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The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis

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Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University.

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The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis

How to cite:

Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University.

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The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis

How to cite:

Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University.

For guidance on citations see FAQs.

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The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis

How to cite:

Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University.

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Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000dfd2

The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis

How to cite:

Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University.

For guidance on citations see FAQs.

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BA, BSc (Econ)

THE EARLY HISTORY

OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL:

1814-1850

vom,,;

Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

of the Department of History of Science and Technology,

Faculty of Arts,

The Open University

ý, f4wrs n ca, C 0103'M51 , u, K6-e!:

lq clo 14th September 1990 Page 343

9 CONCLUSIONS

An assessment of the geological work of the Royal Geological

Society of Cornwall has been made in the previous section, and it is now appropriate to try to sum up some other aspects of the early history of the institution. Some of the reasons for embarking on a study of the Penzance society were suggested in the Introduction, one being to compare its origins and early work with those of some of the other provincial institutions

founded earlier in the century. It has been shown that there

were significant areas of difference between the RGSC and

certain other societies, especially those in the industrial

areas of northern England. Religious dissent was not impor-

tant to the Geological Society's development, and it was a

specialist society at a time when most learned societies were

more general Lit and Phils.

The religious affiliations of members have been described in

earlier sections, and it has been shown that, with only a few

exceptions, dissenters were not important to the establishment

or continuation of the society, and that the concept of the

legitimation of marginal men will not apply in this particular

case. The majority of the early members of the RGSC belonged

to the established church, but religion was not an important

reason for their involvement in the scientific activity of the

society, nor were the interactions between geology and reli-

gion matters of particular concern to the majority (see

p. 114).

Radical politics were not a feature of Cornish life either, Page 344 and did not affect the affairs of the society. No members of the society have been identified as being active in this

field (with the exception of those who were already Members of

Parliament). Cornwall had always been well represented in

national political life, with over forty Members of Parlia- ' ment. A number of local members were Whigs, or liberals, and

there were fewer of the pressures for reform similar to those

experienced by the new towns like Manchester and Birmingham,

which had no parliamentary representatives, and where there

was a firm connection between membership of a learned society 2 and radical political views. Penzance, although an ancient 3 Borough, never had its own representative, but this seems not

to have been too much of a disadvantage, for when the town's

problems required action by Parliament, there was invariably

an MP living locally who would' represent it; Davies Gilbert,

Member for Bodmin, was an example, for he took up the matter

of Penzance harbour dues in 1817, assisting with the passage 4 of a bill through the House of Commons. The mining community

was not noted for its participation in political or union

affairs, and Chartism hardly affected Cornwall. The indepen- 5 dence of miners is often cited as the reason for this.

There were however areas where there was more agreement bet-

ween the aims of the Cornish Geological Society and those of

similar provincial societies; these will be discussed in the

sections below.

9.1 Practical science, laboratories and the mining industry

It was proposed in the Introduction that a study of the soc- Page 345

iety could help to highlight some of the differences between provincial and metropolitan science. one area in which there were considerable differences between London and the societies outside the capital can be found in their attitude to utilitarian science. In this context, utilitarian science is under-

stood to mean science which could be applied to the problems

of industry or agriculture; this was usually intended to bring

about increased profitability, but sometimes measures were

also proposed to improve the conditions in which the working

classes laboured. On the whole, the provincial societies had

a greater tendency to favour these studies than had the major 6 London institutions. The Geological Society of London was

becoming dominantly an institution for gentlemanly geology,

more interested in the elucidation of the problems of strati-

graphy, than in the application of geology to the extractive 9 industries. As argued in the previous section, the

Geological Society of London was an institution that the RGSC

tended to look to as a model. The emphasis in the RGSC was

however strongly practical in its first few years; as will be

shown below, this was most probably the result of Paris's influence. instances Some which demonstrate the practical

slant of the society now need to be examined, in particular

the laboratory and the society's relationship with the mining industry.

it is from the clear society's records that Paris set up a for laboratory the RGSC at a very early stage in its history.

It is not known whether this was housed on the premises which the first in society rented the autumn of 1814, or whether Page 346

Paris used his own home, or possibly even a room at the Dis- pensary. (The RGSC had found a temporary home in the Dispen- sary room in April 1814,10 which it continued to use until arrangements were made to rent a former hotel in the market 11) Place in October of the same year (see Figure 20). Some equipment was purchased to be used for mineralogical analyses, for the Minute Book recorded a request for a goniometer (for measuring crystal angles) and the acquisition of a Voltaic 12 battery. The absence of details about the society's fin- ances in early Annual Reports makes it impossible to discover

how much else might have been purchased for the laboratory,

although Henry Boase had reported in September 1814 that

expenditure on "mineralogical apparatus" and other items had 13 been "great". The laboratory does not appear to have been

much used, although it is possible that not all records have

been preserved. The only remaining record among the society's

documents is the Soil Analysis Book, which contained only two

entries, one of which was incomplete; both were in Paris's 14 handwriting. In July 1814, it was reported that a "pulver-

ulent white mineral", presented by Majendie, would "shortly be 15 subjected to Chemical analysis". Paris also made an anal-

ysis of a well near Penzance, which he described as a "Chaly- in beate spring" A Guide to the Mount's Bay, perhaps hoping it additional that would be an inducement to encourage invalid 16 visitors to the area.

In 1817 the society its announced plans for a Professor of Geology (see 102). p. These included the proposition that the

person appointed should perform mineral analyses, although for these designed whom were to be made was not clarified. It was 37

I'ENZANCL"'. r-7 - -_v_ .. ýýsýý~szý_

Figure 20a Penzance -c. 1818 showing the top of Market Jew Street and the hotel occupied by the RGSC 1814-18, from: . Paris A Güide to Mounts By, 2nd ed. p.20

Figure 20b

Geological House, 10 North Parade;

rented by the RGSC 1818-67 Page 348 also intended that a laboratory should be included within new premises into which the society moved, in 1818 (Geological

House, 10 North Parade, Penzance, see Figure 20). Henry Boase wrote in May 1817 to a Vice-Patron of the society, Lord De

Dunstanville, about these plans, and added a description of

the accommodation which it was proposed should be included:

"on the street floor a large Laboratory and Housekeeping 17 apartments". After the move to Geological House had been

completed in 1818, Boase wrote to Paris (now in London) with

more details of the new apartments, and stressed the inclusion

of a laboratory (the underlining is his): "Under [the Museum]

are the Newsroom & Laboratory, and beyond them the House-

keeper's rooms... over these [in the Council room] we are to

accommodate the Agricultural Society and the 'Penzance Public 18 Library' instituted two day ago".

There is a possibility that the room originally planned for

use as a laboratory was instead allocated at some stage to the

Penzance Library. When the Library moved out of Geological

House in 1827, one of the reasons given was that the dampness 19 of the room was harmful to the books. It seems more likely that damp have been would a problem on the ground floor rather

than in the Council room above. It may also have been found

inconvenient to the share Council room with the Library and the have many people who would had recourse to it. There were direct in no references the society's records after 1818 to the laboratory, use of a although HS Boase made some min-

eralogical analyses of rocks, reported in 1822 in his paper 'On the tin-ore 20 of Botallack and Levant'. The early desire the society to establish laboratory of a provides one line of Page 349 evidence for the RGSC's practical intentions, and more probably those of Paris. The apparent subsequent abandonment of these plans suggests that this idealism was quickly dropped.

The early practical programme of the RGSC also stressed that the mining industry deserved particular attention because of its economic value, as well as the contributions to more theoretical studies which were initially expected from its practitioners. Many of the men in west Cornwall who were concerned about the prosperity of mining)because of their financial investments in the business (see pp. 55-6), had initial hopes that the society might contribute to the future profitability of tin and copper extraction and processing.

The RGSC failed the mining industry however, or at least did not live up to its early promises. The efforts made by the society to assist in discovering new sources of stream tin were not successful (see pp. 234-5), nor did the society put

into practice its intention to collect and preserve mining records, an important requirement of the industry (see p. 118).

Although several members continued to work on problems assoc-

iated with the genesis of mineral ores, no results that could have been in of assistance the search for new deposits were (see forthcoming Section 6). It must also soon have become

clear to mine adventurers that projects such as geological mapping likely were not to be of immediate practical assist- to them. The delays by ance the society in producing any kind have discouraged of map would further financial contributions (see Section 5.3). The method of operating mining ventures,

the cost-book system, gave little encouragement to forward Page 350

investment in mining, or to research that would benefit the 21 industry. The motives of most adventurers were to make immediate profits, and little provision was made for future exploration or development. Such motives would surely also have discouraged more than token contributions to the work of

learned societies like the RGSC.

The RGSC did not commit itself fully to founding a mining

school in Cornwall. It has been shown in Section 4.2.2 that

the efforts made by the society in 1817 were founded mainly on

an attempt to persuade Paris to stay in Penzance, by offering

him a post which would give him more financial security and

status. After the failure of that scheme, no further realis-

tic efforts were made by the society to set up a school for

miners. But it must also be admitted that there was little

encouragement from the mining industry, for the 1817 proposals

fell partly on the grounds that no financial support was

forthcoming from that source, and further attempts, such as

the one made by Sir Charles Lemon in 1839, were unsuccessful 22 for the same reason. Burt argues that the only real imp-

rovements in the education of miners came from the Methodists,

through their support of Sunday schools, moral improvement 23 societies and Mechanics' Institutes. As shown in Section 3.4 there few Methodists were among the members of the RGSC, therefore for the instruction and support of miners was unlik-

ely to have been a priority for most members.

The first volume the of society's Transactions, published in 1818, contained a number of papers with practical advice for Page 351 the industry (see Section 8 and Table 6 (pp. 262-3)). It is not easy to judge how much influence this volume may have had. The cost of the volume (13/-)24 may have been too high for many of the men who might have benefited from the information about the smelting of minerals, or the mining academies in Europe.

This volume was advertised again in the West Briton in 1829, at the reduced price of 10/-, which suggests that these may have been "remainder copies", and that initial sales may have 25 been lower than forecast. The Annual Reports of the Poly-

technic Society, published from 1834, were priced at one 26 shilling, a much lower cost. The sponsorship by the RGSC

of a safety tamping bar and shifting cartridge, which were

described in Volume I of the Transactions, has been discussed

in Section 6, and it has been argued that the needs of miners

were not fully understood, nor did they take much heed of the

efforts made to promote the instruments.

Although this first volume included several papers which were

of practical importance, after about 1818 the type of geol-

ogical information presented to the Penzance society began to

change, becoming more theoretical. This change can be seen by

examining the types of papers printed in the second, third and

fourth volumes of Transactions (see Table 6, and also Section

8). Did the emphasis of study change because of a lack of by interest shown the industry, or was the virtual abandonment

of a practical programme due to Paris's departure from Pen-

there zance, or were other reasons why the emphasis of study in the society changed?

Were mine captains and mine adventurers willing to co-operate Page 352 with the society? The sums of money raised in 1814, for a library and map, would suggest that there was considerable 27 enthusiasm, at least in the initial year of the society. It may also be significant that between February 1814 and the end of 1814, the largest group of men joining the new society came from the business class, in particular the tin smelters (see

Figure 9 (p. 54) and Tables 2a (p. 53) and 8). It appears however that the interest of the industry soon waned. The proportions of members from the different occupational groups

changed after 1814; there were more gentlemen,, and fewer from

the business classes (see Tables 2a (p. 53), 3 (p. 58), 4

(p. 166) and 8, and Figure 17 (p. 168)). It has also been shown

in Section 3 that mine captains, agents, etc, were very un-

likely to have become members.

It has been suggested that commercial secrecy may have prev-

ented the full disclosure of information about valuable min- 28 eral deposits to scientific bodies. However, many geol-

ogists who carried out studies in mines seem to have found

that the opposite was true, for they reported that the miners

had been very co-operative. Richard Thomas the surveyor wrote in 1819: 29

These particulars, with all the others connected with the have been furnished mines, by the managers, agents, cap- intelligent tains, and other miners, who have all been found ready to give every needful information, and to render their in facilitating assistance the progress of the survey.

A very similar statement made by De la Beche has already been (see 165). It is quoted p. of course possible that these com- included plimentary remarks were in order to ensure access to for future mines surveys. However the details given in the

records of some societies suggest that co-operation was freely Page 353

TABLE 8

MEMBERS OF THE RGSC BY OCCUPATION, IN 1815

From a list printed for presentation to the Patron of the Society, the Prince Regent.

(see also Appendix 6, and notes to Table 2a)

OCCUPATION NUMBER PERCENTAGE

Businessmen 41 30

Attorneys 12 9

Medical men 15 11

Gentry 32 23

Clergymen (C of E) 18 13

Naval officers 4 3

Mining professionals 5 4

Miscellaneous 1 <1

Not known 8 6

Total 136 100

Associate members: 3 Page 354 given. The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society found that it was able to obtain assistance from miners, many of whom entered their inventions into its exhibitions to compete for premiums (see Section 6.3 for some examples). RW Fox, in his important paper of 1836, included lengthy details about min- 3 0 eral veins, which had been given to him by mines captains.

John Hawkins had quoted the sources from whom he had been able 31 to garner details of mines and their geological features.

It was also suggested that Joseph Carne acquired much of his knowledge of minerals and mineral veins as a result of the regular visits that he made to the mines of the St Just area 32 of Cornwall. Both Fox and Henwood were able to include plates giving details of the locations of metalliferous lodes 33 in their papers. These examples suggest that commercial

secrecy was not a serious problem in Cornwall for those who

wanted to study and record geological information. This may

have been because mineral lodes have a much smaller geograph-

ical extent than coal seams; disclosure of information about

one lode might not necessarily give clues to the location of

another, whereas the nature of coals means that the same seam

can be found within similar sediments over a wide area.

One explanation for the withdrawal of support by the mining

community may be that mine adventurers were either doubtful

about the benefits that science could provide, or were ignor-

ant of them. Few professional mining men had had formal in 34 training science. Joseph Carne argued that lodes in had been lost mines which were much more commonly found again

using precedent and experience, than by using the principles 35 of geology. A statement made by a mining engineer in 1844, Page 355

that "of all speculative employments, mining has been, and continues to be, for want of a well-founded principle, the most uncertain" remained true for much of the nineteenth 36 century.

John Taylor, one of the few mining entrepreneurs in the

Geological Society of London, was to state in 1837 that mining 37 had not benefited in any way from geology. He wrote:

I do not ]plow of any striking improvements in mining, which may be said to have been derived from the progress that geological science has made in later years; indeed, hitherto geology has rather been indebted to mining, than mining to geology;

In a paper about a proposed mining school, first published in

1824,38 Taylor argued that mathematics, surveying and engin-

eering were more important skills for the students than miner- 39 alogy and geology. A handbook for miners by J Budge, pub-

lished in 1825 in Plymouth, dealt in detail with assaying and

surveying, and also with simple problems in mathematics, but 40 included nothing which could be described as geology.

Hughes argues that few improvements were made in lead mining

in Northumberland between 1700 and 1850, apart from "a few 41 techniques for underground haulage by rail and pony". It is

not unexpected therefore that support for the RGSC from mining

entrepreneurs soon waned.

by The RGSC was no means the only society to fail to achieve industry. good relationships with The geological societies founded in (1831) Dublin and Edinburgh (1834) were "indif- ferent to 42 economic geology". Porter argues that when a "geological distinctive community" in England emerged after Page 356

1820,43 its members came almost entirely from the Geological

Society of London, which was not a forum for mining professionals. Shapin has described how the Pottery Philosophical

Society became an adult education institute for the middle classes, whereas the needs of the artisans employed in the 44 local potteries were neglected.

