435 Convenor Introduction 1435-1455 “Experimental study of the effect of enriched frozen diet on digestive enzymes and growth of juvenile cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)” -Noussithe Koueta, A. Perrin and E. Le Bihan 1455-1515 “Laboratory studies of the food selectivity and diurnal changes in feeding activity of squids and cuttlefishes” -Susumu Segawa and Akira Maekawa 1515-1535 “Life cycle of cultured bobtail squid, Euprymna hyllebergi Nateewathana, 1997” -Jaruwat Nabhitabhata, Pitiporn Nilaphat, Pichitra Promboon and Chan Jaroongpattananon
1535-1600 Coffee
1600-1645 Workshop Summaries 1645-1715 CIAC Closing
1900-2300 Formal Symposium banquet
POSTERS
“Chemical stimuli and feeding behaviour in the octopus, Octopus vulgaris” -Kazuhiko Anraku, Miguel Vazquez Archdale and Kiyomi Hatanaka “Spatial colonization by Octopus vulgaris in the Saharan bank (northwest Africa)” -Eduardo Balguerías “Cephalopods fishery of Malaysia” -Samsudin Basir and Yoshikazu Nakamura “A conceptual model of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic tools for studying marine ecosystems under fishery exploitation”-Jose M. Bellido and Graham J. Pierce “On the spatial structure of the Loligo forbesi distribution in Scottish waters” -Jose M. Bellido, Graham J. Pierce and Jianjun Wang “A GIS suitability model to study squid habitat selection in Scottish waters” -Jose M. Bellido, Graham J. Pierce and Jianjun Wang “Molecular approach of cephalopod phylogeny: the case of Idiosepius” -Laure Bonnaud, Delphine Pichon and Renata Boucher-Rodoni “Preliminary descriptions of gonatid paralarvae from the northeast Pacific”- John R. Bower, “Cephalopods from the Thai-Danish scientific cooperation sampling cruises in the Andaman Sea of Thailand” -Somchai Bussarawit and Tsunemi Kubodera “Lateralized eye use in Octopus vulgaris on the population level” -Ruth A. Byrne, Michael J. Kuba and Daniela V. Meisel “Octopus proliferations off the coast of Senegal: endogenous and exogenous factors”-Alain Caveriviere and Didier Jouffre “Recruitment spatial patterns and migratory exchange in English Channel loliginid squids described with spatial cohort analysis”- -Juliette Royer, Graham J. Pierce and Jean-Paul Robin “The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana during early developmental stages”- Wen-Sung Chung and Chung-Cheng LU “Range extension for two cephalopod species in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico” -Jennifer DeBose “Maturation, fecundity and seasonality of reproduction of Euprymna stenodactyla, Gulf of Mannar southeast coast of India” -Samuel V. Deepak and Jamila Patterson “The dynamics of benthic turbidity on the spawning grounds of chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) and links to squid catches” -Karen Dorfler & Michael Roberts
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“Phylum Dicyemida in Australian waters: first record and distribution across shallow-water cephalopod hosts” -Julian K. Finn, Frederick G. Hochberg and Mark D. Norman “Distribution of cephalopods in the eastern Pacific Ocean based in stomach contents of large predators” -Felipe Galvan-Magana and Robert J. Olson “Cephalopod diversity, fisheries and culture in Indonesia” -Abdul Ghofar “Cephalopod biodiversity: the twilight zone” -Ian Gleadall “Examination of different preservatives for Todarodes pacificus paralarvae fixed with borax-buffered formalin-seawater solution” -Tsuneo Goto “Double signaling in Sepioteuthis sepioidea” -Ulrike Griebel and Jennifer A. Mather “The effects of temperature and acclimation on oxygen consumption by juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis” -Panos Grigoriou, Christopher Richardson and Andrew Yule “Two new species of Sepia (doratosepion)(Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) from Taiwan, based on morphological and molecular data” -Chuan-Wen Ho and Chung-Cheng Lu “Arrow squid and the coastal ecosystem: using acoustic technology to unravel the ecology” -Kate Hodgson, George D. Jackson and Jeremy Lyle “Examining the effect of seasonal temperature changes on octopus growth” -K.A. Hoyle, Jayson M. Semmens and Gretta T. Pecl “Morphology and possible function of caudal glands of Sepiella japonica Sasaki, 1929 Sepiidae: Cephalopoda”-Meng-Min Hsueh and Chung-Cheng Lu “The effect of low temperature on the reproductive activity of Loligo bleekeri Keferstein, 1866” -Yoko Iwata, Kingo Ito and Yasunori Sakurai “Species distribution and spawning grounds of cuttlefish in the upper Gulf of Thailand” -Jintana Jindalikit and Kanitha Sereeruk “Description of hatchling of Thai pygmy squid, Idiosepius thailandicus - Chotiyaputta, Okutani & Chaitiamvong”,-Jutamas Jivaluk, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata and Anuwat Nateewathana “Description of hatchling of Thai type of bigfin squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830, with note on comparison to Japanese types” -Jutamas Jivaluk, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata and Anuwat Nateewathana “The role of cannibalism in the trophic ecology and population structure of Illex argentinus and Loligo gahi” -Nadine Johnston and Pual G. Rodhouse “Identification of gonatid squid spawning areas in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska based on paralarval distribution, with comments on paralarval taxonomy” -Elaina M. Jorgensen “Combining fishing closure with minimal size of capture to improve octopus production in Senegalese waters: an evaluation using analytical modelling” -Didier Jouffre and Alain Caveriviere “Life cycle of the Japanese pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) in the Zostera bed at the temperate coast of central Honshu, Japan” -Takashi Kasugai, and Susumu Segawa “Bioactivity in saliva of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Mollusca; Cephalopoda)” -Linda N. Key, Peter R. Boyle and M. Jaspars “Cause of the change of paralarval distribution range for the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus in the Sea of Japan” -Hideaki Kidokoro, Tsuneo Goto and Shogo Kasahara “Manual for the identification of cephalopod beaks in the northwestern Pacific” -Tsunemi Kubodera “Immunological and biological characterization of peptides related to the calcitonin gene in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis.” -Anne-Gaëlle Lafont, Martine Fouchereau-Peron, Sylvie Dufour and Renata Boucher-Rodoni “Morphological changes at maturation and systematics in the squid genus Alloteuthis” -Vladimir Laptikhovsky, Alp Salman, Bahadir Önsoy and Hassan Moustahfıd “Juvenile planktonic cephalopods sampled off the coasts of central Greece (eastern Mediterranean) during winter” -Eugenia Lefkaditou, Apostolis Siapatis and Athanasios Machias “A new family of myopsid squid from Australasian waters (Cephalopoda: Teuthida)” -Chung-Cheng Lu “Pushing the limits of multiple spawning: muscle tissue dynamics of a multiple spawning ommastrephid squid Nototodarus gouldi.”-Belinda McGrath “The environmental influence on early growth of squid from statolith increment measurements” -Ana Moreno and Manuela Azevedo “Performance of simple large-scale cephalopod culture system in Thailand” -Jaruwat Nabhitabhata, Pitiporn Nilaphat, Pichitra Promboon, Chan Jaroongpattananon, Gaysorn Nilaphat and Anuwat Reunreng “Pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus (Ortmann, 1888) (Cephalopoda) -first record of Idiosepiidae in Russian seas”-Kir N. Nesis, Oleg Nickolaevich Katugin and A.V. Ratnikov “Species diversity, abundance and community structure of cephalopods off Phang-nga Bay and adjacent area, Thailand”-Praulai Nootmorn, Sichon Hoimuk, Durongrit Keawkaew and Wanlee Singtongyam “Species diversity, abundance and community structure of cephalopods off upper part of Andaman coast, Thailand” -Praulai Nootmorn, Sichon Hoimuk and Udomsin Augsornpa-ob “The cephalopod mantle as an energy store: using the ‘min-maximalist’ Idiosepius as a model” -Gretta T. Pecl, and Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj “Non-conventional method to improve estimation of LPUE from artisanal octopus fisheries in Portugal.”-João M.F. Pereira “Distribution of some cephalopod species along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean)”-Juan Pablo Pertierra and Pilar Sanchez “Growth of the north Pacific giant Entroctopus dofleini”-P. Robin Rigby and Yasunori Sakurai “Spatial-temporal changes in dimethyl acetal (Octadecanal) levels of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca Cephalopoda): relation to feeding ecology”-Rui A. Rosa, Antonio M. Marques, M.L. Nunes, N. Bandarra and Reis C. Sousa “Age and growth of Ommastrephes bartrami paralarvae in the north Pacific with a special reference of temperature effect for the autumn cohort”- Mitsuo Sakai and Taro Ichii “Observations on possible egg masses of the squid, Todarodes pacificus in the Sea of Japan” -Yasunori Sakurai, Jun Yamamoto, Ryosuke Uji, Takeshi Shimura and Shinya Masuda “Contamination of heavy metals in cephalopods along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Thailand during 1999-2000” -Joompol Sanguansin, Supawat Kan-Atireklap, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata, Suthida Kan-Artireklap and Sompong Buntivivatkul “Squid prey of salmon in the northeast Pacific”-Yasuko Sato, John Bower and Yasunori Sakurai “Bioaccumulation of lead in Octopus vulgaris tissues along the year in Cascais (Portugal)”-Sonia I.F. Seixas “Movement of Octopus maorum in relation to the unique Eagle Hawk Bay fishery”-Jayson M. Semmens “The biology of the musky octopus Eledone moschata (Lamarck, 1799) off the south coast of Portugal”-João Sendão, Ana Dinis and Teresa Cerveira Borges “The cephalopods of the south coast of Portugal” -João Sendão and Teresa Cerveira Borges “Gross morphology of the tentacular ontogeny in three species of ommastrephid paralarvae” -Elizabeth K. Shea “Embryonic brain development of the loliginids: axonal scaffold, neuropil formation, and correlation with the early life styles” -Shuichi Shigeno and Masamichi Yamamoto “Possible spawning by the squid Todarodes pacificus at Yamato Rise in the Sea of Japan” -Tsuyoshi Shimura, Jun Yamamoto, Yoshihiko Kamei and Yasunori Sakurai “Context-specific behavioural individuality in a sepiolid squid (Euprymna tasmanica) and correlates of individuality and squid condition” -David Sinn and Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj “Exploration of purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis resources in the waters of Southeast Asian region” -Somboon Siriraksophon “Metabolic profile and odor responsiveness of squid olfactory neuron subtypes” -Arie A. Sitthichai, W.C. Michel and Mary T. Lucero “Squid embryo growth and survival: the role of maternal condition.” -Mike A. Steer and Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj
52 O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46
“Dietary effects on fatty acid and stable isotope profiles of the brief squid Lolliguncula brevis -a feeding study” -Gabi Stowasser, Graham J. Pierce, C.F. Moffatt, and Martin A. Collins “Age and maturity of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus caught by inshore fisheries of the Sea of Japan” -Kaori Takagi “Life history traits of the temperate mini-maximalist Idiosepius notoides” -Sean R. Tracey, Mike A. Steer and Gretta T. Pecl “Species composition and economic importance of cephalopod fisheries in Cambodia” -Ing Try and Kathe R. Jensen “Distribution of the epipelagic cephalopods in the waters adjacent to Okinawa Islands, Japan” -Kotaro Tsuchiya, Tomoyuki Itoh and Sachiko Tsuji “Diversity of population Sepia pharaonis in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman” -Tooraj Valinassab “Unusual incirrate octopods from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, including Bathypurpurata profunda, a newly discovered genus and species of deepwater pygmy octopod (Cephalopoda)” -Michael Vecchione, Louise Allcock and Uwe Piatkowski “Development of predatory behaviour in hatchling squid: the role of arms and tentacles” -Erica A. G. Vidal, Benjamin Stafford, Paul DiMarco and Phillip G. Lee “Post-hatching morphological changes with growth of diamondback squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus”-Toshie Wakabayashi, Kotaro Tsuchiya and Susumu Segawa “A hypothesis concerning the oceanographic influence on cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) migration and abundance in the English channel and adjacent waters” -Jianjun Wang, Graham J. Pierce, Peter R. Boyle, Jose M. Bellido and Jean-Paul Robin “The studies of the organic matrix of cuttlebone: molecular weights, characteristic infrared spectrum and amino acid composition” -Shu Xiao, Xiaodong Zheng, Zhaoping Wang and Rucai Wang “Age determination from gladius lamellae of reared bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson” -Anyanee Yamrungrueng, Jaruwat Nabhitabhata, Cherdchinda Chotiyaputta, Tanittha Tappanand, Taweep Boonwanit, Pichitra Promboon and Chan Jaroongpattananon “Status of studies on cephalopod genetic diversity in China” -Xiaodong Zheng and Rucai Wang
O:\Scicom\LRC\WGCEPH\REPORTS\2003\WGCEPH03.Doc 23/06/03 15:46 53 WORKING DOCUMENT ICES Working Group on the Cephalopod Fisheries and Life History Lisbon, 5-6 December 2002
THE BASQUE CEPHALOPOD FISHERY IN THE NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC WATERS DURING THE PERIOD 1994-2001
by
M. Santurtún1; P. Lucio1 and I. Quincoces1
INTRODUCTION
During 2001, AZTI has continued monitored Cephalopod monthly landings and fishing effort by sea area and gear of the Basque Country. In this way, compilation and updating of the cephalopods catches made by the Spanish and Basque fleets landed at the Basque Country ports is updated every year.
Cephalopod catches are considered as by-catches of other directed demersal fisheries operated by the Basque fleet, targeting Hake, Anglerfish and Megrim. These demersal fisheries operate in different sea areas – ICES Sub-areas VI, VII and Divisions VIIIa, b, d (Bay of Biscay) and VIIIc (eastern Cantabrian Sea)- and different gears: bottom trawl, pair-trawlers, longliners, purse-seiners, nets, artisanal hook and lines and traps or pots. However, cephalopods obtained in mixed fisheries (“Baka” Otter trawls) are becoming more important in relation to the species composition of the catch.
In this document, data for the Basque Country cephalopod landings since 1994 to 2001 are presented. Landings are not presented by species. Thus, as in previous years catch data correspond to groups of similar species comprising more than two or three species, with similar appreciation in the markets. Data available were compiled in the following commercial species groups according to local names:
- Squid: mainly Loligo vulgaris and also, L.forbesi, Alloteuthis media and A.subulata - Cuttlefish: mainly Sepia officinalis and also S.elegans and S.orbignyana - Short-finned squid: mainly Illex coindetii and also Todaropsis eblanae, and European flying squid: Todarodes sagitattus, -Octopus: mainly Eledone cirrhosa and also Octopus vulgaris
RESULTS
Most of the large trawlers of the Basque Country catch cephalopods mainly in the Bay of Biscay (Div. VIIIa, b, d), but also in Sub-area VII (Celtic Sea and Porcupine Bank) and in Sub- area VI (both in the western part of Scotland and around Rockall Bank) (Map. 1, 2, 3 and 4). Local trawls, artisanal longliners and some pots or trap vessels work usually in the eastern Cantabrian Sea (Div. VIIIc).
1 FUNDACIÓN AZTI FUNDAZIOA. Instituto Tecnológico, Pesquero y Alimentario (Food and Fish Technological Institute). Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g. 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country. Spain. (Phone: + 34 94 602 9400, fax: + 34 94 687 0006). Email: ; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
1
The target species are usually mixed demersal fish, mainly Hake, Megrim or Anglerfish, but together with those, variable quantities of cephalopods are caught. The proportion of these catches varies in relation to the sea area, the gear used and the distinct seasonallity of these species.
1. Landings of cephalopods in Sub-areas VI, VII and Divisions VIIIa, b, d and VIIIc.
During 2001 and in Div. VIIIa, b, d, the largest landings of squids were recorded during the last quarter of the year and for cuttlefish during also during the first quarter. Squid landings reached 74 t in December while cuttlefish landings reached a peak of around 66 t in January. Short- finned squid maxima landings occurred in May being around 10 t. in Div. VIIIa, b, d and around 24 t for Sub-area VII. Landings of octopus were higher in Div. VIIIa, b, d during January, February and March reaching around 58 t while for the begining of the summer months, around 10 t of octopus were landed in the Basque ports coming from Sub-area VII (Fig. 1).
In Figure 2 percentage of landings by species groups and sea area in 2001 are presented. Landings from Div. VIIIa, b, d comprise 97 % of the total landings for squids and cuttlefish, respectively. However, for short-finned squid and octopus landings from Div. VIIIa, b, d involve 29 % and 70 % of the total landings and also for these species, landings from Sub-area VII reached 63% and 20 % of them (Fig.2).
For 2001, each of the cephalopod groups contributed almost in 25% to the total cephalopod catches. Seventy seven percent of the landings came from Div. VIIIabd (Fig. 3). For the total period studied (1994-2001), 75 % of the total landings of all cephalopods species groups came from Div. VIIIa, b, d.
Looking at the catch evolution of squid and cuttlefish during the period 1994-2001, the most remarkable feature is the outstanding seasonallity of the landings in Div. VIIIa, b, d. (Fig. 4 and 5). The largest landings occur from October to February, also a marked alternancy of years of rather high and low landings is observed except for 2000 and 2001. Seasonallity appears to be less remarkable in Div. VIIIc. For all data series, no cuttlefish landings were registered in Sub- area VI. The great fishery reservoir for both species groups appears to be the sea area comprises within Div. VIIIa, b, d.
Catches evolution of short-finned squid does not present the marked seasonallity described for the other species groups, however maxima landings are registered from April till June (Fig. 6). Octopus landings from Sub-area VII and Div. VIIIa, b, d are very similar in quantities (Fig. 7). However the apparent different seasonallity of the maxima landings from March till September in Sub-area VII and from December till March in Div.VIIIa, b, d is caused by the absence of the Basque fleet in Sub-area VII during winter months (November-February). Then maxima landings are registered during spring and summer months in Sub-area VII and in autumn and winter months in Div. VIIIa, b, d.
In Figure 8, summary graphs of the landings evolution of the total cephalopod amount along the period studied are presented by species groups.
2. Cephalopods in relation to the total catches in two metiers
The contribution of the different cephalopods species groups to the total landing composition of the Basque Country “Baka” Otter trawls and VHVO Pair trawls in Sub-area VII and Div. VIIIabd for the period 1997-2001 are presented in Figure 9. The most outstanding feature is the increasing proportion of cephalopod retained in “Baka” otter trawler. Thus, this percentage increased from around 8 % in 1997 to almost twice in 2001. In Very High Vertical Opening nets (VHVO) Pair trawls operating in Sub-area VII percentages also increased more than 3 times
2 from 1997 to 2001 although cephalopod proportions in this metiers are less important compared to the otter trawls.