Some other scientific societies were however more successful

in gaining the support of local industries. The early York-

shire Geological Society received a considerable number of 45 contributions from mine managers and iron masters. The RCPS

tried hard to gain the support and interest of the mining

community in Cornwall. Copies of its Annual Reports were

widely distributed by the Committee; in 1836, the list of

organisations to which it was agreed they should be sent 46 included the names of 51 mines in Cornwall and Devon. The

premiums which were to be awarded by the society for inven-

tions, etc, were advertised in the Mining Journal and the 47 Mechanics' Magazine, as well as in local newspapers. Pear-

son argues that the society did do much to stimulate local 48 inventors and to assist the mining industry. The Proceed-

ings of the Manchester Geological Society contained many pap-

ers relevant to the needs of the coal industry, including the 49 details of patents applicable to mining. This society

seems to have served as a forum for the reception and trans-

mission of practical information during most of the 19th it century, although did go through a period of difficulty in 1850's, "proposals the- when were made to close its exis- 50 tence". Page 357

It has been argued in earlier Sections that one of the more important reasons for the original formation of the Penzance

Geological Society was to fill a cultural vacuum in a small, isolated, provincial town. For a time, the RGSC was the only institution which could occupy this position. It had therefore to cater for those who patronised it for its cultural as well as its utilitarian functions. When the Penzance Library was opened in 1818, its services were limited and, although valuable, did not close the gap in cultural needs. The Lib- rary had however a membership which was very similar to that of the Penzance contingent of the RGSC, suggesting that literary provision was important to these people. The Library's first President was Sir Rose Price, and the other officers included Henry Boase (Treasurer), the Rev CV Le Grice (Sec- retary), and Dr John Forbes (Librarian), all also members of 51 the Geological Society.

By the 1830's other institutions had been set up in Penzance

and elsewhere in Cornwall, which could provide wider alter-

native sources of cultural activity. The Penzance Literary

and Philosophical Institution (sometimes described as the

Penzance Institution for Promoting Useful Knowledge) had been

founded in 1831,52 and the Penzance Mechanics' Institution in 1834.53 its Despite name, the latter society seems to have had list lecturers a very similar of to those of the Lit and the RGSC. (The Phil and only remaining records of these two institutions the are reports carried by the Cornish weekly

newspapers, so membership lists are not available. ) Both HS Henwood Boase; and were among the lecturers at the, Penzance Lit

Phil, as were other RGSC, 5 4 and members. Although neither the Page 358

Lit and Phil, nor the Mechanics' Institution, were active for very long, the reason given for their demise was a shortage of 55 lecturers, not a shortage of members.

56 In 1839, a Harmonic Society was established in Penzance, 57 and a Natural History Society was formed in the same year.

Joseph Carne became President of the latter society, Henwood was appointed its secretary, and there were other similarities 58 with the membership of the RGSC. Other towns in Cornwall had also seen the establishment of Lit and Phils or Mechanics'

Institutes at about the same period, including St Day, near

Redruth (1828), Camborne (1833), Marazion (1836), and St Just

(1843). 59

The creation of other institutions may partially account for

the declining membership of the RGSC in the 1830's and 1840's

(see Figure 8 (p. 51)), but it does not explain why the orig-

inal practical programme of the society was diluted. The

Geological Society did not entirely abandon its practical

programme, as the papers on stream tin (see pp. 199-201), and

the work on locating mineral veins done by Henwood in his

survey of mines indicate, but less interest was shown in these

and similar studies, and the theoretical implications of the important studies were as as the practical ones. Nevertheless it be logical would more to expect that once alternative intellectual sources of diversion had become available, the RGSC- have should reverted more completely to its original intentions. however If by this time the mining industry'and

associated it enterprises with had-ceased to regard the society an appropriate body to help its. as solve -problems, as has - Page 359

been argued above, then those members who had connections with the industry would have been unlikely vigorously to promote a return to the original pattern of study. By the middle of the

1830's, the original utilitarian role of the RGSC had also been usurped to some extent by the Polytechnic Society (see

Sections 3,6 and 7).

Some other provincial and metropolitan societies experienced

similar metamorphoses. In Newcastle the majority of members

of the Lit and Phil had shown little interest in the programme

of practical study advocated by the Rev William Turner, and 60 stressed instead the importance of their library. The York-

shire Geological Society was also practically motivated in its

early years, but became less so with time, as the membership 61 changed. The Geological Society of London had members in

its formative years who would have wished for a more practical

programme, but whose ideas were swamped by the majority who 62 supported more academic studies. It has also been argued

that after about 1840 provincial science in general began to 63 "mutate", tending more towards popular entertainment.

9.2 The Officers and Council of the RGSC

The various secretaries of the RGSC were the most important

individuals concerned with the evolution of the society, the

its organisation of meetings and the formation of its pol- including icies, utilitarianism. The ideas of the Presidents,

the of the Council its work and of some of key members, were

also relevant. The geological aspects of the work of some of Page 360

these men has been examined in the previous section, but it is also necessary to look at other aspects of their contributions

to the society.

The first secretary, Paris, was a man with considerable tal-

ent. His career in medicine, both before his arrival in Pen-

zance and after his return to London makes this clear, as does 64 his list of publications (see p. 392). He was also ambitious

and energetic. Within six months of his arrival in Penzance

he had become involved in the promotion of sea water baths for

the benefit of invalids, mainly the private patients who, he 65 hoped, would come to the town. Within two years of his

arrival he had written, and had published, a Guide to the

Mount's Bay, promoting the area for its healthy environment,

and the various provisions for cultural diversion, especially 66 the geology. He also took the opportunity to promote the 67 Geological Society in the book. Paris was only 29 at the

time of the foundation of the RGSC, one of its youngest mem-

bers. It seems likely that a major reason for his involvement

in in a new scientific society Penzance was to further his own by bringing his career, name to the attention of the public;

his geological interests were of lesser importance. Neverthe-

less he the served society well, doing what he could to pro- its interests, mote since these tended to coincide with his He himself own. also concerned with the future of his cre- he had left ation after Cornwall, revisiting Penzance for the Anniversary meetings of the RGSC on at least two occasions, in 68 1830 and 1844. Page 361

It is possible that Paris was partly responsible for the practical programme of the early RGSC, and that his departure hastened the change in its policies. It is not easy to establish why he should have been a proponent of utilitarianism, or even if he genuinely desired the ends which he proposed. Some

of the material available, including his speech at the foun-

ding meeting of the society (see pp. 32,87), and his 'Preface'

to Volume I of the Transactions (see p. 87), seems to have been

largely rhetorical, and was probably designed to impress his

audience. It is likely that Paris would have hoped to attract

the attention of the Cornish mineral lords, mine adventurers,

and others with financial stakes in mines to the new society,

to enhance his own status and that of the new institution, and

that he considered appeals to practical matters to be the best

method of achieving this.

On the other hand, two out of his three papers in Volume

I were almost entirely practical. One of them, on the safety

instruments, was partially inspired by an urge to promote the

new society, as has been argued in Section 7; however, this

explains only why Paris continued to press for the use of the instruments, but does not answer the question why he supported in the project the first place. It does however seem possible

that his utilitarian approach was responsible. His third 'On the paper, geological structure of Cornwall' was also

intended to be useful, being about soils and their different

agricultural properties. Paris's first paper in the volume, 'On recent formation a of sandstone... ', was mainly concerned the formation with of these sands, but even here he included 69 some practical advice: Page 362

By discovering the phenomena which attend the formation of rocks, we may be led to the improvement of the different cements...

Paris was also the author of a report on 'the nature and quantity of the different rocks and clays exported from the county of Cornwall', published in part as an 'Extract from the

Minute Book' at the end of Volume 1.70 The titles of papers read to the RGSC by Paris, but not published, can be found in the first Minute Book. These included: 'On a new system of geology', read in several parts in 1815 and 1816, 'On the different tests for the discovery of the presence of arsenic' read on 23rd May 1817 (see also pp. 97-8), and 'On the discovery of large quantities of Gregorite at Lanarth', also read in 1817.1 7

Paris may have been introduced to utilitarian ideas when he was studying in Edinburgh, for the Scottish universities encouraged the development of the practical applications of 72 science. One major problem faced by Paris was his low income, and this may explain why he was attracted to these

ideas, which were more sympathetic to economic gain than was for its science studied own sake. It appears that he had no

private money, for when he was a student at Cambridge, he had been "studentship 73 awarded a in physic for poor students". therefore have had He would to rely on the fees that he could from his make private practice, for no salary was attached to the to the post of physician Dispensary. It is possible that he was., considering leaving Penzance as early as 1815, and although reason for this be found, -no,. can his. low income seems a valid reason. Page 363

A suggestion, that John Davy, Sir Humphry's younger brother, might take the post of Dispensary physician, was included in a

letter that Sir Humphry wrote to his sister Betty, in June 74 1815; he proposed that John might take over when Paris left.

Sir Humphry mentioned this again in rather guarded terms to

Henry Boase in July 1815, shortly after meeting Paris in

London: "I have not yet hinted at what you were so kind as to

mention to my sisters as Dr Paris' plans did not appear mat- 75 ured". The efforts made by Sir Rose Price, Henry Boase and

others, in 1817, to keep Paris in Penzance by creating a prof-

essorship in mineralogy attached to the Geological Society

have been discussed above, and it has been proposed that the

salary which would have been paid to the professor would have

been a considerable attraction. When Paris left Penzance, he

was able to demonstrate very quickly that his income had been

enhanced by his move to London (see p. 101).

The replacement for Paris, John Forbes, was most probably a

good physician first, and then a geologist (see Section 7.2).

in He may have been poor health while in Penzance, which might

have affected his performance as secretary, for, if the upkeep is of the minute book a fair guide, he was a less conscientious holder that of post than Paris. The absence of other

records, such a letter book, meant that the minute book is the 76 He did however only evidence. contribute several papers to (see the society's Transactions Sections 5.3 and 7.2). Forbes

had other interests, he had also which pursued before arriving in' Penzance, he and which was able to continue while living there'. '" one of these, meteorology, he shared in common with Page 364

77 the Giddy's, Thomas and his son Edward Collins. Forbes used the records kept by the Giddy's in his Observations on the climate of Penzance..., published in 1821.78 His other impor-

tant interest was in diseases of the chest (this has been

discussed above in Section 7.2). He also became the librarian

of the Penzance Library in 1818. Like Paris, Forbes also

found that the income from his practice was low; he had mar-

ried in 1820, and in 1822, when offered a more lucrative prac- 79 tice in Chichester, he left Penzance.

It was during Forbes' period of office that there began to be

a significant decline in the activities of the society,

although even as early as 1816, there had begun to be problems

in maintaining a full programme (see above). By 1820, the

policy of abandoning all but the Anniversary Meetings had been

informally adopted; there are no records which suggest that

this policy had been formally determined on by either the

Council or by the general membership.

The RGSC did not try to recruit outsiders as secretaries after

Forbes had left, not did the Governors of the Dispensary seek

a new physician from elsewhere. It is possible that the short

periods spent in Penzance by Paris and Forbes acted as a

discouragement. There were however two local candidates, HS

Boase and TF Barham, both of whom were appointed as joint

physicians to the Dispensary, and HS Boase also became the

the Geological secretary of Society. As Henry Boase was a local prominent man who served on the Board of Governors of the Dispensary Treasurer and was of the RGSC, nepotism may Page 365 have been a factor when HS Boase was selected. In a caut-

iously worded letter to Henry Boase, Forbes had expressed some doubt about the appointment of the young man to the Dispen- 80 sary, as he believed that he had still to settle down. His

warning was probably fair, as Boase soon gave up his medical 81 practice, finding it "very uncongenial".

Boase was very young, only 23, when he became secretary of the

RGSC, and must have lacked both the experience and the status

to cope with such a position. Few records were kept in the

Minute Book, and the activities of the society were unadven-

turous. (It has been suggested by some current members of the

RGSC that an entire minute book is missing from the society's

records. Because of the irregular nature of the entries in

the first Minute Book from about 1822 onwards, it seems more

probable that poor record keeping was to blame, and that no

book is missing. From before the time of Forbes's resign-

ation, the first Minute Book contained many gaps. There were

no records of meetings held in the years 1824 to 1826, nor for

1828 to 1832, nor 1835 to 1837. Because these gaps do not

correspond to the period of office of any one of the secret-

aries in post in those years, and because a few records of

meetings were made (in 1827,1833 and 1838), the suggestion

that a minute book may have been lost seems a less likely

explanation than inefficiency. There is a possibility that

there may have been another minute book, used between about 1856, because 1844 and there are no manuscripts which cover these The years. second Minute Book was opened in 1856, and

was labelled as No. 2. ) Page 366

When Boase resigned his post of secretary in 1827, he stated that he had wanted to give up on previous occasions, but had been persuaded not to do so, but there are no relevant re- 82 cords. He had however previously changed his mind about his aims in life. A series of letters written between 1815 and 1817 to his father, from John Davy and his cousin Edmund (Professor of Chemistry at the Cork Institute), shows that

Boase had intended initially to follow chemistry, but while studying in Cork under Edmund Davy's supervision, had changed 83 his mind and gone to Edinburgh to pursue medicine. He gave up that profession for ever in 1826 when he resigned from the 84 Penzance Dispensary. He then became involved in the family banking business, and as eldest son, took over his father's interests on his death in 1827.

TF Barham, also a local man, and until 1826, joint physician with HS Boase at the Dispensary, took the post of RGSC secretary for one year in 1827. He then left Penzance for an- 85 other medical post in Exeter. EC Giddy was appointed to succeed Barham, and held the post between 1828 and 1833. He local was a surgeon, and cousin of Davies Gilbert. He already held the to post of curator the RGSC, and was described after his death "a 86 as good. practical mineralogist". He wrote for the only one paper society, on archaeology, 'On two sepul- lately found... 87 chral urns, '; he also kept meteorological between 1821 records and 1832, continuing the tradition begun by his father in 1807.88

Boase was re-appointed as secretary to the RGSC in 1833, after Page 367 the death of EC Giddy, perhaps because there was no alternative candidate. By that time however he had finished his survey of Cornwall with its geological map of the county, so he may have had more time in which to take over again the work for the society. He remained in the post until he left Pen- zance in 1837, going initially to London, and working there as 89 an itinerant lecturer. He finally went to Dundee to work in a bleaching and chemical business in which his family had a 90 financial interest.

Neither Boase, nor Barham, nor Giddy gave inspired leadership

to the RGSC, and the membership began to decline (see Figure

8 (p. 51)), as did local interest in the progress of the soc-

iety. There were fewer newspaper reports of its activities,

and the lists of those present at Annual Meetings were shorter 91 than in previous years. Fewer of the county gentry seem to

have made an effort to attend, for names which had appeared in

earlier newspaper reports of meetings were absent in the

1830's. Only the meeting held in 1836 was an exception, for

it was attended by De la Beche and the Rev William Buckland,

who had come from the meeting of the British Association at

Bristol, and special efforts were made to ensure a good atten-

dance. An advertisement had been placed in the two Truro

newspapers advising members that "several distinguished scien- 92 tific visitors are expected". Competition from the RCPS

must also have been a factor in the declining interest in the

Geological Society, for the Polytechnic Society meetings, held the time its at same as annual exhibition, began to attract

more scientific personalities than those of the RGSC. in 1839

De la Beche and Buckland were again in Cornwall at the RCPS Page 368

meeting in Falmouth, where De la Beche put his map of the county on display, and Buckland gave an address on the "geol- 93 ogy of Cornwall". Neither of these geologists had been 94 present at the RGSC meeting held the previous week.

In 1837 WJ Henwood was appointed as secretary, initially only 95 in an acting capacity. It is possible that he was given the post only because no other more suitable person could be

found. His status, as a former clerk in an iron foundry, must

surely have made him a reluctant choice; he had referred to

this, and to the shortage of other suitable candidates when he 96 had been made curator, in a letter to John Hawkins in 1833:

The other active members of the Society, are in office, and there is no one about here besides who has done anything for its interests; but I fear it may be considered too pre- sumptuous for a person of my situation in life to aspire to the office.

Henwood held the post of secretary jointly with that of cura-

tor until 1841, when he resigned both positions. He can

almost be considered as a salaried official of the society,

although he received no direct payment from the RGSC. The

part played by the society in obtaining for Henwood a post

with the Duchy of. Cornwall has already been described (see

pp. 230-1), and it has been suggested that this had been done

income to allow him an and time in which to look after the af-

fairs of the society, and to continue with his work on the

survey of mines. The RCPS was the only society in Cornwall to

have a salaried official at this time (Lovell Squire), but he

held the post as Assistant to the Honorary Secretary, Richard 97 Taylor. Henwood's personality with his apparent short tem- Page 36c/

per, and his prolonged dispute with the Duchy (see p. 395), cannot have been a good advertisement for the RGSC. Although at this period the Duchy was not held in the highest regard in

Cornwall, for it was resented for taking income from the tin 98 mines in the form of dues, and as an absentee landlord, it cannot have improved the reputation of the society when one of its officers became involved in a dispute with such a body.