3 18º 20ºW 16° 14º 12º 10° 8º 6º 4º 2°W 0° 2° E 4º 6º 8º 10°E 65º 58
56
63º 54
52
61° 50
48
59º 46
44
57º 42
40 55° 38
36
53º 34
32 51° SQUID 30 Landings
28 2001 49º "Baka" Otter Trawl 26 1-500 kg 24
47º 500-1000 kg 22 1000-10000 kg 20
45° > 10000 kg 18
16
43º 14
12 41° 10
08
39º 06
04 37º 02
00 C9 D1 D3 D5 D7 D9 E1 E3 E5 E7 E9 F1 F3 F5 F7 F9
Map 1. Estimated distribution of the Squid annual catches of the “Baka” Otter Trawl fleet, landed in the Basque (Spanish) ports, in 2001.
4 18º 20ºW 16° 14º 12º 10° 8º 6º 4º 2°W 0° 2° E 4º 6º 8º 10°E 65º 58
56
63º 54
52 61° 50
48
59º 46
44 57º 42
40
55° 38
36 53º 34
32
51° CUTTLEFISH 30 Landings 2001 28 49º "Baka" Otter Trawl 26 1-500 kg 24
47º 500-1000 kg 22
1000-10000 kg 20 45° > 10000 kg 18
16
43º 14
12
41° 10
08 39º 06
04
37º 02
00 C9 D1 D3 D5 D7 D9 E1 E3 E5 E7 E9 F1 F3 F5 F7 F9
Map 2. Estimated distribution of the Cuttlefish annual catches of the “Baka” Otter Trawl fleet, landed in the Basque (Spanish) ports, in 2001.
5
18º 20ºW 16° 14º 12º 10° 8º 6º 4º 2°W 0° 2° E 4º 6º 8º 10°E 65º 58
56
63º 54
52
61° 50
48 59º 46
44
57º 42
40 55° 38
36
53º 34
Short-finned 32 51° Squid 30 Landings 28 2001 49º "Baka" Otter Trawl26 1-500 kg 24 47º 500-1000 kg 22
1000-10000 kg 20
45° > 10000 kg 18
16 43º 14
12
41° 10
08 39º 06
04
37º 02
00 C9 D1 D3 D5 D7 D9 E1 E3 E5 E7 E9 F1 F3 F5 F7 F9
Map 3. Estimated distribution of the Short-finned Squid annual catches of the “Baka” Otter Trawl fleet, landed in the Basque (Spanish) ports, in 2001.
6 18º 20ºW 16° 14º 12º 10° 8º 6º 4º 2°W 0° 2° E 4º 6º 8º 10°E 65º 58
56
63º 54
52 61° 50
48
59º 46
44 57º 42
40
55° 38
36
53º 34
32
51° OCTOPUS 30 Landings 2001 28 49º "Baka" Otter Trawl 26 1-500 kg 24 47º 500-1000 kg 22
1000-10000 kg 20 45° > 10000 kg 18
16
43º 14
12
41° 10
08 39º 06
04
37º 02
00 C9 D1 D3 D5 D7 D9 E1 E3 E5 E7 E9 F9 F1 F3 F5 F7
Map 4. Estimated distribution of the Octopus annual catches of the “Baka” Otter Trawl fleet, landed in the Basque (Spanish) ports, in 2001.
7 SQUID CATCHES :: 2001 :: 127,650 kg 100.000
80.000
) 6
(k 60.000
s 7
e h 8ab tc
a 40.000 C 8c TOT 20.000
0 Jn Fb Mr Ap My Jn Jl Ag Sp Oc Nv Dc
CUTTLEFISH CATCHES :: 2001:: 241,549 kg 100.000
80.000
) 6
(k 60.000
s 7
e h
tc 40.000 8ab a
C 8c 20.000 TOT
0 EN FB MR A B MY JN JL A G ST OC NV DC
SHORT-FINNED SQUID :: 2001:: 127,297 100.000
80.000 6 7 ) k 60.000 8ab es (
h 8c
c t 40.000 a TOT C 20.000
0 EN FB MR A B MY JN JL A G ST OC NV DC
OCTOPUS CATCHES :: 2001:: 229,386 100.000
80.000 6 )
(k 60.000 7 s
e 8ab h
tc 40.000 a 8c C TOT 20.000
0 EN FB MR A B MY JN JL A G ST OC NV DC
Figure 1. Monthly distribution of the Basque Country Catches (landings) (in kg) of Squid, Cuttlefish, Short-finned squid and Octopus, by sea area, in 2001.
8 SQUID CATCHES (1,711 tm) (%) 2001 BY AREA/DIV.
VIIIc 1,4% VI 0,6%
VII 0,7%
VIIIabd 97,3%
CUTTLEFISH CATCHES (2,313 tm) (%) 2001 BY AREA/DIV.
VIIIc VI 2,6% 0,0% VII 0,3%
VIIIabd 97,1%
SHORT-FINNED SQUID CATCHES (1,743 tm) (%) 2001 BY AREA/DIV.
VIIIc VI 8,5% 0,0% VIIIabd 28,5%
VII 63,0%
OCTOPUS CATCHES (2,525 tm) (%) 2001 BY AREA/DIV.
VIIIc 7,8% VI VIIIabd 0,0% 70,2%
VII 22,0%
Figure 2. Percentage of the Basque Country Catches (landings) of Squid, Cuttlefish, Short-finned squid and Octopus, by sea area, in 2001.
9 TOTAL CEPHALOPOD LANDINGS BY SPECIES GROUP (725,711 k) IN 2001
Octopus 32% Squid 22%
Short-finned squid 21%
Cuttlefish 32%
TOTAL CEPHALOPOD CATCHES (725,711 k) (%) IN 2001 BY AREA/DIV.
VIIIc
VI 5% 0,1
VII 18% VIIIabd
77%
Figure 3. Total composition (in %) of the Basque Country Catches (landings). Above: By species group. Below: By sea area for 2001.
10 SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VI
4.000
3.000
g) (k S
E 2.000 H
TC A C 1.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VII 4.000
3.000
g)
(k S E 2.000 H TC
A C 1.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIabd
250.000
200.000
) g
k 150.000 ( S
E CH 100.000 CAT
50.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV.VIIIc
4.000
3.000 )
g k ( S
E 2.000
CH
CAT 1.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Figure 4. Squid Catches evolution (in kg) of the Basque Country by sea area for the total period 1994- 2001
11 CUTTLEFISH CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VI 4.000
3.000 ) g
k ( S E 2.000 CH CAT 1.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
CUTTLEFISH CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VII 4.000
3.000
) g k
( S E 2.000 CH CAT 1.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
CUTTLEFISH CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIabd 140.000
120.000 100.000 )
g k
( 80.000 S
E H C
T 60.000
CA 40.000 20.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
CUTTLEFISH CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIc
4.000
3.000 )
g k (
S E 2.000
CH
CAT 1.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Figure 5. Cuttlefish Catches evolution (in kg) of the Basque Country by sea area for the total period 1994- 2001
12 SHORT-FINNED SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VI
90.000
80.000 70.000
) 60.000
g k
( 50.000 S E
CH 40.000
CAT 30.000 20.000
10.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SHORT-FINNED SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VII
90.000
80.000
70.000
60.000 ) g
k
50.000 ( S
E 40.000CH 30.000CAT 20.000
10.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SHORT-FINNED SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIabd
90.000
80.000 70.000 60.000 ) g k
( 50.000
S E
CH 40.000
CAT 30.000
20.000
10.000 0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SHORT-FINNED SQUID CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIc
90.000 80.000 70.000 60.000
) g k
( 50.000 S E CH 40.000
CAT 30.000
20.000 10.000 0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Figure 6. Short-finned squid Catches evolution (in kg) of the Basque Country by sea area for the total period 1994-2001
13 OCTOPUS CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN AREA VI 70.000
60.000 50.000 ) g
k
( 40.000 S E CH 30.000 CAT 20.000
10.000 0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
OCTOPUS CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-20001 IN AREA VII 70.000
60.000
50.000 ) g k
( 40.000 S E CH 30.000 CAT 20.000
10.000 0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
OCTOPUS CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIabd
70.000
60.000 50.000 )
g k
( 40.000 S
E
CH 30.000
CAT 20.000
10.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
OCTOPUS CATCHES EVOLUTION (kg) :: 1994-2001 IN DIV. VIIIc 70.000
60.000 50.000 )
g k
( 40.000 S
E
CH 30.000
CAT 20.000 10.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Figure 7. Octopus Catches evolution (in kg) of the Basque Country by sea area for the total period 1994- 2001.
14 SQUID CATCHES :: 1994-2001 ALL AREAS
250.000
200.000
) g 150.000 k
( S E CH 100.000
CAT
50.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
CUTTLEFISH CATCHES :: 1994-2001 ALL AREAS
250.000
200.000
) g 150.000 k (
S E
CH 100.000
CAT
50.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
SHORT-FINNED SQUID CATCHES :: 1994-2001 ALL AREAS 250.000
200.000
)
g 150.000 k ( S
E
CH 100.000 CAT
50.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
OCTOPUS CATCHES :: 1994-2001 ALL AREAS 250.000
200.000
)
g 150.000 k ( S
E
CH 100.000 CAT
50.000
0 J- AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJOJ-AJO 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Figure 8. Cephalopods Catches evolution (in kg) of the Basque Country by specie group considering all Areas and Divisions together (VI, VII, VIIIabd and VIIIc) for the total period 1994-2001
15
% Cephalopod landings in "Baka" Otter % Cephalopod landings in VHVO Pair traw ls
traw l in Sub-area VII in Sub-area VII 20 20
16 Octop. 16 Octop.
12 S.-finn.sq. 12
) ) S.-finn.sq.