In its first 25 years, the RGSC had six different secretaries.

Several of the provincial societies discussed in Section 3 did not have such a rapid turnover; for example WM Tweedy held the post at the RIC in Truro from its foundation in 1818 until

1856,99 and the Rev William Turner served the Newcastle Lit and Phil from its foundation until 1833.100 The many changes

in the administration of the RGSC would have meant that there would have not have been continuity of policy, for the instit-

ution did not have a president who was capable of giving firm

leadership either (see below). The argument that changes of

officers might have brought fresh blood into the society would

be valid only if the new men had been capable of better lead-

ership than was the case. John Hawkins had noted in 1833, in

connection with the omission of two of his papers from the

Transactions (see 158), that p. the affairs of the society were 101 being conducted in a most unsatisfactory manner:

There is such an appearance of relaxed government or rather want of in the a government affairs of this Society, that - for I my own part am resolved not to expose myself to any far- ther mortifications of this sort.

The ",following months, Hawkins < .had written to Henwood;. about the same " "how, is it - °matter, -asking:, that we,. have as a body no

t-. -_- ___. s4_ -- -¬ *--F Page 370 internal laws or rules for the better regulation of our pro- 102 ceedings? ".

In contrast to the many changes in secretary, the RGSC had only one President in its first 25 years. Davies Gilbert held the office from February 1814 until his death, late in 1839.

It might have been supposed that his presence could have brought continuity to the society's affairs. It is true that he was most conscientious about attending the society when in

Cornwall, and he never missed an Anniversary Meeting. He did not however give the RGSC much inspiration in its geological work (see Section 8). He could lend status to the institution, for as a prominent member of the Royal Society, and for three years its President, he was well known among men of science.

He may not however have been capable of giving real leadership

to either the Royal Society or the RGSC; an obituary in the

Penzance Gazette gave a contemporary opinion of his abil-

ities: 103

In private life he was an amiable and excellent man, but was exceedingly deficient in moral courage, and on this account totally unfit to manage the turbulent spirit of the Royal Society; this failing was that of being always of the opinion of the last speaker, a defect, however, which was more than counter-balanced by his benevolence and goodness of heart.

During Gilbert's life there was never any question of re-

placing him, for he was always re-elected unopposed. The same

was true for his successor Sir Charles Lemon, who held the from 1840 office until his retirement on the grounds of poor

health in 1857.104 Lemon's allegiances to the Geological

however diluted, Society were partly because of his other interests (see Section scientific 8), but also because he was time at the same president of the RCPS (1833-67), and of the Page 371

RIC (1830-57). As discussed above, he had provided firmer

leadership and geological guidance for members than had Gil- bert.

The Council of the RGSC does not appear to have been of much

importance in determining the society's programme of work. It

was composed of the President, the four Vice Presidents, the

officers and ten other members. All these men were re-elected

annually, and it was customary for the Vice-Presidents and

most of the members of Council to be changed each year. Mem-

bership of the Council seems to have been regarded either as

an alternative to honorary membership, or as a way of invol-

ving local businessmen in the society's affairs. The rules

of the RGSC made it a condition that honorary members should

live outside Cornwall; therefore local gentlemen could be

elected as Vice-Presidents if the society decided that they

deserved recognition. In 1821, for example, the Vice Pres-

idents were Sir Christopher Hawkins, Sir Richard Hussey 105 Vivian, JH Tremayne and HP Tremenheere. There were in

addition always two or three Penzance merchants, bankers or

smelters on the Council.

In 1821, the members of Council were Joseph Carne (banker and

smelter), RW Fox, Thomas Giddy (Penzance surgeon), Rose Price (gentleman), jun. Rev Wm Veale of Trevaylor near Penzance, W

Bolitho (a Penzance smelter and banker), HM Grylls (a banker

from Helston), and attorney and two other local gentlemen, 106 Samuel Stephens and John Paynter. Only a few of the Coun- to have been cil members seem active in the affairs of the Page 372 society. Of those who served in 1821, only Hawkins, Carne and

Fox contributed to the society's work. Sometimes men were elected who could not have attended meetings of the Council:

for example, John Hawkins was a Vice-President in 1818, a year 107 in which he did not visit Cornwall. William Rashleigh was

a Vice-President in 1815,1818, and 1822, yet there is no

evidence in his correspondence, or in newspaper reports, that 108 he ever attended a meeting of the society. In 1826 John

Guillemard, Davies Gilbert's brother-in-law, attended the

Anniversary Meeting as a visitor, and was elected a member of 109 Council, yet he was never resident in Cornwall.

The Minute Book of the Council contained many gaps, and no

regular records were kept in this volume of ter 1817. Some

entries for meetings of the Council were included in Minute

Book No. 1 after 1817, apparently made when these were part-

icularly important: for example, the meeting held in January

1842, at which the dispute between Henwood and RW Fox was 110 discussed (see p. 220). It is certain that Council meetings

were held at least once a year, for advertisements for Anni-

versary Meetings of the society usually included the inform-

ation that a meeting of the Council would be held in the hour

before the began, but main meeting no records of these remain. An. to that explanation similar given for the poor records of (see 365) be other meetings p. must the most probable explanation for the gaps.

''ý Page 373

It may be more appropriate to look at an "inner circle" of men who were actively concerned with the affairs of the RGSC.

Several of them served as officers: examples were Henry

Boase, treasurer until his death in 1827, and his successor,

Joseph Carne, who held the post until 1858. Sir Rose Price,

Ashhurst Majendie and the Rev John Rogers were also active

participants. The secretaries of the society should also be

included in this "inner circle". It is not possible to estab-

lish any common link between these men other than their desire

to contribute to the organisation of the society. Few of them

had an overriding concern with the progress of science, and it

seems more probable that the reasons for their involvement in

the society's affairs were to perpetuate a social group, and

perhaps to enhance their own social standing in the local

community.

Henry Boase had no illusions about the worth of his own con-

tributions to the geological work of the society. He wrote to 111 Edmund Davy in 1818:

Dont [sic] mistake in observing my name in the list of papers [in the Annual Report] & suppose I am dabbling in Geology. It is too late in life for me to begin. My com- munications now, as formerly, are only little playful inter- ludes to releive [sic] the reading of long and scientific Dissertations.

his His suggestion that contributions were made to relieve implies tedium at meetings that he derived more pleasure from the the social activities of society, and believed that many

of the others who attended shared his opinions. He did how- leading in ever play a role the administration of the RGSC,

for he could use his business in skills this capacity. It was he who negotiated the for contract the conversion of N o. 10 Page 374

112 North Parade for the society. He also frequently chaired its meetings; his name appeared in the early minutes in this capacity more often than that any other man. In the first year of the RGSC's existence, he was named as chairman on eight occasions out of a total of 17 meetings held in that period.

Ashhurst Majendie's role in the formation of the RGSC, and

some of his geological contributions, have already been described (see p. 30). He was a member of the RGSC Council in

1814, and 1815.113 After his departure- from Penzance, he

seems to have done little else for the society, although he was made an honorary member, and remained as such until his

death in 1867. He possibly regarded his participation in the

formation of the society mainly as an entertainment designed

to relieve the tedium of staying in an isolated area of the

country, rather than a genuine involvement in the initiation

of an institution which was intended to have important con-

sequences for geology. The part played by Sir Rose Price in

promoting the safety instruments for miners has been discussed

in Section'7; he was also a Vice-President on six occasions

between 1814 and 1830. He did not however make any geological

contributions. As a nouveau riche gentleman, for his wealth derived from was West Indian estates and his baronetcy awarded in (see only 1814 p. 282, footnote 3), he may have hoped to

gain additional status from his involvement with the RGSC.

It is difficult to more establish the importance of Joseph Carne. It has been not possible to locate any of his corres- other than few letters pondence, a in other collections. He to the was elected society's Council in every single year from Page 375

its foundation, until he became Treasurer in 1827, after which he served ex officio. He was the only individual, apart from the other officers, to be regarded as a permanent member of

Council. It is also known that Carne edited the second volume 114 of the society's Transactions, and he was most probably the

editor of the third as well, although it has not been possible

to confirm this. He also started the task of editing the

fourth volume, but was forced to hand over the responsibility,

when the serious illness of his only son became a more impor- 115 tant concern. It is likely that he encouraged WJ Henwood

in his work, for it was Carne who wrote to John Hawkins in

1830, suggesting that the survey of mines proposed by the 116 young man should be sponsored. Carne also contributed

many papers to the society, several of which have been dis-

cussed in earlier pages. As well as his work for the RGSC as

Treasurer from 1827, Carne was very much involved with the

Penzance Library, for he became its President in 1834, and is

said to have devoted "much of his time to this labour of 117 love". When, after 1839, his time was also to be in demand (see by the Penzance Natural History Society above), he must

have had to restrict his contributions to the Geological

Society. His business as a banker would also have limited the

time he could devote to the society's affairs.

The Rev John Rogers Mawnan, of near Falmouth, became a member the RGSC in September 1814.118 (He of was made a Canon of

Exeter in 1820.119) He was described in DNB as chiefly a Hebrew Syriac and scholar, but he also made contributions to geology, for he had four papers published in the RGSC Trans- Page 376 actions, on the serpentine of Cornwall, and the Veryan limestone, and read several others which were not published 0120

He also corresponded with a number of men of science about the geology of his local area, including Sedgwick, De la Becher 121 Greenough, and John Phillips. He attended regularly at meetings of the RGSC, for his name appeared frequently in newspaper reports, and he often served as either a Vice- 122 President or member of Council. It is not possible however to find out precisely how much he did to assist the affairs of the society, for the only remaining correspondence is an

autograph collection, which is inevitably defective. Two

letters in this collection, however, from Paris and Majendie

(see pp. 44-5,101), suggest that he was actively concerned 123 about the institution's progress.

EC Giddy (Assistant Secretary from 1815-17, and Curator from

1818-1833) also would have been a part of the "inner circle".

Other men who were regularly re-appointed to the Council

included Stephen Davey (an attorney from the mining area of 124 Redruth), WM Tweedy (the Secretary of the RIC), William

Reynolds (Lord De Dunstanville's steward), and Michael Wil- (of 125 liams the Scorrier family). The only one of these men

to contribute substantially to the geology of the society was

WM Tweedy, for he was among those who had undertaken to "lay

down the geology" of their district on the geological map of begun in (see the county, 1829 p. 152); he also read a number 12 of papers, the first in 1839.6

this Information about active nucleus of men is scanty, but it that seems probable at any one time, not more than about six Page 377

or seven members were concerned in managing the society during

this early period. One fact does seem to stand out however,

that of those members of the "inner circle" who can clearly be

identified, only Carne (and possibly Stephen Davey) had any

real interests in the business of mining. This may be more

evidence in favour of the argument that the social side of the

activities of the society was the most important.

One possible example of the workings of this "inner circle"

may be found in the discussions which took place in 1817 to

try to set up a professorship for Paris (see Section 4.2.2).

It seems probable that the proposals which were presented to

the Council in February 1817 had been sorted out in consider-

able detail beforehand, and that Henry Boase and Sir Rose

Price were the leading activists. There is little evidence

however about the involvement of other members, although the Rev John Rogers and Majendie did discuss the issue, in a

letter already quoted, from Majendie to Rogers (see p. 101).

Another "inner example of circle" activity may be seen in in May 1817, events which arose when there were problems with

the society's current landlord, for he demanded that he be increased paid an rent. Henry Boase advised members that it be to would preferable seek new accommodation, rather than agree to the increased 127 charges. It appears that considerable discussion had taken place about how the society should be housed in the future, although the alternatives were not raised at meetings of the Council, nor of the full society. Boase eventually reported to the society that he had Page 378 been in consultation with two builders, both of whom were involved in building houses for rental, and each was prepared to allow the society to take out a rental contract on one of 128 the properties in the course of construction. Paris however appears to have preferred that the society should build its own premises. Henry Boase wrote to Lord De Dunstanville in may 1817 describing the problems with the society's landlord, and the plans to rent a house which would be adapted for the use of the RGSC. He gave details of the proposed rental 129 terms, and then continued:

Dr P. does not concur in this, first because our Patrons had not been consulted; and especially because he expects means of erecting a more splendid establishment.

The "means" expected by Paris were apparently the funds which would come to the society once the proposed professorship was 130 established. When this plan failed, Boase's cautious ideas

about rental prevailed over Paris's more ambitious ones.

Figure 21 shows, in diagrammatic form, the relationship between the "inner circle", the officers, the Council and other

members and supporters of the RGSC, for the period from the

foundation of the society until the death of Henry Boase. The

Figure shows the size of each group only roughly, and no

absolute scale is intended; it is probable that the numbers in

each group fluctuated with time. The "inner circle" is shown larger at the centre of a group of regular supporters, which

is in turn enclosed within a larger circle of occasional

supporters, those who might have attended meetings when there to draw was a special attraction them, such as the presence of distinguished a visitor. Not all of the occasional supporters

were necessarily members, for this group included the "ladies" 37?

FIGURE 21

" elite visitors

contributors ""

of papers etc /\

0c ," Council e

" 'Inner circle' "i

"" regular supporters

occasional supporters "

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SUPPORT FOR

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL

(see pages 373 - 380)

vý{ Page 380 who came to Anniversary Meetings. The group labelled "officers" overlaps only partially the "inner circle", since some of the officers, especially the librarians and assistant secretaries, appear not to have become involved in the internal politics of the society to the same extent as the inner group.

In a similar way, as suggested above, only some members of the

Council were part of the "inner circle". Those members who contributed papers came from a larger section of the society's membership, and occasionally from outside it. Within the

largest circle is shown a small group of "elite visitors",

representing men such as Sedgwick, Buckland and De la Beche,

who made occasional visits to Anniversary Meetings, and who

were elected as honorary members; this group is shown over-

lapping slightly with that of the contributors of papers,

intended to demonstrate that these visitors sometimes addres-

sed the meetings (see for example p. 84). One group which has

not been represented on the diagram is that of those members

who had financial interests in mining. So many of them were

involved in the industry, directly as adventurers or share-

holders, or indirectly as bankers, merchants or smelters (see it Section 3.2), that would have been necessary to use most of

the area on the diagram to represent them.

The "inner circle" appears to have dissolved after the death in of Henry Boase 1827, to be replaced eventually by a caucus

of two men, HS Boase and Henwood. Sir Rose Price had by this

time withdrawn from public life (see p. 260), and Joseph Carne had become apparently more preoccupied with his business and

family affairs, and with the Penzance Library (see p. 237). Page 381

The relationship between Boase and Henwood is not easy to establish, for no correspondence between them has been loc- ated; it is likely that they met together at regular intervals, especially after 1834, when Boase became secretary and

Henwood, curator. In their papers, each gave credit to the other, for they were working on complementary projects: Boase

on his map and the surface geology of Cornwall, and Henwood on

his underground survey of the mines (see Sections 5.3 and

6.5). When Boase had incurred the anger of John Hawkins in

1832 (see Section 5.3), it was Henwood who wrote to Hawkins

attempting to obtain forgiveness for his friend, writing: "I 131 can from frequent conversations speak of his sorrow". In

1837, Henwood again wrote to Hawkins on Boase's behalf, this

time asking Hawkins to use his influence to support Boase in

an application for the Chair of Chemistry at London Univer- 132 sity. When Henwood died in 1875, the only individual

remembered in his will, apart from his sisters, was HS Boase;

he was bequeathed a sum of money to buy a mourning ring, and 133 was described as "my old dear and kind friend".

friendship Whether this operated to the advantage of the

Geological Society is doubtful. Boase's paper describing the

Cornwall, his geology of and map, met with considerable criticism (see Section 5.3). nationally Henwood's career in geol-

ogy began in a spectacular manner, but as had been described

in Section 6.4 6.5, he and was unable to maintain this reput- by his delays in ation, and publishing his survey, brought

upon the society criticism as well. Records of the papers read at meetings of the RGSC in the 1830's show that Boase and Page 382

Henwood were the dominant contributors, and it is possible

that they favoured each other's contributions to the exclusion

of others. In the years between 1834 and 1837, a total of 31

papers was read; of these, more than half were by Boase (8) 134 and Henwood (10). Joseph Carne was the author of three 135 papers, and two were contributed by RW Fox. Alternative

explanations may be either that it was becoming more difficult

to persuade people to contribute material to meetings, or that

the inept administration of the society's affairs by Boase and

Henwood deterred other authors. It is not possible to judge

which is the more probable of these explanations, because of

the paucity of records for this period, but it is likely that

the truth lies somewhere between them all.

After the departure of HS Boase for London in 1837, Henwood

was left on his own to look after the society, with only

Joseph Carne as Treasurer to support or control his activ-

ities. (Richard Hocking, the Librarian, does not appear to

in have taken any active part the affairs of the society, and

Davies Gilbert only rarely visited Penzance in the final years

of his life. )

that The picture emerges, when the work of the officers and

Council of the society is examined, is one of increasing

difficulty of maintaining the impetus with which the RGSC had

been started. The society was not alone in experiencing these

it was problems; a common pattern among provincial and some institutions. metropolitan The RGSC was also having to face

competition from other institutions in Cornwall. Two of the RIC the these, and RCPS, claimed equal status with the Page 383

Geological Society, and the relationships that developed between these three societies are relevant to the history of the

Penzance society.

8.3 Relationships with other Cornish societies

Throughout this thesis, comparisons have been made with societies similar to the RGSC. Of these, the closest geographic- ally, and in terms of their membership, were the two major

Cornish learned societies, the Royal Institution of Cornwall at Truro, and the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society at Fal- mouth. It is possible to consider the three institutions as a group, not unlike the situations found in certain towns elsewhere in the country, where two or more contrasting institutions had been formed. There appear to be some similarities with the development of societies in Newcastle and Manchester: the Lit and Phil and Geological Societies in Manchester, and the Lit and Phil and Natural History Societies in Newcastle.

These societies, and the Cornish ones, experienced fluctua-

in their 136 but tions popularity, the Cornish societies, per- because haps they were established in different towns, were less successful in developing co-operative relationships. In

Manchester and Newcastle, the Geological and Natural History had been 137 Societies offshoots from parent Lit and Phils. They had been formed when a need for more specialist organisa- had become tions apparent. In Cornwall however, the specialist the RGSC, came first, society, and the later foundations were intended to meet wider needs. The Lit and Phil in Truro, set four the Geological up years after Society, was most probably Page 384 formed at least partly in imitation of the Penzance society, for reasons of civic pride. The citizens of Truro would not however have desired an exact copy of the Penzance society, for there would not have been room for two geological societies in the same county, not would they have wished to have been accused of copying; the wider agenda associated with Lit and Phils would also have given the new institution greater

scope for more diverse activities. The Polytechnic Society was founded in 1833 at a time when the programmes of both the

other major Cornish societies were at a low point, and the

RGSC had, in effect, relinquished any plans to assist with the 138 problems of the mining industry.

Relations between the three Cornish institutions were never

very easy; one attempt to form closer links between them was

made in the 1840's and it has already been shown that it was (see not successful Section 3). In 1892 a similar plan was

proposed: that the RGSC, the RIC and the RCPS, and the Mining

Association and Institute of Cornwall (founded in 1860), 139 would meet together annually "to bring about a closer connec-

tion between them, and to increase public interest in their 140 The "closer proceedings" connection" was intended event- 141 ually to lead to amalgamation of the societies. The first

joint held in 1893 meeting was at Truro, when four papers by representatives from institutions 142 each of the were read. These meetings were continued for a few years, but eventually ceased. The reason for given the lack of success of the meetings, and the dropping the ideas of of amalgamation, was said to be "owing to the varied rules governing their constit- utions, and their separate and endowments systems of prizes, Page 385

143 etc". However rivalry between the societies, and pride in their separate origins, must also have been a factor in the continuance of their separate existences.

By the middle of the 19th century, the RIC at Truro was beginning to assume the lead among the county learned societies. In 1838 it had started to publish some of the papers read at meetings in its Annual Reports, and in 1864, began the publication of a Journal, specifically for this purpose. The wider agenda of the RIC meant that it could encompass a greater variety of subjects, and some men who belonged to the RGSC used the RIC Reports and Journals to record their other interests; for example, the statistical papers of Sir Charles Lemon (see above), and several papers by

WJ Henwood on natural-history. The RIC did not neglect geology either, for Charles Peach (who had been elected an assoc- 144 iate member in 1840), WM Tweedy and others published on 145 this subject in its Reports.

The Polytechnic Society, which had overtaken the RGSC as the leading society in Cornwall in the 1830's (see Section 3),

began diminish in importance to after about 1850. This was in because its part original growth of members could not be sustained, and because the mines withdrew their financial 1839; 146 support after the Quaker founders also refused to

of its allow an extension activities to include dancing and 147 music. The annual exhibitions of the Polytechnic also changed in character, providing* opportunities for manufac- display turers to new machinery, instead of allowing local Page 386 inventors to show their ingenuity; after 1920, the exhibitions ceased, for mining was no longer a major economic activity in 148 Cornwall.

8.4 The survival of the society

There is another question which must be answered: why the

RGSC survived, unlike so many other provincial societies of this period, which disappeared almost as rapidly as they were formed. Several times in the 19th century circumstances occurred which might have led to closure of the RGSC. Paris's role in setting up the RGSC was important, and there seems to be little doubt that his removal from Penzance was initially a serious blow to its future (see Section 3). Henry Boase wrote to Lord De Dunstanville about the prospect of Paris's intended departure in the following terms; "We must of course be con- 149 tent with a far inferior secretary". However the institution survived this loss.

At this time the continuity of the society would have been

important, for it could not have been acceptable to the "inner

circle", and perhaps to other residents in the area, if the

oldest scientific society in Cornwall had had to close. Mem-

bers also took pride in the fact that their society was the 1837 oldest, and until the only, provincial society to spec- ialise in geology. Pride in local affairs would have meant termination the that -, of RGSC would have been regarded as

capitulation to Truro, which was just about to establish its

own philosophical society. Page 387 it is perhaps significant that the RGSC did not own a home of its own until 1867. Unlike many other scientific societies, including the RIC and the RCPS, which had acquired their own premises, it continued to pay rent for Geological House. The society therefore did not become burdened with the debt problems frequently created by building expenses until after 1867.

Only when the new museum in the West Wing of St John's Hall had been opened in that year, did the institution begin to suffer problems similar to those of other societies which had 150 become involved in expensive building programmes. When the

RGSC had begun to experience real difficulties in maintaining a full programme of geological papers in the 1830's (see Table

6 (pp. 262-3)), it is possible that had it also had a debt problem in addition, it might have been forced to cease oper-

ating.

A reason for the survival of the society in the later part of

the 19th century may have been due to the special role that

amateurs can have in the earth sciences. Their contributions

can still be important today in certain areas of geology it is because partly a field-based study - it depends on

access to rocks in place. The only other science in which

this is an important criterion is natural history. Geology

and natural history were also two of the sciences which have

continued to attract popular support well into the twentieth

the "harder century, unlike sciences" such as physics and 151 This chemistry. amateur tradition kept together a small

but effective nucleus of active members in Penzance throughout

the nineteenth century, which can be seen in, the contributions

of people like Elizabeth Carne and Howard Fox. Miss Elizabeth Page 388

Carne, daughter of Joseph, was a respected amateur geologist in her own right, contributing four papers to the society's 152 Transactions, as well as for other periodicals; she was the first woman member of the RGSC, elected in 1860. Howard Fox, from the Falmouth family, was also a. noted local geologist, making important contributions to the geology of the Lizard, 153 and the study of the radiolarian cherts of Cornwall. Other amateurs continued to take an interest in the rare minerals and fossils of the county.

The society may also have survived because it became a "family tradition" to belong. Examination of the membership lists

throughout the 19th century shows that certain names, mainly those of Penzance families, were consistently present. The most extreme example of this is the post of Hon. Treasurer which has been held by a member of the Bolitho family since

1858 (see Appendix 7). Other names which persisted were

Carne, Millett, Le Grice, Fox and Enys. This continuity is

another example of local pride in the society, as well as

evidence that the RGSC had become a symbol of the local estab-

lishment, for several of these families were from the local in gentry. However only a few cases did these members do much

to enhance the scientific reputation of the society. Eliz- (see abeth Carne and Howard Fox above) were two of the excep-

tions.

The membership of the RGSC declined steadily throughout the century, by nineteenth and the beginning' of the nineteen twenties' had reached its lowest point (sIee Figure 8 (p. 51)). Page 389

In the post war period, efforts were made to revive the work of the institution, and this was assisted in part by offering membership to students at the Camborne School of Mines, founded in 1883.154 They were also given the chance to have their work published in the Transactions, an opportunity which was

taken by several. The first two contributions from students

at the Camborne School of Mines were published in 1925.155 A

number of these students maintained their membership after

graduating.

Most recently the RGSC has faced severe problems with its home

in the West wing of St John's Hall, and the museum and library

have had to be closed for some time, to allow extensive re-

pairs to take place. It is hoped that, as a result of hard

work by some members of the current Council, and with the help

of grants from various charitable bodies, the building will be

reopened in the near future, with a restored and modernised

museum.

8.5 The social legacy of the RGSC

Some recent studies of philosophical societies have emphasised

the social aspects of these institutions, and particularly the 156 consequences of membership upon individuals. Although it

has been in Sections 2 shown and 3 that the concept of the legitimation of marginal men will not apply to the members of the RGSC when it is used in the sense of allowing members of dissenting to sects advance their prospects, it might have been: that expected some of the individuals who joined the

Cornish, Geological society have benefited would in other ways Page 390 from their association with, or contributions to, the institution. This section will examine the effects of the establishment of the RGSC on its individual members, on the town of

Penzance, and on the county of Cornwall.

Paris, as one of the founders of the RGSC, clearly had an interest in the consequences, on his own career, of setting up a scientific society. When he arrived from London in 1813, he was not yet established in private practice, and his medical reputation was still in the process of being formed. When he left Penzance four years later, he returned to the capital to

set up in private practice and, by his own account, began in 157 an encouraging way. At least some of the gentlemen to whom 158 he had been introduced by Maton, or whom he had met

through the activities of the RGSC, began to seek his services

as a physician for themselves or their families when in Lon-

don. These included the Gregor and Hawkins families and Davies 159 Gilbert.

Paris did make a success of his career as a physician, for he

achieved one of the highest posts to which a medical man could

aspire, the Presidency of the Royal College of Physicians, an 160 office which he held for 12 years. He did not continue his in interest geology after his return to London (see p. 29), so

it must be assumed that, as an ambitious man, he recognised

that he would gain more prestige through his medical work, and through his medical writing.

Would Paris have had such a successful future in medicine had

he not gone to Penzance, and had he not established a Geolog- Page 391

ical Society there? These are two separate questions, for it must be asked whether it was the reputation he made for himself by practising his craft which was more important, or whether it was his work for the society that won him public recognition. Paris was able to draw attention to himself through his activities as secretary of the RGSC, especially his publicity of the safety instruments sponsored by the society. This publicity was so successful that he was later 161 often described as the inventor of the instruments, although as shown in Section 7 the instruments were developed by a number of individuals, and Paris's main contribution was publication of descriptions of the safety bar and shifting cartridge. Paris also contributed to the formation of a myth that he alone was the founder of the RGSC; the second edition of A Guide to the Mount's Bay, which he published anonymously

"by A Physician", included the following information about the society: "In the year 1814, DR PARIS,... succeeded... in estab- lishing a society for the cultivation and promotion of mineralogical and geological science" (the capital letters were 162 his). By the time of his death in 1856, the "myth" had become "fact", for his obituary in the society's Annual Report

"the decease referred to of a gentleman to whom this society 163 actually owes its origin". As described in Section 2, two

Henry others, Boase and Majendie were most probably also involved in the formation of the RGSC.

Paris have Could achieved similar results for his career had he'not become involved the with Geological Society? It seems likely., that the professional contacts that he had made in Page 392

Cornwall were used to his advantage on his return to London, as it was suggested by McMichael and Munk that the "influence

[of the leading families in Cornwall] was... exerted to advance 164 his interest in the metropolis"; he had obtained intro-

ductions to at least some of these families as a physician,

rather than as secretary of the society. He also owed a part

of his medical reputation to his publications. The most

successful, in terms of the money he made from it, was his

Pharmacologia on the history of medical substances; it was

estimated that he raised over five thousand pounds from the

various editions, a considerable sum of money, and an indic- 165 ation of the popularity of the work. The first edition was

published in 1812, a year before Paris arrived in Penzance. In

the previous year he had published A syllabus of a course of

lectures on pharmaceutical chemistry, based on his work in the

Westminster Hospital. After his return to London, he continued

to write. He made several revisions of the Pharmacologia..., 166 and by 1825 the sixth edition was about to be published.

His medical books also included Medical Jurisprudence, co- JSM (1824), authored with Fonblanque Elements of medical (1825), chemistry and A treatise on diet... (1st edition 1826). His included other works A Memoir on the life and

scientific labours of the late Reverend William Gregor (1818) (this based was on an obituary speech made at the RGSC Anni- Meeting in 1817). 167 versary He also wrote a book for children, Philosophy in sport in made science earnest (1827), a

controversial biography,,, The life of Sir Humphry Davy (1831), A biographical and sketch of the late William George Maton (1838). He invented an educational toy, the "Thauma trope", in 1$25,168 which a correspondent Henry of Boase's suggested Page 393

169 "must be a fortune to him".

Paris's only publications while he was in Penzance were A guide to the Mount's Bay (1816) and some pamphlets based on

his papers to the RGSC, which were later also included in the 170 first volume of the society's Transactions. It seems

possible that his creative work may have been side-tracked by

his responsibilities to the RGSC, and that he could perhaps

have enhanced his reputation just as much had he continued

with his writing. He made no revisions of his Pharmacologia.. 171 while in Penzance, but in the 1820's, once he was back in 172 London, five new editions of the book were published.

It should however be noted that not all Paris's books were

favourably received, for he incurred the anger of the Davy

family by some of the material included in The Life of Sir

Humphry Davy, and John Davy was provoked into writing his own 173 version of his brother's life. Philosophy in sport, which introduction was intended as an to science for children, was by used Paris as a opportunity to make fun of some of the

residents of Penzance. He was particularly rude about one in book, "Dr. 174 character the Doseall", soon identified as Dr 175 Henry Penneck of Penzance. During his stay in Penzance, had become involved in Paris a lengthy dispute with Penneck, the latter which centred around man's claim to be described as and ended a physician with a victory for Paris in a court case 176 at the Cornwall Assizes.

John Forbes, who succeeded Paris, probably derived less bene- Page 394 fit from his work for the RGSC than that which he performed for the Penzance Dispensary. It was to the Governors of the

Dispensary that he looked to provide him with a reference when 177 he considered moving to Chichester, although perhaps this was only to be expected, as it was a medical post that he sought. Although Forbes had made some contributions to the

geology of Cornwall while he held the post of secretary of the

RGSC, there is no evidence that he continued this interest

after his departure for Sussex. The only material he pub-

lished on geology after leaving Penzance was based on the work 17$ he had undertaken in Cornwall. His knighthood, awarded in

1853, was for his services to medicine, and he had been ap-

pointed as Physician to the Royal Household in 1840.179

HS Boase certainly anticipated that the two periods he had

spent serving as secretary to the RGSC would assist his pros-

pects of an even more promising career. A report in the Royal

Cornwall Gazette implied that when he left Penzance in 1837,

he had set his sights very high; in an account of a meeting of

the Penzance Institute, it was suggested that "It was the

general opinion [of the meeting] that his superior abilities

would ensure his election to the office of Professor of Chem- 180 istry to the London University, to which he aspires".

However several months later the same newspaper reported that in he was engaged delivering a course of lectures on mineral 181 resources to the London Institution. The family bank in

which he had been a partner, the Penzance Union Bank, had been in dissolved 1836,182 so he had little reason to return to

Cornwall; in 1838 he moved to Dundee, where he remained for

the rest of his life. 183 He wrote no more original material Page 395

on the subject of geology after his departure from Cornwall.

It is possible that his reputation as a geologist had been destroyed by the punishing reception that his work had received at meetings of the British Association (see p. 159).