(% (% 8 Cuttlef. 8 Cuttlef.
4 Squid 4 Squid
0 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
% Cephalopod landings in "Baka" Otter % Cephalopod landings in VHVO Pair traw ls traw l in Div. VIIIabd in Div. VIIIabd 20 20
16 16 Octop. Octop. 12 S.-finn.sq. 12
) ) S.-finn.sq.
(% (% 8 Cuttlef. 8 Cuttlef.
4 4 Squid Squid 0 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 9. Percentage of the different cephalopods species groups in the total catch composition of the Basque Country considering “Baka” Otter trawls and VHVO Pair trawls in Sub-area VII and Div. VIIIabd for the period 1997-2001
16 Working document for the ICES Working Group on Cephalopod Fisheries and Life History Meeting: 4-6 December 2002, Lisbon, Portugal
Cephalopod fisheries statistics in Greek waters (NE Mediterranean)
by
Eugenia Lefkaditou, Stefanos Kavadas and Costas Papaconstantinou
National Centre for Marine Research Aghios Kosmas, Helliniko, 16604 Athens, Greece
Cephalopods have long been exploited in Greek waters as it is testified by drawings of octopuses and squids in ancient ceramics and mosaics. Statistic data of cephalopod landings have been recorded on a monthly basis since 1928, with a gap in the record between 1940 and 1963 (Greek Fisheries Statistics, 1934-40; National Statistical Service of Greece, 1968-2001). Previous analyses of cephalopod fisheries NSSG data in relation to fishing effort and meteorological variations cover the period 1928-1985 (Stergiou, 1986; 1987; 1988; 1989, Stergiou & Christou, 1988). Koutsoubas et al.,1991, have reviewed cephalopod landings data of the Fisheries Development Company S.A. (ETANAL) resulting from the fish auctions holded at the ten major fishing ports in Greece for the period 1984-1997. These data are probably more accurate regarding the landings of offshore fishery, however, do not include the major part of artisanal fishery landings. Vessels of inshore fishery are not obligated to transact their catches through fish auctions and due to the high dispersion of fishing ports, especially in the Greek islands, they usually sell their catches directly to consumers or fish processing companies. In this working document cephalopod landings from offshore and inshore fisheries in Greek waters, based on NSSG data, are reviewed for 1982-2001. Spatial and seasonal variations are discussed in relation to fisheries legislation, fishing fleet distribution and fishing areas topography. Source of data The National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG) keeps records of the fishery production and the yearly number of registered fishing vessels. This information is included in annual bulletins issued by the above service since 1964. The data on the fishing fleet are provided by the local port and custom authorities and are arranged in number of vessels, horsepower units and gross-tonnage. The data on production refer to the monthly landings by species, annual landings by species and fishing gear category, as well as, to annual landings by species and fishing area. Discards and by-catches are not monitored. Grouping together the inventories on statistical questionnaires, completed each month by the captains of vessels, with engine power higher than or equal to 20HP, unless the ship did not operated, derives this information. Due to difficulties in obtaining returns from all vessels, a random sampling method was adopted for the process of the collected returns, assuming that the latter constitute a representative sample of the vessel fleet. The Greek seas have been divided into 16 fishing areas (3-18: Fig. 1), while fishing areas 1 and 2 (not shown in Fig. 1) refer to the Atlantic Ocean and the north coast of Africa, 13 T 14 h G e u rm l f a ik Limnos o s Plateau
3 12 11 15
A E S Euboikos Gulf N 4 A E G E A P 9 Kor 5 a inthiakos Gulf tra ik os G S 10 ul ar f on ik IONIAN SEA os G u lf
8
6 17 16 7
18
NW LEVANTINE SEA
Figure 1. Map of fishing statistical sub-areas in the Greek Seas according to the National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG). respectively. The fishing gears categories reported are Trawl nets (bottom trawl), Ring nets (purse seines), Seine nets (beach seine) and Other (trammel-nets, gill-nets, lines, long- lines, traps, pots etc gears of artisanal fishery). Concerning cephalopods landed species are reported under the following common names: Flying squid (ommastrephids mainly represented by Illex coindetii), Common squid (loliginids: Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi), Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), Poulp (eledonids: Eledone cirrhosa and Eledone moschata) and Octopus (Octopus vulgaris).
Fishing fleet and cephalopod landings trends Vessels devoted to coastal fisheries, mostly smaller than 9 m in overall length, consist the major part (~ 85 %) of the Greek fishing fleet providing about 50 % of the total fishery catches in Greek waters. Their number increased from 3815 to 7700 vessels between 1982 and 1991, showing a particular increase in 1987-1988 when several licenses of sport fishery were converted to professional ones due to restriction enforcement for sport fishery by national legislation in 1985 (Strati, 1992). After 1992 a continuous slight decrease is observed (Figure 2). Trawl fleet decreased from 357 to 323 vessels between 1982 and 2001. The slight increase of vessels shown from 1987 to 1991 is most probably due to substitution of vessels with mixed license by new vessels with single license of trawl or purse-seine, constructed according to European Community Regulations 4028/86 and 3944/90. The number of purse-seiners was generally increasing till 1991. However the funding of the fishing vessels withdrawal by the European Community since 1992, aiming to the reduction of the total tonnage of fishing vessels operating in the Mediterranean Sea, 1000 9000
800 7500 6000 600 vessels f 4500
r o e 400 b m 3000 u
n 200 1500
0 0 num. of vessels with other gears
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Trawlers Purse-seiners Mixed Beach-seiners Other
Figure 2. Evolution of Greek fishing fleet during the period 1982-2001 resulted in the gradual decrease of purse seiners afterwards. Concerning the beach-seiners the abolition not only of the whole vessel but also that of the specific fishing gear, has started to be subsidized from 1988. Annual cephalopod landings (Figure 3) reached their maximum value of 8682 tonnes in 1994 generally following the trends of total fishery landings within the examined time period. However despite the decreasing trend of catches after 1994, the percentage contribution of cephalopods in total catches was generally increasing (Figure 4). Sepia
10000
8000
6000 Ommastrephids Loligo sp. 4000
tonnes Eledone sp. Sepia officinalis 2000 Octopus vulgaris 0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Figure 3. Cephalopods annual landings
10
8
6 % 4 2
0
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Figure 4. Cephalopods percentage in total fishery landings officinalis comprised the major part (32.7%) of cephalopod catches in the decade 1982- 1991, whereas, in 1992-2001, Octopus vulgaris predominated with a proportion of 35.1%. The increase of O. vulgaris proportion coincides with the development of specific artisanal fishery for octopus by fyke-nets and traps in the northeastern Aegean Sea (Lefkaditou & Papaconstantinou, 1999) which contribute the major part of octopus catches by artisanal gears (Kallianiotis & Koutrakis, 1999; Lefkaditou et al., 2001). However the lack of separate statistical data for the catches of these gears over a long period does not permit us any further analysis. Concerning the geographical distribution of cephalopod catches the highest amounts are recorded in regions 13 and 14 (Figure 5) at the northern Aegean Sea, representing 66.5% of catches in Greek waters. These regions are characterized by an extended continental shelf where a great number of both trawlers and artisanal gears operate.
R3
R4
R5 Octopus vulgaris R6 Sepia officinalis R7 Eledone sp. R8 Loligo sp. R9 Ommastrephids R10
R11
R12 R13 R14 R15 R16
R17
R18
0 500 1000 1500 2000 tonnes
Figure 5. Geographical distribution of cephalopod catches.
The contribution of the different fishing gears in cephalopod catches varies by species (Figure 6). Eledonids and ommastrephids are mainly caught by trawl, where as, artisanal fishing gears contribute the major part of octopus and cuttlefish catches. Loliginids are shown to be equally exploited by inshore (beach-seine and artisanal) and offshore (trawl and purse seine) fisheries. Monthly variations of catches (Figure 7) are related to the biology of the species, as well as, to the fishery legislation and practices. The closed season May-October for trawl fishery is apparently the reason for the lower catches for all species during these months and particularly for the sharp decrease of ommastrephids and eledonids catches. The high catches of cuttlefish in late winter and spring are related to the massive inshore migration of the species and the intensive targeting by specific trammel-nets during this period (Lefkaditou et al., 2001). In case of Loligo vulgaris, the gradual decline of catches during spring is most probably due to the high level of post spawning mortality (Lefkaditou et al., 1998; Tsangridis et al., 1998).
Octopus vulgaris Octopus vulgaris 100% 300,0 80%
60% s 200,0 e
40% n n
20% to 100,0 0%
2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 0,0 JFMAMJJASOND 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 200
Sepia officinalis Sepia officinalis 100% 400,0 80% 300,0
60% s 200,0
40% nne to 20% 100,0 0% 0,0
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 JFMAMJJASOND 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20
Eledone sp. Eledone sp. 100% 120,0 80% 90,0
60% s e
n 60,0
40% n to 20% 30,0 0% 0,0
982 984 986 988 990 992 994 996 998 000 JFMAMJJASOND 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Loligo sp. Loligo sp. 100% 120,0 80% 90,0
60% s e 40% 60,0 tonn 20% 30,0 0% 0,0 JFMAMJJASOND 982 984 986 988 990 992 994 996 998 000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Ommastrephids Ommastrephids 100% 80,0 80% 60,0
60% s e
40% n 40,0 n
20% to 20,0 0% 0,0 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 JFMAMJJASOND 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20
c Bottom trawl Beach seine Purse seines Artisanal gears Figure 7. Evolution of the monthly
landings of cephalopod species Figure 6. Percentage contribution of catches in Greek waters during the fishing gears in catches of cephalopod year, mean values estimated from the species from 1982 to 2001. catches during the period 1982-2001.