Henwood was another officer of the RGSC who might have expected that his career could have been enhanced by his work for

the RGSC. The period of his greatest success was the 1830's, when he attended meetings of the British Association, pub-

lished papers in a number of journals, and was, by some,

lauded as an up-and-coming young man of science (see section

6.5). He had been appointed as the curator of the RGSC in

1834, and in 1837 took over in addition the office of secret-

ary. In 1840, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Soc-

iety. Some of his success should probably be attributed to

his sponsorship by the Fox family, and to the posts that he

held with the Duchy of Cornwall, rather than to his assoc-

iation with the RGSC, although some of the more influential

members of the society had assisted in obtaining his appoint-

ment with the Duchy (see p. 230). In the early years of the

next decade Henwood's dispute with RW Fox, and his delays in

completing the survey of Cornish mines (see Section 6.4 and his 6.5) tarnished reputation. He also became engaged in a lengthy dispute with the Duchy, which culminated when he was

accused of withholding some rents which he had been respon- 184 for It is likely sible collecting. that this matter would become known have widely about in the capital, and in the

and have mining world, might adversely affected his reput- He left England in 1843, ation. although the reason made Page 396 public was that he was to undertake a survey of mines in 185 Brazil. Nevertheless he remained abroad for 10 years, and 186 never again showed the promise of his youth.

Other individuals whose careers might have been enhanced by their association with the Geological Society would have in-

cluded others of the officers, and those members who had

papers published in the early editions of the society's Trans-

actions. Henry Boase, Joseph Carne, and the Rev John Rogers

seem not to have required the publicity given them by the

society in order to make their names. Boase had returned to

Penzance in poor health after making money and a reputation in 187 banking in London-, he might be considered to have returned

to semi-retirement, for he was aged 51 at the time of the

foundation of the society, but he did continue to work as a

banker, and also served the town as Mayor. The Rev John

Rogers achieved promotion within the Anglican church when he

was made a Canon of Exeter in 1820,188 but this elevation was

unlikely to have been influenced by his work for the RGSC.

Joseph Carne is more difficult to assess; as stated above, few

of his personal papers have been found. He had a local reput-

ation for his geological work, but although he had been a

Honorary Member of the Geological Society of London since

1807,189he, did not contribute to that society's Transactions.

His personal status in Cornwall probably owed more to his

for he died business acumen, a wealthy man, and to his support 190 for the Methodist Church. In Penzance he was admired as his much for work for the Library as for his contributions to

the RGSC. Davies Gilbert wrote of him in 1838: 191 Page 397

for Science Ab- Mr Joseph Carne ... a Gentleman eminent and ilities... is now in respect to Character, Acquirements and Wealth probably beyond, any one in the opulent and respect- able Town of Penzance.

Two other men who must be considered in this discussion, because of their contributions to geology and to the RGSC,

were John Hawkins and RW Fox. Both worked on their geolog-

ical studies mainly as individuals, rather than within the

social group which constituted the Geological Society, al-

though Fox did become more involved with the Polytechnic

Society, and with the British Association. Hawkins was phys-

ically separate from the RGSC, because of his base in Sussex.

He had published little before he took advantage of the Trans-

actions of the RGSC to put his ideas before the public; as

discussed above, his motives for deciding to contribute to the

RGSC were unclear.

Fox probably gained little from his membership of the RGSC.

Although he did provide a number of papers for the society, he ideas made sure that his reached a wider audience by sending

the same material to the publishers of journals such as the 192 Annals of Philosophy, which suggests that he had doubts

the about ability of a provincial geological society to pro-

mote his work nationally, although he may also have been

concerned about the gaps between editions of the Transactions.

After the foundation the of Polytechnic Society, it was to that institution that he gave the greater allegiance, and it

was with that society that he came to be most associated. Page 398

There is a final class of people which should be examined; those who did not join the Cornish Geological Society. They are for obvious reasons more difficult to identify, but one man missing from the lists of ordinary or honorary members was

John Taylor, the treasurer of the Geological Society of Lon- don. Because of his interests, both business and intellectual, in the mining industry, it might have been expected that he would have been elected, but his name did not appear in the 193 lists of members of the RGSC until the 1830's. Taylor had started his mining career in Tavistock in Devon, in 1799,194 but had returned to London in 1812.195 He first took an interest in the Cornish mines in 1818, when he launched his own company, Consolidated Mines, and by 1822 it had become the 196 largest single producer of copper ore in the county. It is possible that an application by Taylor for membership of the

RGSC may have been "blackballed", but there was no record to suggest that this had happened. His success in the Cornish mines was however resented by many adventurers in the county because of his style of management, and because he tried to 197 devise methods of retaining capital for development; an unpopular move among shareholders who had been used to re-

ceiving the full amount of any profits at regular intervals.

An alternative explanation for Taylor's delay in joining the

RGSC may have been that he did not consider that he would gain becoming anything by a member of what he may have considered an insignificant provincial society. This does not however he did explain why eventually become a member of that society.

these did join the Were any of who society helped to achieve a in career science, or applied science, as a'result of the Page 399

contacts that they had made, or the reputation they had established, through belonging to the RGSC? The discussion above suggests that few of them gained much from their membership, apart perhaps from an increased measure of respect in the town of Penzance. A clear cut answer to this question is obscured by the fact that several of them were medical men, and therefore could be said to have already obtained positions in which they were enabled to use a special version of applied science.

Paris, Forbes, and to some extent, HS Boase, came into this category, and it has been suggested above that both Paris and

Forbes were most successful in material terms as a result of their medical work. Henwood is probably the only man who can be described as having derived some direct advantage from his association with the society, but his later problems, largely of his own making, detracted from his achievements. The argument that men benefited from their memberships of scien-

tific societies by improved social status does not therefore stand up in the context of the RGSC.

Did the town and the community of Penzance derive any advantages from the existence of the Geological Society? There is

considerable evidence to suggest that local people were proud

of their society. The museum was an attraction which could be drawn to the attention of potential visitors to the town, and itT described in was Directories and guide books which they 198 have One might consulted. notable visitor in 1846, who did to the decide see museum, was Prince Albert; he and the Queen touring the in were south coast the Royal Yacht, and had been Falmouth. 199 already ashore at When the party arrived in Page 400

Mounts Bay, the Queen remained aboard, but Prince Albert took the opportunity to visit the tin smelting works at Chyandour and the Geological Society, where he "devoted fully an hour to examining the treasures of the Museum"; he then ended the in visit by attended a meeting of the Council, his capacity as 200 a Vice Patron. However the museum and library were not open to the people of Penzance, only to the "scientific stran- ger" introduced by a member of the society (see pp. 110-1); nor were the meetings open, and the cost of an annual subscription, one guinea, would have been beyond the reach of many of the inhabitants.

Meetings of the society, and especially the Anniversaries, were often attended by some of the Cornish gentry, and by distinguished geologists from further afield. In October

1818, meetings were held in Penzance on three consecutive days, with the Anniversary of the RGSC on the 6th, the Anni-

versary of the Library on the 7th and the Annual Meeting of 201 the Penwith Agricultural Society on the 8th. There was

likely to have been quite a gathering of gentlemen from west

Cornwall in Penzance during that week, particularly as the

RGSC was able to hold its meeting in its new home, Geological

House, for the first time. The Royal Cornwall Gazette reported

that the "new and commodious apartments of the Society were 202 completely filled". Cornish gentry and some of the vis-

itors to meetings were usually entertained in local homes by

(see the gentlemen of the area pp. 60-i), so it is unlikely they have that would spent money in the town, except perhaps local dealers. 203 with mineral Hotel keepers however laid on followed dinners which the meetings, and it seems that con- Page 401

sumption of alcohol was high on such occasions, if the number 204 of toasts is a fair guide. It seems unlikely however that there would have been much direct financial benefit for the

town from the presence of the Geological Society.

It could also be argued that the town, and its invalid visi-

tors, benefited from the presence of a competent physician

between 1813 and 1822, the years spent there by Paris and

Forbes. It has been suggested above that Paris might not have

remained for so long in Cornwall had he not become involved

with the Geological Society, and with the plans for a Profes-

sor of Mineralogy. The careful steps taken to provide a com-

petent successor to Paris (see p. 297) would not have been so

necessary, had the new physician not also been expected to

take on the role of Secretary to the society. Few Cornish

towns other than Falmouth and Truro could boast medical cover

similar to that available in Penzance in those years.

on the whole, however, the ordinary citizen of Penzance seems

to have taken little notice of the activities of its Geolog-

ical Society. An editorial report in the West Briton in 1814 in ironical expressed form an opinion which probably typified

the views of many of the town's inhabitants: 205

Cornwall .... the Geological Society have taken a large house the fish near market, Penzance... On Friday last a board was put up on the front, on which was painted 'the Royal Geol- -society ogical of Cornwall'. Our Penzance correspondent that writes the word GEOLOGICALhas caused much conversation the fish among wives of Newlyn and Mousehole; some say it Parliament-men; means others that it is a new name for newspaper readers; whilst others again assert that it means electioneering.

i Page 402

The meetings of the RGSC provided a source of intellectual entertainment for the middle class merchants and bankers of

Penzance, something that had not formerly been available.

Henry Boase, whose views have been quoted previously (see p. 18), cannot have been alone in wishing for more than had been provided in Penzance prior to 1814. The establishment of other similar institutions in the town, after the RGSC had been created, suggests that there was a cultural void to be filled; the Library, the Penzance Institution, the Harmonic and Natural History Societies all followed the same mode. The

founding of the RGSC may also have led to an awakening of an

interest in science among the middle classes in towns other

than Penzance. The Royal Institution of Cornwall was estab-

lished in Truro in 1818, and in Falmouth, a Physical Instit-

ute, intended to help young men to acquire some knowledge of

"Experimental and Natural Philosophy", was founded in 1817.206

It must however be questioned whether there was a real inter-

est in science, or whether it was other aspects of philos-

ophical societies, the social and entertainment factors, that importance. were of greater There must also have been an

element of imitation, since civic pride would have prevented

any admission that Penzance was superior to Truro or Falmouth.

An example of this can be seen in the seeking of Royal Patron-

age, an unusual feature of philosophical societies elsewhere but in the country, common to all three senior Cornish soc-

ieties, and also to the Royal Horticultural Society of Corn- 207 wall, founded in 1832. Page 403

0.0000000

The Royal Geological Society of Cornwall was essentially a product of the environment in which it was created and grew.

Analysis of the types of men who joined the society (see

Appendix 1 and Section 3) shows that the dominant group of members came from the middle classes, even though there was an

element of "new gentry", but some of these still retained

certain of their middle class values. An examination of members' wider cultural demands, as shown by the enthusiasm with which they also greeted the formation of other instit-

utions in Penzance, the Library, the Natural History Society,

etc, suggests that in Penzance, as in Liverpool, "science was 208 part of the general literary culture of middle classes".

Much of the work done in the society followed in the eigh-

teenth century tradition of William Borlase and his studies of

Cornwall: The natural history of Cornwall and Antiquities,

historical and monumental of the County of Cornwall. Several

of the papers contributed to the society, and published in its

Transactions, were continuations and extensions of the ac- that he had counts made, although restricted to the field of geology. The majority of those papers classified in Table 6 "petrology" "historical" as and were of this class.

It is not however to describe sufficient the society simply as an expression of middle class culture. Despite the arguments that have been in used earlier sections showing that the RGSC was established dominantly for cultural reasons, it was also the+ product of a society in which economic gain from mining its'associated industries and was a important consideration. Page 404

It has been argued that this was one reason for the choice of geology as the subject for study, and for the interest of the many bankers, smelters and mine adventurers in its early progress. This concern suggests that science was not regarded solely as a theoretical exercise by the merchants and bankers of Penzance, but was seen also as a study which was intimately linked with their business activities, and which had utility in addition to its cultural values. It is probable also that pressure for useful results from the business interests in the society ensured that the society became involved in original research, and was not merely a forum where accounts of modern developments in science could be heard.

There was therefore, for a few years, an underlying duality of objectives: the first typified by Henry Boase, with his desire

for gentle entertainment, and the second by the economic aspirations of the business community. Paris was the leading

exponent of the second group, for, as has been shown, although he was not directly involved in business activities, he sought prestige through the support of geological projects which would be of benefit to them. Some of the major research the illustrate proposals of society also this dichotomy of interests, for illustrated example as by two of the case described in studies earlier sections. The efforts made by to some'--members produce a viable geological map of Cornwall were hindered by a failure to determine whether the mapping was to be purely an exercise recording theY-surface exposures it of rocks, or whether was expected to assist in the location of-economic deposits of tin and copper. The studies of the origin of metallic ore deposits demonstrate also that both Page 40S economic and cultural needs determined the progress of these pursuits.

The history of the society shows that the business and mining interests soon decided that their hopes were not to be met, and thereafter their support became only token. The failure of the institution to meet the needs of the mining industry has been discussed, and it has been shown that the size and complexity of the problems which it decided to investigate, and the lack of real help from the mining entrepreneurs, were the reasons for the inability of the society to do much in

this field.

Nor, as has been shown, were these problems unique to the

Cornish society. But the RGSC also lost a strong leader after

the departure of Paris; none of the subsequent secretaries,

nor the President, Davies Gilbert, had the ability or the

drive to maintain the initial surge of enthusiasm for utilit-

arian applications of geology. Although in its initial years

the Cornish society was able to follow an independent line of

geological research, withdrawal of the mining interest and

poor leadership combined to dilute this. The problems faced

by amateurs with minimal formal training in the methods of

science were not easy to overcome, and little action was taken

by the officers of the society to remedy this deficiency.

This study has been able to show that several of the ideas have that been put forward to explain the growth of new scien- in tific societies the early years of the nineteenth century Page 406 do not appear to be valid when applied to this Cornish institution. The society appears to have derived its ideas more from the science of the metropolis than from apparently similar provincial societies. Religious dissent does not seem to have been an important criterion either in the formation of the society, or in the conduct of its affairs. It also suggests that although curiosity about science among the members was strong, and an interest in the economic consequences of the applications of science was important to them, there was little desire among most of the participants in the affairs of the RGSC to become involved actively in the pursuit of scientific objectives.

Nevertheless the foundation of a scientific society in Pen- zance was an significant event in the development of the geological sciences and in the history of scientific societies, because a forum had been created at which attention could be drawn to some of the geological problems, both prac-

tical and intellectual, of Cornwall. Although few of the

problems posed were resolved within the society, attention was drawn to their existence, a necessary precondition for their ultimate solution. As described in Section 8, the early

volumes of the Transactions of the RGSC contained a number of

useful and original papers which directed attention to the

sort of contributions that might be expected from provincial

specialists. The society also provided a more efficient means whereby visiting men of science from London and the univer- disseminate information sities could new relevant to the geol-

ogy of Cornwall, and where they could meet and encourage local

their knowledge to men to apply own the elucidation of the Page 407

problems of the area. The problems to which the Cornish men paid attention were sometimes different from those of the

Geological Society of London, and this suggests that more notice should be taken of the geology studied in the provinces than some current accounts of the development of English geology would indicate. Page 408

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Lawrance (1924).

2. CA Russell (1983), (111).

3. Pool (1974), (71).

4. Pool (1974), (80).

5. Rowe (1973), (142-4).

6. Cf. Thackray (1974); Morrell (1983).

9. Rudwick (1963).

10. Monthly Meeting, 6th April 1814, RGSC Minute Book'No. l.

11. Special meeting, 15th October 1814, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

12. The goniometer was requested in April 1814, Monthly Meeting, 6th April 1814, RGSC Minute Book No. l. The acquisition of the Voltaic battery was reported on 17th February 1815, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

13. Anniversary Meeting, 20th September 1814, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

14. RGSC Soil Analysis Book.

15. Monthly Meeting, 1st July 1814, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

16. Paris (1816), (15).

17. Henry Boase to Lord De Dunstanville, 28th May 1817, British Library, Add. Mss. 29 281 f. 109.

18. Henry Boase to Paris, 27th March 1818, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 140/1.

19. Noall (1968), (7).

20. 'On HS Boase, the tin-ore of Botallack and Levant', Transactions, Royal Geological Soc., Cornwall, II1 1822, pp. 383-403.

21. Burt (1984), (74-81).

22. Pearson (1973), (317).

23. Burt (1984), (121-3).

24. Royal Cornwall Gazette 22nd August 1818.

25. West Briton 6th February 1829.

26. RCPS Annual Report for 1834. Many copies of Reports were distributed to mines, to the commanders the of Packets, etc, Page 409 free of charge.

27. Quarterly Meeting, 25th November 1814, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

28. Morrell (1983), (247).

29. R Thomas (1819), (6).

30. Fox (1836); see particularly pp. 90-96.

31. See especially Hawkins (1822C and D).

32. DNB.

33. Fox (1830), Figures 25-7 (414). Henwood (1843).

34. Porter (1977), (115).

35. Carne (1827a), (74-5).

36. Hopkins (1844), (52).

37. John Taylor (1837), (271).

38. Report of a meeting in honour of James Watt, at Redruth, Royal Cornwall Gazette 7th August 1824.

39. J Taylor (1829), (9).

40. Budge (1825).

41. Hughes (1963), (398).

42. Morrell (1983), (234).

43. Porter (1977), (130).

44. Shapin (1972), (320,329).

45. Morrell (1983), (238).

46. Committee Meeting, 21st of 7th Month 1836, RCPS Minute Book No. 2. (1835-39), (42).

47. Pearson (1973), (71).

48. Pearson (1973), (2).

49. Manchester Geological Society (1908), (22-59).

50. Manchester Geological Society (1908), (viii).

51. Noall (1961), (7).

52. West Briton, 20th January 1832.

53. Royal Cornwall Gazette, 12th February 1836. Page 410

54. A report of a meeting of the Penzance Lit and Phil in the West Briton, 2nd December 1836, included the names of Boase and Henwood.

55. R Edmonds (1839), (933).

56. Royal Cornwall Gazette, 6th December 1839.

57. Royal Cornwall Gazette, 22nd November 1839.

58. Penzance Gazette, 25th December 1839.

59. The first references to these institutions can be found in: St Day, Royal Cornwall Gazette, 1st March 1828; Camborne "formed three years ago", West Briton, 5th February, 1836; Marazion, Royal Cornwall Gazette, 22nd April 1836; St Just, West Briton 20th October 1843.

60. Watson (1897), (57).

61. Morrell (1983), (247-80).

62. Rudwick (1963), (353).

63. Inkster and Morrell (1983), 'Introduction' (32).

64. Munks Roll, III, (120-7).

65. Western Luminary, 25th January 1814 (371).

66. Paris (1816).

67. Paris (1816), (12).

68. 1830: Royal Cornwall Gazette, 16th October 1830; 1844: Penzance Gazette, 25th September 1844.

69. JA Paris (1818B), (8).

70. JA Paris, 'On stones and clays annually exported from Cornwall', Transactions, Royal Geological Soc., Cornwall, I, 1818,, pp. 231-234.

71. `, Gregorite was the name given by Paris to the titanium- bearing mineral discovered by Rev William Gregor and named by him, Manacchanite. Paris (1818A).

72. CA Russell (1983), (90).

73. DNB.

74. ý-John Davy (1858), (214).

75. Letter to Henry Boase, from Sir Humphry Davy, 8th July l815, 'British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 70/1.

76. 'A letter book, apparently of this period, does exist, but first few have been the pages cut out, and the only remaining dates material, from. the end of the 19th century. Page 411

77. Forbes had prepared a "Report on the Meteorology of the West Indies" for the navy. Parkes (1862), (11).

78. Forbes, (1821A) (3).

79. Letter from Forbes to Henry Boase, 19th February 1822, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 185-6.

80. Forbes to Henry Boase, 3rd March 1822, British Library Add. Mss. ff. 189/90.

81. C W, G C, F Boase (1876), (col 9).

82. Council Meeting, 13th December 1827, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

83. John Davy to Henry Boase, 6th April 1815, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 66-7, Edmund Davy to Henry Boase, 27th September 1816, ibid. ff. 85-6; Edmund Davy to Henry Boase, 1st January 1817, ibid. f. 89.

84. Penzance Dispensary Minute Book 1809-1828, CRO X 439/1, (219).

85. Collectanea Cornubiensia.

86. Forbes (1834), (46).

87. RGSC Annual Report 1824.

88. Forbes (1834), (46).

89. Royal Cornwall Gazette 8th December 1837.

90. DNB.

91. - See reports made annually in the West Briton and Royal Cornwall Gazette.

92* ''Royal Cornwall Gazette, 29th July 1836; West Briton, 12th August 1836.

93. ' West Briton 18th October 1839.

94. Royal Cornwall Gazette 11th October 1839.

95. ' ''Henwood to John Hawkins, 4th October 1837, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 7/1125.

96. Henwood to Hawkins, 21st December 1833, WSRO (H), 2, pt. 8/1024.

'Committee 97. ' Meeting, 1st of 10th Month 1838, RCPS Minute Book (1835-9), (185).

98., -.Rowe (1953), (192-203).

99. Collectanea Cornubiensia. Page 412

100. DNB. from 101. This remark was made on the back of a letter Davies it Gilbert. It is not clear from the context whether was (H), 2, designed to be sent. 13th January 1833, WSRO Pt. 8/965.

102. Copy of letter to Henwood from Hawkins, 16th February 1833, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 8/973.

103. Penzance Gazette, 15th January 1840.

104. Council Meeting, 14th October 1857, RGSC Minute Book No. 2, (5).

105. RGSC Annual Report 1821. Tremayne had an estate near St Austell at Heligan, and served as MP for West Cornwall; Tre- menheere was a retired Eýist India Company officer.

106. RGSC Annual Report 1821.

107. RGSC Annual Report 1818.

108. Rashleigh Estate Papers, and Rashleigh Papers (Saltash), CRO.

109. RGSC Annual Report 1825.

110. Council Meeting, 27th January 1842, RGSC Minute Book No. l.

111. Copy of letter to Edmund Davy, 20th November 1818, Brit- ish Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 161-2.

112. Copy of letter to Lord De Dunstanville, 28th May 1817, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 f. 109.

113. RGSC Annual Reports, 1814-5.

114. Joseph Carne to John Hawkins, 6th may 1822, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 5/642. 1 1, 115. Joseph Carne to John Hawkins, 4th December 1830, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 7/920, and Carne to Hawkins, 19th December 1832, ibid. Pt. 7/963.

116. Joseph Carne to John Hawkins, 4th December 1830, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 7/920.

117. The Penzance Library (1988), (16).

118. RGSC Minute Book No. 1.

119. DNB.

120. Rev John Rogers, 'On the limestone of Veryan' Tran- sactions, Royal Geological Soc., Cornwall, I, 1818, pp. 114-7., hornblende formation On the of the parish of St Cleer, and on Page 413 the geology of other parts of Cornwall', ibid., II1 1822, pp. 218-24., 'On the serpentine district', ibid. pp. 416-23, 'Notice of the wood and peat found below high water mark, on the beach at Mainporth, between Mawnan and Budock', ibid., iv, 1832, pp. 481-3.

121. Rogers Family Autograph Collection, It CRO RP/3,4,6, 12.

122. See RGSC Annual Reports for 1815,1818,1820, etc.

123. Rogers Family Autograph Collection, It CR0 RP/11, Ibid, II, CRO RP/75.

124. Stephen Davey was a Council member of the RGSC in 1818, 1822-3,1826,1828-9 and 1831.

125. RGSC Annual Reports 1814-30.

126. 'On a formation of bog iron at Perran Consols Mine', listed as read in RGSC Annual Report 1839.

127. Quarterly Meeting 23rd May 1817, RGSC Minute Book No. l

128. Ibid.

129. Copy of letter from Henry Boase to Lord De Dunstanville, 28th May 1817, Boase Manuscripts, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 f. 109-

130. Ibid.

131. Henwood to Hawkins, 16th February 1833, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 8/972.

132. Henwood to Hawkins, 6th March 1837, WSRO (H), 2, Pt. 9/1087.

133. Will of WJ Henwood, (died 1875), Somerset House.

134. RGSC Annual Reports 1834-8. These figures exclude the tin and copper mining statistics presented annually by Carne and Alfred Jenkin.

135. Ibid. Each of the following read one paper only: John Rule, R Hocking, R Tregaskis, J Armstrong, J Hancock, T Foss, Capt. PT Cautley (RA), CW Peach.

136. Cf. Kargon (1977).

(1983), (200). 137. C ,A Russell

138. Pearson (1973), (23).

139. Pieterse (1965), (11).

140. RGSC Annual Report for 1892, (403-4).

141. 'President's Address', 1919, RGSC Annual Report for 1925,

4 Page 414

(372).

142. RGSC Annual Report for 1893, (515).

143. 'President's Address', 1919, RGSC Annual Report for 1925, (372).

144. Freeborn (1986), (152).

145. WM Tweedy, 'Notices of minerals of uncommon occurrence recently found in Cornwall', Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1842, p. 38; WJ Henwood, 'Notice of the submarine forest near Padstow', ibid., 1858, pp. 17-19.

146. Pearson (1973), (126).

147. Pearson (1973), (128).

148. Pearson (1973), (2).

149. Copy of letter from Henry Boase to Lord De Dunstanville, 28th May 1817, Boase Manuscripts, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 f. 109.

150. Todd (1964), (12-4).

151. CA Russell (1983), (182).

152. DNB.

153. Obituary of Howard Fox, RGSC Annual Report for 1925, (390-4).

154. Pieterse (1965), (12).

155. JC Davey, Student, CSM [Camborne School of Mines], 'Geology of the new Tolgus Shaft', pp. 439-42; J Daniell, Student, CSM, 'Geology of Porthglaze Cove', pp. 443-9; Trans- actions, Royal Geological Soc., Cornwall, XV, 1825.

156. Cf. Thackray (1974), Inkster (1977).

157. Letter from Paris to Henry Boase, 7th December 1817, Boase. Manuscripts, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 127-8.

158. Munk's Roll, III, (121).

159. For. Gregor, see letter from Paris to John Hawkins, 20th (H) 2, March'1824, WSRO Pt. 4/702; for Hawkins, see letter from to John 10th Paris Hawkins July 1824, ibid. /718. Davies Gilbert. summoned Paris to attend him in his last illness, Davies Gilbert Almanac for 1839, entry for 2nd November, CR0 DG 24A.,

160. `McMichael Munk (1884), (160). and -

161. Cf. -Munk's Roll, IV, (126).

162. Paris (1824)_,, (26). Page 415

163. RGSC Annual Report for 1857, (5).

164. McMichael and Munk (1884), (162).

165. McMichael and Munk (1884), (188).

166. Letter from William Halliday to Henry Boase, 7th May 1825, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 220-1.

167. Anniversary Meeting, 16th September 1817, RGSC Minute Book No. 1.

168. Paris (1827), iii, (1).

169. Letter from William Halliday to Henry Boase, 7th May 1825, British Library Add. Mss. 29 281 ff. 220-1.

170. Paris (1815A, B), and Paris (1818B, C, D).

171. There does not seem to have been a second edition of this book; the first was dated 1812, and the 3rd 1820.

172.3rd edition, 1820; 4th edition, 1820; 5th edition, 1822; 6th edition 1825; 7th edition, 1829. There were two more revisions, the 8th in 1833, and the ninth in 1843.

173. John Davy (1836).

174. Paris (1861), (68).

175. Bibliotheca Cornubiensis.

176. Report of The King v. Penneck, Royal Cornwall Gazette 13th April 1816.

177. ' Copy of a letter from Forbes, 6th March 1822, Penzance Dispensary Minute Book 1809-1828, (165), CRO X 439/1.

178. Forbes (1834,1836).

179. Munk's Roll, IV, (35).

180. Royal Cornwall Gazette 21st April 1837.

181. Royal Cornwall Gazette 8th December 1837.

182.: Royal Cornwall Gazette 30th September 1836. The name, Penzance Union Bank, had been adopted in 1819.

183. DNB.

184. Copy of letter to WJ Henwood from JR Gardiner (Auditor for the Duchy), 7th February 1843, Duchy of-Cornwall Office, Va rious Letters re Stannaries, 1831-41.

185. DNB.

186. DNB. Page 416

187. C W, G C, and F Boase (1876), (col. 7).

188. DNB.

189. HB Woodward (1907), (268).

190. Will of Joseph Carne, Penzance (died 1858), Somerset House. Carne had donated 500 to the Methodists for the Wesleyan Centenary Fund; West riton 18th January 1839.

191. Entry for 4th July 1836, but added by Gilbert in 1838, Davies Gilbert's Almanac for 1836, CR0 DG 24A.

192. Cf. Fox (1822A) and (1822B), which were almost identical accounts of his experiments made to determine the temperature gradients in mines.

193. In the RGSC Annual Report for 1824, the name of J Taylor was included in the list of members of the Council, but it is not known if this was John Taylor.

194. Burt (1977), (16).

195. Ibid. (21).

196. Ibid. (28).

197. Ibid. (32).

198. Cf. the entry under Penzance in Pigot's Directory of Devon and Cornwall, 1830; and Paris (1816), (12).

199. Royal Cornwall Gazette 11th September 1846.

200. Ibid. There was no record of this visit in either of the Minute Books, and no Visitors' Book for this period has survived.

201. Advertisements in West Briton 18th September 1818.

202. Royal Cornwall Gazette 17th October 1818.

203. A dealer in Penzance mineral referred to by Paris was "Jacobs"; Paris '(1824), (207).

204. Report of Annual Meeting of the RGSC, Royal Cornwall Gazette 16th Ocober 1840.

205. West Briton 18th November 1814.

206. Briton 26th -West December 1817. The Horticultural 207. Society had acquired a Royal Patron in the same year that it was founded, 1832; Pearson (1974), (165).

208. Ki tteringham (1982). (348). ,t Page 417

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Appendix 2

MINERAL STATISTICS FOR CORNWALL 1785-18501

YEAR METALLIC METALLIC METALLIC COPPER VALUE OF TIN/tons TIN COPPER STANDARD COPPER price Z per ton/$ /tons // AT MINE // 3

1785 2 885 72 4 434 71 46 6 3 399 72 4 787*4 75 50 7 3 204 72 4 500* 76 43 8 3 352 66.5 3 800* 63 40 9 3 405 62.5 3 900* 63 47 4 1790 3 193 72.5 4 100* - - 1 3 470 79 4 250* - - 2 3 809 92.5 4 450* - - 3 3 202 98 4 650* - - 4 3 351 95.5 4 920* 88 67 95 3 440 93 5 070* 87 64 6 3 061 96.5 5 120* 93 70 7 3 240 97 5 201 96 72 8 2 820 94 5 600 - - 9 2 862 97 4 923 121 95 1800 2 522 101 5 187 133 106 1 2 328 105 5 267 117 90 2 2 627 108 5 228 111 84 3 2 914 109 5 616 122 95 4 2 993 109 5 374 136 106 05 2 742 112 6 234 170 138 6 2 855 120 6 836 138 106 7 2 426 117 6 716 120 91 8 2 330 114 6 795 100 74 9 2 508 122 6 821 144 113 1810 2 006 - 157 5 682 132 100 1 2 384 141 5 948 126 90 2 2 373 128 7 248 113 82 2 324 134 .3 8 166 113 86 -4 2 611 156 7 936 128 99 15 2 941 140 6 607 121 85 6 3 348 114 7 145 109 68 7 4 120 93 5 6 608 96 76 8 4 066 85 6 714 121 104 9 3 315 75 7 214 136 92 2 990 1820 73 7 364 119 80 1 3 373 75 8 163 111 71 3 " 2 278 95 9 331 104 74 3 4 ' 213 '. 95 7 928 110 78 4 5 005 88 7 824 110 99 1825 4 358 91 8 226 114 97

OVER... Page 437

Appendix 2 cont.

YEAR METALLIC METALLIC METALLIC COPPER VALUE OF TIN/tons TIN price COPPER STANDARD COPPER per tong[. /tons AT MINE /A

1826 4 603 77 9 026 123 72 7 5 555 76 10 311 106 75 8 4 931 73 9 921 112 72 9 4 434 74 9 656 110 73 1830 4 444 74 10 748 106 69 1 4 300 73 12 044 100 68 2 4 323 73 11 947 100 72 3 4 065 73 11 191 111 74 4 3 989 78 11 225 114 79 35 228 91 12 270 107 73 ,4 6 4 054 109 11 647 116 82 7 4 796 88 10 823 119 83 8 4 9006 88 11 527 109 75 9 5 200 83 12 450 110 75 1840 6 250 81 11 037 108 72 1 6 050 81 9 987 119 82 2 6 150 72 9 896 120 84 3 5 820 64 10 926 110 73 4 5 060 74 11 246 109 73 45 5 250 91 12 883 103 65 6 6 060 94 11 850 106 75 7 - 89 12 758 104 65 8 - 77 12 869 97 64 9 - 78 12 052 93 60 1850 - 81 12 253 104 66

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Statistics from JB Hill and DA MacAlister The geology of Falmouth and Truro and the Mining District of Camborne and Redruth; Memoir of the Geological Survey HMSO London 1906 (310-314).