References Greek Fisheries Statistics, Ministry of National Economy, General Statistical 1934-40 Service of Greece. Section B, 7 issues. Kallianiotis A. & E. Koutrakis, 1999. Structure of coastal fisheries in the Thracian Sea. Meeting of the Geotechnical Chamber of Greece - Branch of Thrace on “Fish stock management in the Thracian Sea”, May 1999, Proceedings volume: 4-12. Kallianiotis A., P. Vidoris & A. Kokkinakis, 2001. Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier,1797) coastal fishery, during the peak of species reproduction. Rapp. Comm.int. Mer Medit. 36, p. 279. Koutsoubas D., Arvanitidis C., Valavanis V. D., Georgakarakos S., Kapantagakis A., Magoulas A. & G. Kotoulas, 1999. Cephalopod Resources in the Eastern Mediterranean with particular emphasis in Greek Seas: Present and Future Perspectives. ICES Living Resources Committee, ICES CM 1999/G:4, Working Group on Cephalopod Fisheries and Life History, Heraklion, 25-26 March 1999, p. 12-25. Lefkaditou E., Sanchez P., Tsangidis A. & A. Adamidou, 1998. A preliminary investigation on how meteorological changes may affect beach-seine catches of Loligo vulgaris in the Thracian Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). In Payne A.I.L., Lipinski M.R., Clarke M.R. & M.A.C. Roeleveld (eds) Cephalopod Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution , S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 20 : 453-461. Lefkaditou E. and C. Papaconstantinou, 1999. Cephalopod distribution and fisheries in the Thracian Sea. Meeting of the Geotechnical Chamber of Greece - Branch of Thrace on “Fish stock management in the Thracian Sea”, May 1999, Proceedings volume: 15-32. Lefkaditou Ε., Papaconstantinou C., Tsangridis A. & P. Leondarakis, 2001. Contribution of cephalopods to the artisanal and trawl fisheries in the Thracian Sea. Proceedings of the 10th Panhellenic Ichthyological Congress on “Management and sustainable development of water resources and nearby regions”, Chania, Greece, October 2001(in Greek, Abstract in English): 45-48. National Statistical Service of Greece, Results of the Sea Fishery Survey by motor vessels for the years 1964 – 2001. Section C, 38 issues. Stergiou K.I., 1986. Production of cephalopods in Greek waters, 1928-1981. FAO Fish. Rep.361: 119-123. Stergiou K.I., 1987. Cephalopod abundance in Greek waters in relation to environmental fluctuations. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica 13: 25-34. Stergiou K.I., 1988. Allocation, assessment and management of the cephalopod resources in Greek waters, 1964-1985. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit. 31: 253. Stergiou K.I., 1989. Assessment of the state and management of the cephalopod trawl fisheries resources in Greek waters. Toxicological and environmental Chemistry 20/21: 233-239. Stergiou, K.I. & E. D. Christou, 1988. Coastal cephalopod fisheries in Greek waters. Fish. News, (in Greek). Strati A., 1992. Common Fisheries Policy and Mediterranean Sea. Hellenic Center of European Studies, Working Document No 14, 108p. Tsangridis A., Lefkaditou E. & A. Adamidou, 1998. Analysis of catch and effort data of Loligo vulgaris in the W. Thracian Sea (NE Mediterranean, Greece) using a depletion model. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 35: 494-495. WORKING DOCUMENT ICES Working Group on Cephalopod Fisheries and Life-History
CPUE of Loligo gahi and Illex argentinus by Spanish vessels operating in the SW Atlantic from 1998 to 2001
Julio Portela ([email protected]) Jose Bellido ([email protected]) Xosé Cardoso ([email protected]) María S. Álvarez ([email protected])
Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) Vigo. SPAIN
ABSTRACT
This paper shows CPUEs of Loligo gahi and Illex argentinus by Spanish vessels operating in the SW Atlantic from 1988 to 2001. The analysis of the raw data in a haul-by-haul basis indicated that the maximum CPUE for Loligo was obtained on the High Seas in March 2001 (6,372 kg/h), whereas for Illex, it reached 15,000 kg/h also on the High Seas in May 2001 (Division 42º S). Maximum mean monthly CPUE for Loligo almost reached 2,000 kg/h during August and September 2000 to the South of the Falklands (MS), as well as for Illex, a maximum value of around 2,700 kg/h was observed in February 2000 in Division 46º S.
Both species are highly influenced by the oceanographic conditions of the area. Shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) performs yearly large migratory movements from the South of Brazil to Falklands, maybe related to its life cycle. Patagonian longfin squid (Loligo gahi) is more confined to a relative small area within Falklands waters, named Loligo-box, but with great explosions of abundance in Autumn (March to May). The seasonality observed in catches may be related to seasonality in fishing behaviour, abundance and/or in recruitments (Portela et al, 2002).
INTRODUCTION
Spanish long distance fishing fleet operating in the fishing grounds of the Patagonian Shelf is composed by industrial bottom trawlers with freezing capacity targeting for finfish and cephalopods, around the Falkland/Malvinas islands and on the High Seas.
Among cephalopods, the two most important commercial species are Loligo gahi and Illex argentinus. The Patagonian longfin squid Loligo gahi is targeted by trawlers (mainly Falkland- registered vessels) in a region located to the South and East of the Falkland/Malvinas islands, called the “Loligo box” at 150-250 m depths during two fishing seasons (February-May and August- October, respectively. Anon., 2002). Most of this fleet is composed by Spanish-owned vessels that moved to joint ventures with Falkland based companies.
The shortfin squid Illex argentinus is targeted by Spanish trawlers in the first half of the year (January-June) mainly on the High Seas, but also to the North of the Falkland/Malvinas islands, with peak catches in April and May. The Illex move south from fishing grounds well north of the Falkland/Malvinas early in the year and as the stock is fished and other predators take their toll, the catches decline. By June, catch rates are very low and the surviving Illex move out into deeper waters to spawn (Anon., 1989).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data on catch and effort of cephalopods were collected by scientific observers of IEO on board commercial Spanish fishing vessels operating in the fishing grounds of the Patagonian Shelf between 1988 and 2001. Data collected on fishing activity included effort, catches and discards of target and non-target species on a haul-by-haul basis. Biological information (size, sex, maturity, etc) on target species was recorded on a daily basis, while biological data on non-target species was recorded periodically.
One important fact when dealing with this type of data is the lack of a complete spatial coverage. The own exploitation pattern, which looks for the highest fishing yields, did not allow us to sample all areas and months. As a result we obtain a patchy sample, possibly biased by unpredictable behaviour of commercial activity (Bellido et al., 2002). For this reason, data on CPUE of both species presented in this paper in graphs and charts showing CPUE by division, month and year, display some lacks in the spatio/temporal coverage. The main fishing areas for Spanish vessels in the SW Atlantic are shown in figure 1, where MN, MW and MS are Malvinas North, Malvinas West and Malvinas South respectively.
Figure 1. Main fishing areas in the Patagonian Self for the Spanish fishing fleet
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Loligo gahi
Graphs presented in figures 2 to 5 show mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Loligo gahi by division and year in the considered period. Due to fact that most of the vessels licensed for Loligo were Falkland-registered, data on the Loligo box available from Spanish observers present important lacks. No data for this area was collected in 1998. A CPUE slightly above 1,000 kg/h can be observed in March 1999 in MN Division and near 2,000 kg/h during August and September 2,000 in Division MS. Also an important abundance of this species (1,600 kg/h) was recorded in Division 46º S in March 2001.
Illex argentinus
Important concentrations of this species were found on the High Seas with values of mean monthly CPUE above 1,000 kg/h during the analyzed period (Figures 6 to 9). Highest mean monthly CPUEs were observed in Divisions 42º and 46º S, with a maximum value of around 2,700 kg/h in June 2001 and 2000 February for Divisions 42º and 46º S respectively.
CPUE charts
CPUE of Loligo and Illex on a haul by haul basis during the studied period (1998-2001) are presented in Figures 10 and 11. As stated before, important lacks on the available information can be observed in the charts.
Highest concentrations of Loligo gahi can be observed in figure 10 to the South and East of the islands in 1999, to the South of the islands and on the High Seas in 2000, and on the High Seas in 2001 (no data is available for Division MS this year).