2. Copper Standard - contracts made with copper smelters were determined annually, using the copper standard as a basis for negotiation. Deductions were made, depending on the quality of the ore, etc. Hill and MacAlister (op. cit. ) (308). All values are given to the nearest pound.

3. The values given here were calculated by Hill and (op. (308)) MacAlister cit. to give more realistic prices than those represented by the Copper Standard.

Figures marked with '*' are estimates only. No values are available where the space is marked with '-'. 5. After 1818, all figures include well as Cornwall. amounts, etc for Devon as Page 438

6. Tin production figures for 1838-46 are from DB Barton A history of tin mining and smelting in Cornwall Truro 1967 47 .

j. , Page 439

Appendix 3

POPULATION STATISTICS

POPULATION OF CORNWALL IN THE 18th CENTUR' estimated

1700 105 800

1750 135 000 ------

STATISTICS FOR 19TH CENTURY

POPULATION PERCENTAGE INCREASE ON 1801

1801 1811 1821 1811 1821

(000's) % $

United 11 944 13 368 15 472 12 30 Kingdom2

England 8 893 10 165 12 000 14 35 2 & Wales

Cornwall' 192 219 261 14 36

MAJOR CORNISH TOWNS'

Penzance 3 382 4 022 5 224 21 54

Truro4 4 570 5 199 6 597 14 44

Falmouth 4 894 5 307 6 374 9 31

Bodmin 2 299 2 383 3 278 4 43

Camborne 4 811 4 714 6 219 -2 30 Redruth 3 926 5 903 6 607 50 68

St Austell 3 788 3 686 6 175 -3 63 Liskeard 2 708 2 884 3 519 6 30 Launceston 1 483 1 758 2 183 19 47

OVER... Page 440

Appendix 3 cont.

POPULATION PERCENTAGE INCREASE ON 1801

1801 1811 1821 1811 1821

OTHER CORNISH PARISHES (with mining interests)3

Wendron 3 006 3 555 4 193 18 39

Helston 2 248 2 297 2 671 2 19

St Agnes 4 161 5 024 5 762 21 38

Lostwithiel 743 825 933 11 26

PARISHES IN PENWITH3

Gulval 1 076 1 224 1 353 14 26

Lelant 1 083 1 180 1 271 9 17

Ludgvan 1 324 1 491 1 839 13 39

Madron 1 564 1 817 2 011 16 29

Marazion 1 009 1 022 1 253 1 24

Paul 2 937 3 371 3 790 15 29

St Buryan 1 161 1 188 1 495 2 29

St Erth 1 122 1 317 1 604 17 43

St Hilary 990 1 248 1 558 26 57

St Ives 2 714 3 218 3 526 21 30

St Just 2 779 3 057 3 666 10 32

Total for 43 226 50 263 60 642 16 40 Hundred of Penwith

NOTES

1. Hansard 1802. 2. Whitacker's Almanac 1986 3. "Mining" parishes only. Census returns - Cornwall. 4, Includes those parts of the parishes of Kenwyn and St the jurisdiction Clement which come under of the mayor of Truro. Page 441

Appendix 4

Cornish Mining Society 1792

1792 At a meeting of several Agents Captains and others concerned in Mines, the various Societies formed in this Kingdom for the encouragement of different Arts and Sciences, Agri- culture &c, from which the Community at large have received great advantage, became the chief subject of conversation. It was humbly submitted that a Society formed for the general improvement of Mining would not only cause the present Mines to be worked in a better manner but would tend to future discoveries to the great emolument of the Lords, Advrs, and the commercial interest of the County of Cornwall in particular, and the public in general.

1. It was proposed that the Society established, should be called the Cornish Mining Society

2ndly That a Room should be erected for the Meetings of the Society and for the purpose of depositing the specimens of Ores &c on a convenient spot near the Centre of the Mines.

3rdly That Treatises on Mineralogy, Chemistry, Hydraulics, Mechanics &c should be purchased for the benefit of the Society.

4thly That Specimens of all kinds of Ores and Minerals and particularly early Gossans, from different Lodes, at different depths, and all Stratas, most favorable to the production of Metals, should be procured, and being properly labelled, should be carefully disposed of in the Society's Room for their inspections and examination.

5thly That a Meeting should be held Monthly or Quarterly consisting of Lords, Adventurers, Captains, Agents, and persons conversant in Mining Concerns - to consider and point out the direction of Lodes, Cross courses, Slides, Heaves, &c, and give their opinions in every branch of Mining.

6thly That the Questions should be proposed at the one Meeting for the consideration of Miners and others, and the answers should be delivered in, and reported the succeeding Meeting. 7th That a Book should be procured, in which shall be entered the Minutes of the Society, the Questions proposed, and the Answers received, and every other business transacted in the Society's Room, relative to Mining.

athly_ That a Secretary or Clerk be appointed with a Salary not exceeding [blank] Pounds a Year.

Subscription be 9th1y_ ,. -That a opened for the support and encouragement of this Society.

Cornish Mining Society 1792 (no watermark) CRO M 255/6 Page 442

Appendix 5

MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL ADMITTED ON 11.2.1814 'WITHOUT BALLOT'

from RGSC Minute Book No. 1

NAME RESIDENCE OCCUPATION1

Wm Baker Newlyn not known John Batten Penzance Businessman Wm Berryman Penzance Surgeon HC Blewett Marazion Businessman Henry Boase Penzance Businessman Wm Bolitho Chyandour Businessman Thos Bolitho Chyandour Businessman Joseph Carne Riviere Businessman William Carne Penzance Businessman Wm Chenhalls jun St Just Mine Agent Wm Cornish Marazion Businessman J Dewen Marazion Surgeon Rob't Dunkin jun Marazion Instrument maker Rich Edmonds Penzance Attorney Rich Edwards Falmouth Physician Capt. Ferguson Naval Officer Geo. Croker Fox Falmouth Businessman Rob't W Fox Falmouth Businessman Rob't W Fox jun Falmouth Businessman Davies Giddy St Erth Gentleman Edw'd Giddy Penzance Surgeon Thos Giddy Penzance Surgeon Michael Halliday Penzance Naval Officer Sir C Hawkins Trewithen Gentleman John*Hawkins Sussex Gentleman Rev R Hichens Perranuthnoe Clergyman Richard Hichens Penzance Gentleman Win Hockin Phillack Clergyman Geo. John Penzance Attorney Sam'l John Penzance Attorney GD John Penzance Attorney CV Le Grice Trereife Clergyman Charles Lemon (2) Carclew Gentleman John Luke 'Penzance Brewer John 'McArthur 'Penzance (3) Ashhurst Majendie Penzance Gentleman John Millett St Just 'Attorney Rich'd Moyle jun Marazion Surgeon Sam'l Moyle Chacewater mine engineer Rich Oxnam Rosehill Businessman JA Paris Penzance Physician Humphry Pascoe Penzance Gentleman James Pascoe Penzance Attorney Thos Pascoe Larrigan Attorney Edmond. Paul Penzance Surgeon John Paynter Boskenna Gentleman

OVER... Page 443

Appendix 5 cont.

NAME RESIDENCE OCCUPATION'

Francis Paynter Penzance Attorney John Jones Pearce St Burian not known Rich Pearce Penzance Businessman Henry Penneck Penzance Physician Rose Price Trengwainton Gentleman Wm Rashleigh Menabilly Gentleman Sir John St Aubyn Clowance Gentleman Aaron Scobell Penzance Attorney John Scobell Madron Gentleman JW Smith Penzance Apothecary EW Stackhouse Pendarves Gentleman A Stephens (2) St Ives Gentleman Wm Tremenheere (2) Madron Clergyman J Tremenheere Penzance Gentleman Uriah Tonkin Poltair Clergyman John Williams Scorrier Businessman John Williams jun Scorrier Businessman Michael Williams Scorrier Businessman Capt Woolridge Naval officer

Total number of names: 65

1. The information in this column has been derived from various sources, including correspondence, newspaper reports etc.

2. The names of these three men appear in the list entered in the first pages of Minute Book No. 1 of the RGSC. Only the entry for Wm Tremenheere can be definitely identified as a signature. The names are not included in a printed list appended to the Rules and Laws of the society, which appeared later in-1814, and there must therefore be some doubt about classifying them as founding members. All three names do appear in later lists of members.

3. John McArthur came t o Penzance to fill the post of schoolmaster at the Grammar School; he was subsequently discovered to be a fraud and fled the town, and it has been suggested that he was. trying to evade arrest as a highwayman (G C Boase (1976), (93)). Page 444

APPENDIX 6

MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL IN 1815

(As printed in a list for presentation to the Prince Regent, Patron of the society. )

FM - founding member

NAME RESIDENCE OCCUPATION (if given) (if known)

ORDINARY MEMBERS

Lord De Dunstanville gentleman Lord Falmouth gentleman Sir John St Aubyn FM gentleman Sir Christopher Hawkins FM gentleman Sir William Lemon gentleman Sir Rose Price FM gentleman Sir Vyell Vyvyan gentleman John Batten FM Penzance merchant John Baker The Mount William Baker FM Newlyn John Beard Penzance attorney HC Blewett FM Marazion merchant H Boase FM Penzance banker Wm Berryman FM Penzance surgeon Wm Berryman jun Penzance apothecary Thomas Bolitho FM Chyandour banker, smelter Wm Bolitho FM Chyandour banker, smelter John Borlase Helston gentleman BC Branwell Penzance merchant Joseph Carne FM Riviere businessman Wm Carne FM Penzance merchant, banker John Carne Penzance Chas Carpenter Stannaries Rev Samuel Cole Stonehouse clergyman Cap't Coffin Penzance RN Wm-Cornish FM Marazion merchant Jos Childs Liskeard attorney Wm Chenhalls FM St Just mine agent Cap't Commins Stonehouse Royal Marine Rev Coningham clergyman Rich Cunnack jun Penzance merchant John Davy Penzance physician Wm Davy Penzance merchant LC Daubuz Truro smelter J. B Daubuz Truro smelter -, Dean Exeter John Dennis Penzance banker Wm Dennis Penzance banker James'Dewen, FM Marazion surgeon Dunkin Marazion Robert FM instrument maker Rich Edmonds. FM Penzance attorney, Rich Edwards FM Falmouth physician

OVER... Page 445

NAME RESIDENCE OCCUPATION (if given) (if known)

John Edwards Truro attorney R Jewel Ferris Penzance gentleman Rich Foster Lostwithiel gentleman GC Fox FM Falmouth businessman RW Fox FM Falmouth businessman RW Fox jun FM Falmouth businessman James Fox Perran Wharf businessman Davies Giddy FM St Erth gentleman Thomas Giddy FM Penzance surgeon EC Giddy FM Penzance surgeon John Giddy Calenick mine agent Wm Gregor Creed clergyman Geo Grenfell London smelter Wm Grenfell London smelter Humphry Grylls Helston banker John Gundry Goldsithney merchant Cap't Halliday FM Penzance RN James Halse St Ives attorney Wm Arundell Harris Kenegie gentleman - Hartley Bonython gentleman Rich Hitchens FM Penzance gentleman Rev R Hitchens FM Perranuthnoe clergyman WR Hill Helston gentleman John Hawkins FM Sussex gentleman Rev Wm Hockin FM Phillack clergyman Rev F Hearle Trebartha Hall clergyman Alfred Jenkins Redruth businessman Geo John FM Penzance attorney Samuel John FM Penzance attorney Charles Lemon FM Carclew gentleman Admiral Linzee Penzance RN John Luke FM Penzance merchant John Luke Jun Penzance merchant Stephen Luke Exeter physician C Val Le Grice Trereife clergyman Alexander Marrack Penzance merchant John Mawe London Matthew Paul Moyle Helston surgeon Rich Moyle FM Marazion surgeon Samuel Moyle FM Chacewater mine engineer Ashhurst Majendie FM Lincolns Inn gentleman Tobias Mitchell Redruth John Millett FM St Just attorney Rev T Nankevill St Just clergyman Rich Nicholls Truro Rich Oxnam FM Rosehill merchant JA Paris FM Penzance physician Edmond Paul FM Penzance surgeon Francis Paynter FM Penzance attorney John Paynter FM Boskenna gentleman Dr Penneck FM Penzance physician Thos Pascoe FM Larrigan attorney

OVER... Page 446

NAME RESIDENCE OCCUPATION (if given) (if known)

Rev Thos Pascoe St Hilary clergyman James Pascoe FM Penzance attorney Humphry Pascoe FM Penzance gentleman Wm Phillips London printer Wm Praed Trevethoe banker JJ Pearce FM St Buryan unknown Rich Pearce FM Penzance businessman Wm Rashleigh FM Menabilly gentleman Thos Rawlins Padstow merchant Thos Rawlins jun Pads tow merchant Wm Reynolds Pool steward Thos Read Penzance merchant John Rogers Penzance gentleman Rev John Rogers Mawnan clergyman FH Rodd Trebartha Hall gentleman John Rule Camborne mine surveyor Col Sandys Lanarth gentleman Rev Wm Sandys St Minver clergyman Aaron Scobell FM Penzance attorney Rev Geo Scobell Henley clergman John Scobell FM Nancealverne gentleman EW Stackhouse FM Pendarves gentleman Samuel Stephens Tregenna Castle gentleman Rev J Stephens Ludgvan clergyman Augustus Stephens FM St Ives gentleman Rich Taunton Truro physician John Thomas Tiverton JH Tremayne Helligan gentleman John Tremenheere FM Roscadghill gentleman HP Tremenheere Treneere gentleman Rev W Tremenheere FM Madron clergyman Samuel Trist Veryan clergyman Rev Uriah Tonkin FM Poltair clergyman Jos Tregoning Truro merchant Rev Geo Treweeke St Minver clergyman Wm Mansell Tweedy Truro banker Rev Wm Veale Trevaylor clergyman John Williams FM Scorrier businessman John Williams jun FM Scorrier businessman Michael Williams FM Scorrier businessman Wm Williams Scorrier businessman - Yonge St Ives surgeon

OVER... Page 447

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

John Davey Gwinear John Stephens St Agnes Benjamin Sampson Perran Wharf

Total number of ordinary members: 136 Number of ordinary members joined after 11.2.1814: 75 Number of associate members: 3 Page 448

Appendix 7

OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL 1814-1990

PRESIDENTS

1814-1839 Davies Gilbert 1840-1857 Sir Charles Lemon 1857-1862 Augustus Smith 1863-1867 Charles Fox 1868-1871 Hugh Seymour Tremenheere 1871-1879 Warington W Smyth 1880-1881 A Pendarves Vivian 1881-1882 Leonard H Courtney 1883-1890 Warington W Smyth 1891-1892 Lord St Levan 1893-1894 Howard Fox 1895-1896 TR Polwhele 1897-1900 JD Enys 1901-1902 C Le Neve Foster 1903-1904 JH Collins 1905-1906 Richard Pearce 1908-1908 AK Barnett 1909-1910 W Colenso 1911-1912 JH Collins 1913-1914 Lord St Levan 1915-1916 JB Cornish 1917-1918 Rev D Gath Whitley 1919-1920 WH Bolitho 1921-1922 RA Thomas 1923-1924 S James 1925-1926 FJ Stephens 1927-1928 JC Williams 1929-1930 Dr J Symons 1931-1932 JM Coon 1933-1934 EH Davison 1935-1936 FC Cann 1936-1937 EH Davison 1937-1941 CH Le Grice 1942-1944 E Round 1945-1948 J Robson 1949-1950 CE Leese 1951-1952 J Setchell 1953-1954 Rev GC Sara 1955-1956 Sir EHW Bolitho 1957-1958 KFG Hosking 1959 D Thomas 1959-1970 J, _WDAOpie 1971-1972 GJ Shrimpton 1973-1978 TR Wilson 1979 1-' J P-R Polkinghorne 1979-1990 CV Smale 1990- MG Weller

i Page 449

SECRETARIES

1814-1817 John Ayrton Paris 1817-1822 John Forbes 1822-1827 Henry Samuel Boase 1827 TF Barham 1828-1833 EC Giddy (and Curator) 1833-1837 HS Boase 1837-1840 WJ Henwood 1840 (W J Henwood (Samuel Pidwell 1841-1849 (L R Willan (Samuel Pidwell 1850-1851 (Samuel Pidwell (Richard Q Couch 1852-1862 Richard Q Couch (and Curator) 1863-1867 Samuel Higgs jun 1867-1870 (Samuel Higgs jun (John Hallett Batten 1871-1873 JH Batten 1873 WC Borlase 1874-1896 George Bown Millett 1897-1913 JB Cornish (and Curator) 1914-1915 FH Uren 1916-1923 WH Pellew 1924-1925 (J B Cornish (and Curator) (E H Davison (") 1926-1930 EH Davison 1931-1932 JET Barbary 1933-1936 EH Davison (and Curator) 1937- EH Davison 1943-1944 Dr D Stanley-Jones 1945-1947 Miss A Williams 1948-1954 Miss A Williams (and Curator) 1956-1959 Miss A Williams 1960- CH Halford