Highest concentrations of Illex argentinus can be obseved on the High Seas and to the North, West and North West of the islands in the four years period. Surprisingly high CPUEs of this species were also recorded to the South of the islands in 1999. FIGURES AND MAPS
Año 1998
CPUE 140 120 100 80 Especie 60 3001 40 20 0 7 8 9 10 8 4 9 11 4 5 8 9 10 11
46 49 MN MW
Division Mes
Figure 2. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Loligo gahi by division in 1998
Año 1999
Cpue 1200
1000
800 Especie 600 3001 400
200
0 2367111283458910345348910
46 49 MN MS MW
Division Mes
Figure 3. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Loligo gahi by division in 1999
Año 2000
Cpue 2500
2000
1500 Especie 3001 1000
500
0 45689109898910345891011
46 49 MN MS MW
Division Mes
Figure 4. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Loligo gahi by division in 2000
Año 2001
Cpue 2000
1600
1200 Especie 3001 800
400
0 3478948911348911910235891011
46 49 MN MS MW
Division Mes
Figure 5. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Loligo gahi by division in 2001
Año 1998
CPUE 1400
1200
1000
800 Especie 600 3002
400
200
0 123478910348349345891011
46 49 MN MW
Division Mes
Figure 6. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Illex argentinus by division in 1998
Año 1999
Cpue 3000
2500
2000 Especie 1500 3002 1000
500
0 6123671112234534523410
42 46 MN MS MW
Division Mes
Figure 7. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Illex argentinus by division in 1999
Año 2000
Cpue 3000
2500
2000 Especie 1500 3002 1000
500
0 45123456891011434102345
42 46 49 MN MS MW
Division Mes
Figure 8. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Illex argentinus by division in 2000
Año 2001
Cpue 3200 2800 2400 2000 Especie 1600 3002 1200 800 400 0 4562347892348923482345811
42 46 49 MN MW
Division Mes
Figure 9. Mean monthly CPUE (kg/h) of Illex argentinus by division in 2001
Figure 10. CPUE by haul (kg/h) of Loligo gahi during the studied period
Figure 11. CPUE by haul (kg/h) of Illex argentinus during the studied period
References
Anon., 1989. Falkland Iaslands Government, 1989. Falkland Islands Interim Conservation & Management Zone. Fisheries Report 87/88.
Anon., 2002. Falkland Iaslands Government, 2002. Fisheries Department Fisheries Statistics, Volume 7, 2002: 69 pp. Stanley, FIG Fisheries Department.
Bellido, JM, Portela, JM, Wang, J and Pierce, GJ, 2002. Trends in the pattern of discarding in the hake (Merluccius hubbsi and Merluccius australis) fishery in the SW Atlantic. ICES CM 2002/ V:01. Session V. Interactions of Humans with Marine Ecosystems: Unaccounted Mortality in Fisheries.
Portela, JM, Arkhipkin, A, Agnew, D, Pierce, G, Fuertes, JR, Otero, MG, Bellido, JM, Middleton, D, Hill, S, Wang, J, Ulloa, E, Tato, V, Cardoso, XA, Pompert, J, Santos, B, 2002. Overview of the Spanish fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf. ICES CM 2002/L: 11. Theme Session on Census of Marine Life: Turning Concept into Reality.
Working Document for the ICES Working Group on Cephalopod biology and Life History Lisbon, 5-6 December, 2002
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON CEPHALOPOD LANDINGS PER UNIT EFFORT AND DISCARDS OF THE BASQUE FLEETS OPERATING IN SUB-AREAS VI, VII AND DIVISIONS VIIIa,b,d, IN THE PERIOD 1994-2001
by
M. Santurtún1; P. Lucio1 and I. Quincoces1
INTRODUCTION
In this WD an update and a preliminary review of the landings per unit effort of the cephalopod species groups exploited by a part of the Basque fleets operating in Div. VIIIa,b,d and Sub-areas VI and VII are presented for the period 1994-2001. Also, some of the results of the Project (Study Contract 98/095) on discards deployed by the Basque trawl fisheries during 2000 are offered.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1. Fleets selected
A total of 6 fleets landing their catches in Ondarroa or Pasajes has been selected. Just the corresponding catches (landings) have been used for each fleet. Data on some other fleets have not been included because their significance in the cephalopod total catches is markedly small compared to those of the “Baka” Otter trawl and Pair Trawls with Very High Vertical Opening (VHVO) nets. The fleets considered are:
. BAKA-trawl-Ondarroa in Div. VIIIa,b,d . BAKA-trawl-Ondarroa in Sub-area VII . BAKA-trawl-Ondarroa in Sub-area VI
. VHVO P. Trawl-Ondarroa in Div. VIIIa,b,d . VHVO P. Trawl-Pasajes in Div. VIIIa,b,d . VHVO P. Trawl-Pasajes in Sub-area VII
All of them, together considered, represented close to 92% total cephalopod landings in the Basque Country ports in 2001.
2. Effort estimation
Effort for each fleet was obtained from the information provided yearly by the log books filled out by the skippers of most of the ships landing in Ondarroa and Pasajes, and processed by AZTI. Effective fishing effort was calculated in number of fishing days as result of multiplying the number of trips of each type of fleet in a determinate sea area by the mean number of fishing days by trip of a determinate fleet in a sea area and in a determinate year:
Effort = fishing days = trips * (mean days/trip)
1 FUNDACIÓN AZTI FUNDAZIOA. Instituto Tecnológico, Pesquero y Alimentario (Food and Fish Technological Institute). Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g. 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country. Spain. (Phone: + 34 94 602 9400, fax: + 34 94 687 0006). Email: ; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
1 In a first approximation, although the number of days per trip differs from one sea area to another, it can be considered as rather stable in the same sea area from one year to another in the period 1994- 2001 studied. Effort is also presented as number of fishing trips.
No fishing effort and Landings per Fishing Effort (LPFE) are registered for Div. VIIIc. Also there is a lack of information for the fishing effort deployed by the artisanal fleets: hook and line and traps or pots that operate, principally in this sea area.
3.Discard estimation
A study on discards practices of the Basque Trawl Fleet operating in Div. VIIIabd and c and Sub-area VII was carried out during 2000 and the first quarter of 2001. The results of this project correspond to the Study Contract (98/039) partly financed by the EU and the Basque Government. A quarterly sampling was deployed on board of “Baka” Otter trawls and VHVO Pair Trawls. The following Table presents a summary of the sampling deployed:
Table 1. Sampling deployed on board of “Baka”trawls and VHVO Pair trawls operating in Sub-area VII and Div. VIIIabd and c
Hours of Raising factor Gear Year Sea Area Sampled hauls sampling (Effort =number of trips) 2000 VII 21 100 64,75 “Baka” Otter trawl 2000 VIIIabd 127 516,1 9,5 2001 (1st q) VIIIabd 27 108,5 10,2 2000 VIIIabd 102 666,4 44,1 VHVO Pair Trawl 2001 (1st q) VIIIabd 20 99,2 63,0
2000 VIIIc 30 150,2 21,5
Although the sampling tried to cover all species retained and discarded in the different fleets, no length sampling was carried out for all of them. Thus, no length distribution and numbers of all discarded and retained cephalopod species were estimated whilst weights retained and discarded were obtained. Mantle length distribution was just obtained for squid and cuttlefish in “Baka” Otter trawls during 2000 and 1st quarter of 2001, respectively. A coefficient of variance between hauls was calculated for each of the species groups.
A preliminary study on the economical importance of the species caught in each metier was attempted. Cephalopod prices were obtained from the fishermen associations during 1999 and 2000 and an average price was calculated for those two years. Also prices by commercial categories, for squids and cuttlefish, were averaged in relation to the quantity of each commercial category in the landings. Thus, this first attempt in assessing the economical value of cephalopod in the catches must be taken just as an indication of their importance.
RESULTS
1. Landings per unit effort and abundances indices (LPUEs)
In Table 3 to 6, the evolution of the LPUEs for each of the cephalopod species is presented for the six fleets considered.
Cephalopod catches (landings) were obtained by every species group monthly, however for presentation of abundance indices monthly data was pooled into quarters and years. Thus, two indices of abundances are presented:
a) Annual LPUE (kg/day) of each of the species groups (Figure 1) b) Quarterly LPUE (kg/trip) of each of the species groups (Figure 2, 3,4 and 5)
2 The Basque fleet fish in three different Northeast Atlantic areas: Bay of Biscay (Div. VIIIa, b, c, d), Sub-area VII (mainly in Div. VIIh, j, k) and in Sub-area VI. The artisanal fleet is allocated in the more eastern part of Div. VIIIc and in the southern area of Div. VIIIb
Looking at “Baka” bottom trawls, its fishing effort has progressively decreased since 1994, because of the drastic diminishing of these fleets. The number of trips per year deployed by Pair-trawls increased sharply from 1994, first year of the historical series analysis, till 1999, in this year appeared to start decreasing, at least, preliminarily until 2001 (Table 2, 3, 4 and 5).
- For Squid, LPUE has been maintained since 1997 by “Baka” bottom trawlers in Div. VIIIa, b, d and sharply increased in 1999 decreasing again until 2001.
- LPUE increased markedly in 1998 for cuttlefish in Div. VIIIa, b, d and has been maintained at around the same levels until 2001.
- Octopus maxima LPUE were registered for Pair-trawls from Pasajes fishing in Div. VIIIa, b, d although LPUE for this species in “Baka” otter trawls in Sub-area VII are very close to these values (Table 2, 3, 4 and 5).
- The highest LPUE registered for short-finned squid in the latest years are due to Pair-trawls fishing in Sub-area VII.
It has to be pointed out that from 1996 to 1997 there was an important reduction in the total number of ships mainly longliners and bottom trawls. Also, some of these bottom trawlers changed to another way of fishing: trawling in pairs with nets of very high vertical opening focused in demersal species. Nowadays, cephalopod catches of “Baka” Otter trawls compound a very high proportion of total demersal catches registered in the Basque Country. Whilst for Pair-trawls cephalopod catches still remain as a very accessory catch of the main target species: Hake and Horse Mackerel.
2. Discards and economical importance.
In Table 6 the amount of cephalopod discarded in kg estimated during 2000 and the 1st quarter of 2001 are presented. In the same table, cephalopods species groups were ranked in terms of economical importance in relation to all the rest of the species caught in that fleet. Mantle length distribution of squid and cuttlefish in “Baka “Otter trawls in 2000 and 1st quarter of 2001, respectively are presented in Figure 6.
In general it can be said that:
- The amount of cephalopod discarded during the study period in the fleets described about was very low.
- Octopus (probably Eledone cirrhosa) were the only cephalopod discarded in “Baka” Otter trawls operating in Sub-area VII due to their low economical value.
- The highest amount of discards were deployed in VHVO Pair-trawls. However: o Pair-trawls are not considered as a mixed fisheries but a direct fishery targeting Hake and Mackerel. Thus, CV by hauled, if calculated by numbers, would have resulted very high. o Also, it has to be bared in mind the way in which the raising was calculated: It was assumed that the same amount of cephalopods were caught all along the year It was assumed that all vessels conforming this fleet caught cephalopods in the same proportion.
- Data presented in this document has to be considered as very preliminary. Thus, discard data here presented has to be taken just as a reflect of the discard practices carried out by these fleets and never as absolute numbers.
3 Table 2 . Squid landings (kg), effective effort (trips*(days/trip)) and LPUE (landings in kg/day) of different fleets landing in the Basque Country (Spain) ports in the period 1994-2001. (a) Baka Otter trawl of Ondarroa (ON) fishing in Divisions VIIIa,b,d, Sub-area VII and Sub-area VI. (b) Pair trawl with nets of very high vertical opening (VHVO) of Ondarroa (ON) and Pasajes (PA), fishing in Div. VIIIa,b,d, and Sub-area VII.
(a) BAKA trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d BAKA trawl-ON-VII BAKA trawl-ON-VI Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 441436 6349 70 2490 1031 2 1761 633 3 1995 123040 4871 25 2044 1286 2 2443 651 4 1996 274668 4366 63 1595 1169 1 1118 695 2 1997 107951 4283 25 1761 532 3 1386 705 2 1998 61299 3004 20 1088 1145 1 5894 719 8 1999 128825 2343 55 569 1374 0 1812 851 2 2000 52933 2380 22 1533 1849 1 336 828 0 2001 90374 2231 41 501 1492 0 829 1249 1
(b) VHVO P. trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VII Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 12712 385 33 10137 501 20 0 - 1995 2081 1132 2 2485 821 3 0 - 1996 30873 1329 23 36487 1389 26 28 43 1 1997 17584 1354 13 50073 1697 30 1 3 0 1998 7417 1559 5 10542 1366 8 1165 350 3 1999 33428 1877 18 7266 1081 7 2797 447 6 2000 32481 1292 25 9056 1136 8 2376 249 10 2001 16813 1162 14 11327 584 19 423 185 2
4
Table 3 . Cuttlefish landings (kg), effective effort (trips*(days/trip)) and LPUE (landings in kg/day) of different fleets landing in the Basque Country (Spain) ports in the period 1994-2001. (a) Baka Otter trawl of Ondarroa (ON) fishing in Divisions VIIIa,b,d, Sub-area VII and Sub-area VI. (b) Pair trawl with nets of very high vertical opening (VHVO) of Ondarroa (ON) and Pasajes (PA), fishing in Div. VIIIa,b,d, and Sub-area VII.
(a) BAKA trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d BAKA trawl-ON-VII BAKA trawl-ON-VI Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 422678 6349 67 141 1031 0 0 633 0 1995 158780 4871 33 298 1286 0 0 651 0 1996 344482 4366 79 366 1169 0 0 695 0 1997 232530 4283 54 3103 532 6 0 705 0 1998 283395 3004 94 130 1145 0 0 719 0 1999 236715 2343 101 1786 1374 1 0 851 0 2000 265227 2380 111 310 1849 0 0 828 0 2001 215219 2231 96 547 1492 0 0 1249 0
(b) VHVO P. trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VII Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 703 385 2 1195 501 2 0 - 1995 333 1132 0 52 821 0 0 - 1996 8353 1329 6 9171 1389 7 0 43 0 1997 3080 1354 2 8594 1697 5 10 3 4 1998 13038 1559 8 20163 1366 15 0 350 0 1999 14539 1877 8 1249 1081 1 88 447 0 2000 19129 1292 15 9178 1136 8 279 249 1 2001 6217 1162 5 5268 584 9 57 185 0
5 Table 4. Octopus landings (kg), effective effort (trips*(days/trip)) and LPUE (landings in kg/day) of different fleets landing in the Basque Country (Spain) ports in the period 1994-2001. (a) Baka Otter trawl of Ondarroa (ON) fishing in Divisions VIIIa,b,d, Sub-area VII and Sub-area VI. (b) Pair trawl with nets of very high vertical opening (VHVO) of Ondarroa (ON) and Pasajes (PA), fishing in Div. VIIIa,b,d, and Sub-area VII.
(a) BAKA trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d BAKA trawl-ON-VII BAKA trawl-ON-VI Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 203033 6349 32 27937 1031 27 0 633 0 1995 63195 4871 13 317424 1286 247 0 651 0 1996 106053 4366 24 230637 1169 197 0 695 0 1997 174988 4283 41 115544 532 217 0 705 0 1998 128079 3004 43 81384 1145 71 0 719 0 1999 132382 2343 56 41747 1374 30 0 851 0 2000 101184 2380 43 98124 1849 53 0 828 0 2001 137027 2231 61 48005 1492 32 0 1249 0
(b) VHVO P. trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VII Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 11049 385 29 8155 501 16 0 - 1995 2944 1132 3 1096 821 1 0 - 1996 2780 1329 2 3071 1389 2 0 43 0 1997 2767 1354 2 10345 1697 6 20 3 8 1998 4247 1559 3 5402 1366 4 131 350 0 1999 8316 1877 4 3079 1081 3 258 447 1 2000 3362 1292 3 988 1136 1 269 249 1 2001 7801 1162 7 1312 584 2 1552 185 8
6 Table 5 . Short finned squid landings (kg), effective effort (trips*(days/trip)) and LPUE (landings in kg/day) of different fleets landing in the Basque Country (Spain) ports in the period 1994-2001. (a) Baka Otter trawl of Ondarroa (ON) fishing in Divisions VIIIa,b,d, Sub-area VII and Sub-area VI. (b) Pair trawl with nets of very high vertical opening (VHVO) of Ondarroa (ON) and Pasajes (PA), fishing in Div. VIIIa,b,d, and Sub-area VII.
(a) BAKA trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d BAKA trawl-ON-VII BAKA trawl-ON-VI Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 176266 6349 28 145868 1031 141 0 633 0 1995 52974 4871 11 53415 1286 42 0 651 0 1996 47924 4366 11 40377 1169 35 0 695 0 1997 130402 4283 30 7746 532 15 0 705 0 1998 48218 3004 16 31084 1145 27 0 719 0 1999 35375 2343 15 46585 1374 34 86 851 0 2000 14425 2380 6 76690 1849 41 0 828 0 2001 3450 2231 2 48526 1492 33 0 1249 0
(b) VHVO P. trawl-ON-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VIIIa,b,d VHVO P. trawl-PA-VII Year Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) Landings (kg) Effort (days) CPUE (kg/days) 1994 523 385 1 821 501 2 0 - 1995 10362 1132 9 14552 821 18 0 - 1996 24716 1329 19 26649 1389 19 0 43 0 1997 34569 1354 26 83294 1697 49 29 3 11 1998 21985 1559 14 26634 1366 19 8976 350 26 1999 34619 1877 18 23856 1081 22 42175 447 94 2000 32111 1292 25 21366 1136 19 5623 249 23 2001 11085 1162 10 11828 584 20 30271 185 164
7
(a) (b)
CEPHALOPODS :: Catches (kg)/Effort (days) :: "Baka" Otter tralws :: CEPHALOPODS :: Catches (kg)/Effort (days) :: Pair Trawls with VHVO ONDARROA: ICES Div. VIIIabd nets :: ONDARROA: ICES Div. VIIIabd 100 100 90 SQZ 90 SQZ 80 CTC 80 CTC
) 70 OCT ) 70
y y OCT
a a d 60 OMM d 60
/ / OMM 50 50
(kg (kg UE 40 UE 40 CP 30 CP 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
CEPHALOPODS :: Catches (kg)/Effort (days) :: "Baka" Otter tralws :: CEPHALOPODS :: Catches (kg)/Effort (days) :: Pair Trawls with VHVO ONDARROA: ICES Subarea VII nets :: PASAJES: ICES Div. VIIIabd 350 350 SQZ 300 300 CTC SQZ 250 OCT 250 CTC y) y) a a
d OMM d OCT / 200 / 200
g g OMM (k 150 (k 150
UE UE
CP 100 CP 100 50 50 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
CEPHALOPODS :: Catches (kg)/Effort (days) :: "Baka" Otter tralws :: CEPHALOPODS :: Catches (kg)/Effort (days) :: Pair Trawls with VHVO ONDARROA: ICES Subarea VI nets :: PASAJES: ICES Subarea VII 1200 1200 SQZ SQZ 1000 1000 CTC CTC
) ) OCT y 800 OCT y 800 a a d d
/ OMM / OMM 600 600 (kg (kg UE UE 400 400 CP CP
200 200
0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 1. Annual Cephalopod LPUE (landings in kg/day) of different fleets landing in the Basque Country (Spain) ports in the period 1994-2001.
(a) “Baka” Otter trawl of Ondarroa fishing in Divisions VIIIa,b,d, Sub-area VII and Sub- area VI. (b) Pair trawl with VHVO nets of Ondarroa & Pasajes, in Div.VIIIabd & Sub-area VII.
8 SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VIIIab:: Ondarroa SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.600 TRIM. 2 1.600 TRIM. 2 1.600 TRIM. 2 ) ) 1.400 TRIM. 3 ) p 1.400 TRIM. 3 1.400 TRIM. 3 p i p i i r
r r t t t
/ 1.200 1.200 TRIM. 4 / TRIM. 4 1.200
/ TRIM. 4 g g g k k 1.000 TOTAL 1.000 TOTAL k 1.000 TOTAL ( ( (
UE 800 800 UE 800 UE CP 600 CP CP 600 600 400 400 400 200 200 200 0 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: Ondarroa SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa
1.000 1.000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 800 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2 ) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i r t 600 tr
/ 600 TRIM. 4 / TRIM. 4 g k 500 TOTAL 500 TOTAL ( (kg UE 400 UE 400 CP 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: Pasajes SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Pasajes 1.000 1000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 800 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2 ) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i r tr t
/ 600 600 TRIM. 4 / TRIM. 4
g 500 TOTAL k 500
(kg TOTAL ( UE 400 UE 400 CP 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 2. Squid LPUEs evolution -catches (landings) per unit effort- (kg/trip) by quarter since 1994 of the most important fishing metiers of the Basque fleet from 1994 to 2001.
9 CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VIIIab:: CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa Ondarroa 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.600 TRIM. 2 1.600 TRIM. 2 1.600 TRIM. 2 ) ) TRIM. 3 1.400 TRIM. 3 ) 1.400 p 1.400 TRIM. 3 p p i i i r r t t tr
/ TRIM. 4 1.200
/ TRIM. 4 1.200 1.200 / TRIM. 4 g g k k 1.000 TOTAL 1.000 TOTAL 1.000 TOTAL ( (kg ( UE 800 800 UE 800 UE CP 600 CP CP 600 600 400 400 400 200 200 200 0 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: Ondarroa CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa 1.0 00 1000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 80 0 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2
) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i r r t t 600 600 / / TRIM. 4 TRIM. 4 g g k 50 0 TOTAL k 500 TOTAL ( (
UE 40 0 UE 400 CP 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: Pasajes CUTTLEFISH :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Pasajes
1.000 1.000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 800 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2 ) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i r
t 600 tr 600 / TRIM. 4 / TRIM. 4 g k
( 500 TOTAL 500 TOTAL (kg
UE 400 UE 400
CP 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 3. Cuttlefish LPUEs evolution -catches (landings) per unit effort- (kg/trip) by quarter since 1994 of the most important fishing metiers of the Basque fleet from 1994 to 2001.
10 OCTOPUS:: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VIIIab:: Ondarroa OCTOPUS :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa OCTOPUS :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa
2.000 9.000 2000 1.800 TRIM. 1 8.000 TRIM. 1 1800 TRIM. 1 1.600 TRIM. 2 7.000 TRIM. 2 1600 TRIM. 2 ) ) TRIM. 3 ) 1400 p 1.400 TRIM. 3 TRIM. 3 p p i 6.000 i i r r t t tr /
/ TRIM. 4 1200 1.200 TRIM. 4 / TRIM. 4 g g 5.000 k k 1.000 TOTAL TOTAL 1000 TOTAL ( (kg ( 4.000 UE 800 UE 800 UE 3.000 CP CP
CP 600 600 2.000 400 400 200 1.000 200 0 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
OCTOPUS :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: Ondarroa OCTOPUS :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa 1.000 1000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 800 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2
) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i r r t t 600 600 / / TRIM. 4 TRIM. 4 g g k 500 TOTAL k 500 TOTAL ( (
UE 400 UE 400 CP 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
OCTOPUS :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: Pasajes OCTOPUS :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Pasajes
1000 1.000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 800 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2 ) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i
tr tr 600 / 600 TRIM. 4 / TRIM. 4 500 TOTAL 500 TOTAL (kg (kg
UE 400 UE 400
CP 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 4. Octopus LPUEs evolution -catches (landings) per unit effort- (kg/trip) by quarter since 1994 of the most important fishing metiers of the Basque fleet from 1994 to 2001.
11 SHORT-FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: SHORT FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: SHORT FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: "Baka" Otter trawl :: VII :: VIIIab:: Ondarroa Ondarroa Ondarroa 2.000 5000 2.000 1.800 TRIM. 1 4500 TRIM. 1 1.800 TRIM. 1 1.600 TRIM. 2 4000 TRIM. 2 1.600 TRIM. 2 ) ) TRIM. 3 3500 TRIM. 3 ) 1.400 TRIM. 3
p 1.400 p p i i i r r r t t
3000 TRIM. 4 t / / TRIM. 4 1.200 TRIM. 4 1.200 / g g g k k k TOTAL 2500 TOTAL TOTAL
( 1.000 1.000 ( (
E
UE 2000 800 UE 800 U CP 1500 CP
CP 600 600 400 1000 400 200 500 200 0 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
SHORT-FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: SHORT FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Ondarroa Ondarroa 1.000 1.000 900 TRIM. 1 900 TRIM. 1 800 TRIM. 2 800 TRIM. 2 ) 700 TRIM. 3 ) 700 TRIM. 3 p p i i r t 600 TRIM. 4 tr TRIM. 4
/ 600 /
g k
( 500 TOTAL 500 TOTAL
(kg E U 400 UE 400 P C 300 CP 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
SHORT-FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VIIIab:: SHORT FINNED SQUID :: CATCHES/TRIP :: VHVO Pair trawl :: VII :: Pasajes Pasajes 3.000 3.000 2.700 TRIM. 1 2.700 TRIM. 1 2.400 TRIM. 2 2.400 TRIM. 2 ) 2.100 TRIM. 3 ) 2.100 TRIM. 3 p p i i r r t TRIM. 4 t TRIM. 4
/ 1.800 1.800 / g g k k
( 1.500 TOTAL 1.500 TOTAL
( UE 1.200 UE 1.200 CP 900 CP 900 600 600 300 300 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 5. Short finned squid LPUEs evolution -catches (landings) per unit effort- (kg/trip) by quarter since 1994 of the most important fishing metiers of the Basque fleet from 1994 to 2001.
12 Table 6. Cephalopod species groups discarded during 2000 and 1st quarter of 2001 in “Baka” trawl and Pair trawls with VHVO nets. Total number of species and number of commercial species appearing in the fishery are presented. The economical importance of the cephalopod in the total catch for each fishing modality is included (n.e.b.n.= no estimated by number). Cephalopods Numbers Percentage of Weights (Kg) Value € specimina ranked by discarded in economical Gear, Sea Area Total Retained Landed value in Species Discarded + C.V Retained + C.V relation to the Discarded Retained Landed and Year Catch total catch €/Kg € relation to the total catch Baka trawl in Squid + n.e.b.n + n.e.b.n 0 7942 7942 62268 62268 8th Sub-area VII (2000); 35 Cuttlefish (S. officinalis) + n.e.b.n + n.e.b.n n.e.b.n 639 639 1706 1706 17th sp.==>18 + + commercial sp. Octopus n.e.b.n n.e.b.n 100 2749 No rank Baka trawl in Div. Cuttlefish (S. officinalis) + 38135 + 243 38135 0 22851 22851 60976 60976 8th VIIIabd (2000); + + 43 sp. ==> 34 Squid 30134 329 30134 0 5781 5781 45326 45326 12th commercial sp. Octopus + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 218 218 166 166 34th Baka trawl in Div. Cuttlefish (S.officinalis) + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 8445 8445 22534 22534 7th VIIIabd (1st q. + + 2001); 31 sp. ==> Octopus n.e.b.n. n.e.b.n. 0 8445 8445 6446 6446 10th 20 commercial sp. Squid + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 352 352 2759 2759 16th Pair trawl VHVO Short finned squid n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. n.e.b.n. 336 114474 114474 136568 136568 5th in Div. VIIIabd Squid n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. n.e.b.n. 1174 16432 16432 128833 128833 (2000); 27 sp. ==> 6th 16 commercial sp. Cuttlefish (S. officinalis) + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 11312 11312 30185 30185 8th Pair trawl VHVO Short finned squid + n.e.b.n + n.e.b.n 0 17694 17694 21109 21109 4th in Div. VIIIabd (1st q. 2001); 24 Squid + n.e.b.n + n.e.b.n 0 410 410 3211 3211 9th sp. ==> 15 Cuttlefish (S.officinalis) + n.e.b.n + n.e.b.n 0 2152 158 158 421 421 commercial sp. 15th Short finned squid + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 13663 13663 16300 16300 7th Pair trawl VHVO in Div. VIIIc Squid + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 494 494 3877 3877 9th (2000); 18 sp. ==> Octopus + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 1983 1983 1513 1513 13th 15 commercial sp. Cuttlefish (S.officinalis) + n.e.b.n. + n.e.b.n. 0 247 247 660 660 14th
13
1200 Cuttlefish (Sepia spp .) retained in "Baka"Otter trawl operating in Div. 1000 VIIIabd during 2000
800 y
600 equenc
r F 400
200
0 <101520253035404550556065>70 Length (cm) Discarded Retained
1200 Squid (Loligo spp .) retained in "Baka"Otter trawl operating in Div. VIIIabd during 1st quarter 2001 1000
800 y 600 equenc r
F 400
200
0 <101520253035404550556065>70 Length (cm)
Descarte Captura ret
Figure 6. Length distribution of two species groups for the "Baka" trawl demersal fishery in Div. VIIIabd during 2000 and the 1st quarter of 2001. No. of sampled hauls in 2000: 127 and no. of hauls sampled in 2001: 26
14