Assistant Secretaries

1815-1817 EC Giddy 1818-1833 Richard Moyle jun 1859-1863 Samuel Higgs jun

TREASURERS

1814-1827 Henry Boase 1827-1858 Joseph Carne 1858 TS Bolitho 1859-1895 William Bolitho jun 1896-1925 TR Bolitho 1926 RF Bolitho 1927-1970 EHW Bolitho 1971- SE Bolitho Page 450

LIBRARIANS

1814-1822 CV Le Grice 1822-1827 TF Barham 1829-1833 Thomas Hingston 1833-1834 Rev George Pigott 1834-1842 Richard Hocking 1843-1856 John JA Boase 1858-1866 Edward H Rodd 1867-1868 (Rev John Carne (Edward H Rodd 1868-1873 (Edward H Rodd (Charles Campbell Ross 1873-1874 (C C Ross (G B Millett 1874-1897 Charles Campbell Ross 1898-1922 F Holman 1923-1928 Dr Symons 1929-1930 K Carne Ross 1931 Dr R Donald 1932-1936 E Round 1937-1946 J Pearce 1947 1948-1955 CC James 1956-1958 T Williams 1959-1966 RC Arbery 19 67-19 69 Rev D Clark 1970 1971-1972 (H CL James (F W Stoker 1973-1975 (P T Sillifant (F W Stoker 1976 (P T Sillifant (Mrs JE Newport 1977- Mrs JE Newport Page 451

CURATORS

1818-1833 Edward C Giddy 1834-1840 WJ Henwood 1841-1844 vacant 1845-1862 RQ Couch 1863-1865 vacant 1866-1867 Clement Le Neve Foster 1868-1869 (Clement C Le Neve Foster (J H Collins 1870-1871 George Bown Millett 1872- (G B Millett (G T Bettany 1873-1879 C Le Neve Foster 1879-1884 Robert James Frecheville 1884-1888 (R J Frecheville (Joseph Carne Ross 1888-1889 (Thomas Cornish (A E Pinching

1890-1895 (A E Pinching (H erbert Warington Smyth 1896 H W Smyth 1897-1913 J B Cornish 1914-1916 - 1917-1923 J B Cornish 1924 (J B Cornish (and Secretary) (E H Davison 1925-1932 W P Simmons 1933-1936 E H Davison (and Secretary) 1937-1947 W P Simmons 1948-1954 Mi ss A Williams (and Secretary) 1955-1956 J Robson 1957-1958 T Williams (and Librarian) 1959-1986 G J Shrimpton 1987-1989 C I Moyle 1989- M Mount

Assistant Curators

1833 WJ Henwood 1873-1878 GT Bettany 1924 WP Simmons 1933-1936 WP Simmons

Salaried Assistant Curator and Librarian

1879-1891 WA Taylor Page 452

Appendix 8

TABLE OF PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP - PENZANCE1

NO. OF MEMBERS

Congregational Dissenters 45

Wesleyan Methodist 500

Baptist 38

Society of Friends 19

Jews 14

Primitive Methodists 35

Jordan Baptists 100

Holy Catholic Apostolic 26

Wesleyan Association 40

Church of England -2

NOTES

1. From: 'A statistical account of the Borough of Penzance, and of the Parish of Madron, Cornwall' by Richard Edmonds, Jun. of Penzance. Pamphlet, extracted from the Quarterly Jour- nal of the Statistical Society of London, July 1839 (36-7).

2. Edmonds left a blank space here. The new St Mary's Church, opened in 1836, was built to contain 2 000 places. Page 453

APPENDIX 9

PAPERS READ TO THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL BY WJ HENWOOD, 1825-1842

(from Annual Reports and Minute Book No. 1 of the RGSC. )

* indicates papers published in Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall (n) Volume number

1825 On metalliferous veins

1826 *(III) An account of some circumstances connected with the heave of a copper lode by a flukan vein in the Consolidated Mines, in the parish of Gwennap

*(III) on a singular exudation of gas in the Union Mines, in the parish of Gwennap

1828 *(IV) On the stream works of Cornwall

*(IV) On the manipulations to which the ores of tin and copper are subjected, in the central mining district of Cornwall

On the separation of a solution of the muriate of soda, in a large way, at the salt mines of Bex in Switzerland

1829 *(IV) Appendix to a paper, on the tin stream works of 111 Cornwall

1830 Observations on some of the metalliferous veins of Cornwall; and on some of the metalliferous deposits of Devon

1831 Notice of the occurrence of, rounded stones in metalliferous veins

A brief notice of the progress made in the geological examination of all the mines in Cornwall

On a system of notation with reference to mineral veins

1833 Report of further progress made in, the . geological survey of the mines of-Cornwall

Observations of the intensity of terrestrial magnetism, on Carn Brea Castle, ', on the surface of Dolcoath mine, and 210 fathoms deep in the same mine

On some curious intersections of veins in Dolcoath mine Page 454

1834 On some curious phenomena of veins, recently observed in the survey of the Cornish mines

Additional observations on the metalliferous veins of Cornwall

Details of some experiments on the horary vibrations of the magnetic needle in vacuo, with a view to investigate the question of the diurnal variation of terrestrial magnetism

An examination of the Cornish slickensides, showing that they cannot be referred to a mechanical origin

An enquiry whether the veins of Cornwall afford evidence of elevation or subsidence of the strata

Notice of the effects of a flash of lightning at East Huel Crofty Mine

1835 Observations on the temperature of mines

On the electrical phenomena exhibited in the metalliferous veins of the Ocrynian Range

1836 On slickensides, and whether they afford evidence of mechanical origin

On periodical variations in the quantities of water afforded by springs

1838 on the metallic copper found in the turburies near Dolgelley, Merioneth

On the expansive action of steam in the cylinders of the Cornish pumping engines

on a section of the cliffs on the north coast of Corn- wall, from Cligga Point to Lower Saint Columb Porth

1839 On the mineral composition and mechanical structure of the metalliferous veins of Cornwall, and their relation to the rocks they traverse

1840 Notes on the geology of the counties of Gloucester and Restigouche in New Brunswick, and on the Canadian bank of the River Restigouche

On the sulphur ores (from pyrites) of the Vale of Ovoca, County of Wicklow Page 455

1841 On the circumstances which influence the metallic por- tions of lodes

1842 none

I I 456 4- Page

APPENDIX 10

CLASSIFICATION OF PAPERS INCLUDED IN TRANSACTIONS, ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL, I- IV, 1818 -1832

VOLUME 1 1818

AUTHOR SHORT TITLE DOMINANT SUBJECT/S

J A Paris On a recent formation of sandstone Stratigraphy

J Davy An account of some granite veins Petrology

A Majendie Notes on the coast west of Penzance Petrology

A Majendie Geology of the Lizard district Petrology

H Davy Hints on the geology of Cornwall Advice

W Gregor A remarkable change which metallic tin undergoes Mineralogy

J H Vivian The processes for making arsenic M. processing j H Vivian Mining academies of Freyberg, etc Advice

J A Paris Accidents in the mines of Cornwall misc.

J Carne Elvan courses Petrology

S J Trist Veryan limestone Petrology

J Rogers Veryan limestone Petrology

J Carne Silver in mines of Cornwall Mining

J Hawkins on submarine mines Historical

J Hawkins The lodes of Polgooth mine Mineral veins i H Vivian Salt mines in Poland etc Mining

J A Paris Geological structure of Cornwall Misc. (soils)

J Hawkins Process of refining tin M. Processing

H Boase Steam engines in Peru misc.

Hawkins Queries J respecting lodes Mineral veins

]. See Notes to Table Page 457

VOLUME II 1822

AUTHOR SHORT TITLE DOMINANT SUBJECT/S

J Hawkins On some advantages Advice

R W Fox The temperature of mines Temp of mines

J Hawkins on tin floors Mining

J Carne Relative age of veins Mineral veins

H Boase The submersion of Mount's Bay Misc.

J Hawkins The nomenclature of rocks Advice

J Forbes The temperature of mines Temp of mines

J Rogers Hornblende of St Clere Petrology

J Hawkins The phenomena of intersected lodes Mineral veins

J Hawkins On the intersection of lodes Mineral veins

J Forbes Geology of the Land's End Petrology

P Rashleigh Alluvial depositions at Sandrycock Stream tin

J Hawkins Alluvial strata of Poth etc Stream tin

J Carne The mineral productions of St Just Petrology

S Greatheed Tin among ancient nations Historical

J Forbes Geology of St Michael's Mount Petrology

J Hawkins Disposition of the primitive strata Petrology

H S Boase Tin-ore of Botallack (Mineralogy (M. processing

M P Moyle The temperature of mines Temp of mines

J Rogers The serpentine district of Cornwall Petrology Page 458

VOLUME III 1827

AUTHOR SHORT TITLE DOMINANT SUBJECT/S

J Hawkins Changes in the primitive form Geomorphology

H S Boase Alluvial formations of W. Cornwall Petrology

J Carne Copper mining in Cornwall (Historical (Mining

T F Barham The Ictis of Diodorus Siculus Historical

J Hawkins Tin trade during the Middle Ages Historical

J Carne Some ancient coins (Historical (Stratigraphy

T F Barham The temperature of mines Temp of mines

H S Boase The sand banks of Mount's Bay Stratigraphy

T F Barham Some account of ancient circles Historical

W J Henwood on an exudation of gas misc.

J Carne The granite of W Cornwall Petrology

T S Raffles Tin of the island of Banka Mining

J Hawkins Copper mines of Europe Mining

R W Fox The temperature of mines Temp of mines Page 459

VOLUME IV 1832

AUTHOR SHORT TITLE DOMINANT SUBJECT/S

J Hawkins The structure of Cornwall Advice

R W Fox observations on metalliferous veins Mineral veins

J W Colenso Happy-Union tin stream work Stream tin

J Hawkins observations made in Cornwall Stratigraphy

J Carne Stream work at Drift Moor Stream tin

W J Henwood Stream tin-ore in Cornwall Stream tin j Hawkins On the state of our tin mines Historical

J Carne Some varieties of tin-ore Stream tin

T Hingston The use of iron among early nations Historical

J Hawkins A very singular deposit at St Agnes Petrology

W J Henwood Manipulations to ores of tin etc M processing

H S Boase Contributions towards the geology (Stratigraphy of Cornwall (Petrology

J Hawkins The soft growan at Beam mine Petrology 4 w cn >1 Oz 0 +ýd R', Ho 110 ""I W1 EM U CO to WA o ýCQHH NNC in a, U) 'JJ LL'Q N in tD M al zu]Cýa b a +J w U) w o cxv +10 A U)rx o öCo ä to x:

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APPENDIX 12

ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL - PAPERS AND NOTICES READ 1814-1850.

(excluding annual mining statistics) from RGSC Minute Book No. 1, and Annual Reports

YEAR SUBJECTS OF PAPERS MINING PAPERS

MINING' OTHER TOTAL AS A %age OF

TOTAL

1814 3 9 12 25

1815 4 8 12 33

1816 6 7 13 46

1817 5 10 15 33

1818 4 13 17 24

1819 10 8 18 56

1820 4 5 9 44

1821 4 7 11 36

1822 5 5 10 50

1823 2 4 6 33

1824 2 9 11 18

1825 3 5 8 38

1826 4 7 11 36

1827 6 4 10 60

1828 3 8 11 27

1829 2 5 .; 7 29

1830 5 4 9 56 5 1831 2 7 71 2 0 183 ... 0 0 1833 4 5 9 44 1834 7 10 17 41

OVER... Page 474

YEAR SUBJECTS OF PAPERS MINING PAPERS

MINING1 OTHER TOTAL AS A %age OF

TOTAL

1835 2 2 4 50

1836 1 3 4 25

1837 2 4 6 33

1838 4 6 10 40

1839 2 2 4 50

1840 2 5 7 40

18413 1 7 8 13

1842 1 5 6 20

1843 3 8 11 27

1844 2 8 10 20

1845 2 4 6 33

1846 2 7 9 29

1847 1 3 4 25

1848 1 6 7 16

1849 0 5 5 0

1850 2 10 12 20

Notes

1. Including papers on mining practice and technology, vein theory and education of miners, but excluding. papers on mining laws of earlier centuries.

2. There was no Annual Meeting or Annual Report in 1832, because of an epidemic of-cholera in Penzance. '

3. From 1841, the figures include only those papers published in RGSC Transactions, as Annual Reports did not include lists of papers read during the years after 1840. Page 475

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRINTED SOURCES

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Ashton, TS (1968), The industrial revolution 1760-1830, Ox- ford, revised edition.

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Bakewell, Robert (1813), An Introduction to Geology Illus- trative of the General Structure of the Earth: Comprising the Elements of the Science, and an outline of the Geology and Mineral Geography of England, London.

Barham, C (1841), 'Remarks on the accidents and diseases of miners', Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1841, p. 30.

Barham, C (1842), Report on the employment of children and young persons in the mines of Cornwall and Devonshire, Children's Employment Comm ssion, London, 1842.

Barham, C (1847), 'Remarks on the accidents and diseases of miners', Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, 1847, pp. 64-74.

Barham, TF (1827), 'Some further observations on the temperature of mines', Transactions, Royal Geological Soc., Cornwall, III, 1827, pp. 150-166.

Baring-Gould, S (1908), Cornish Characters and Strange Events, London.

Barton, DB (1967), A History of Tin Mining and Smelting in Cornwall, Truro.

Barton, DB (1968), Copper Mining in Devon and Cornwall, Truro.

Barton, DB (1970), Essays in Cornish Mining History: Volume 2, Truro.

Bauer, LA (1910), 'The Life and Work-of Robert Were Fox', Terrestrial Magnetism and, Atmospheric Electricity, xv, 1910, pp. 207-208.

Becquerel, AC (1829), 'The influence of electricity in the formation of certain inorganic` bodiesEdinburgh New Philo- sophical-Review, 1829, - pp. 229-33.

AC (1838), 'Observations necquerel, ,, on the Electric Origin of Metalliferous Veins', ` Edinburgh New Philosophical Review, X%V, 1838, pp. 167-173. Page 476

Bennett, JN (1859), 'Historical sketch of the origin and progress of the Plymouth Institution', Annual Report of the Plymouth Institution, 1858-9, pp. 13-22.

(1811) the Berger, JF , 'Observations on physical structure of Cornwall', Transactions of the Geological Society of Lon- don, I, 1811, pp. 93-184.

Boase, C W, G C, and F (1876), An Account of the Families of Boase or Bowes, Exeter.

Boase, Frederick, Modern English Biography containing memoirs index of persons who have died since 1850 with an of the most Interesting matters, Truro, 1892-1921.

Boase, GC (1976), Reminiscences of Penzance, reprinted from the Cornishman Newspaper, 1883-4, Penzance.

Boase, GC (1890), Collectanea Cornubiensia; A Collection of Biographical and Topographical Notes, relating to the County of Cornwall, Truro.

Boase, G C, and Courtney, W P, Bibliotheca Cornubiensis; A Catalogue of the Writings, both manuscript and printed, of Cornishmen, and of Works relating to the County of Cornwall, with Biographical Memoranda and-Copious Literary References, 2 Vols., London, 1874; Vol III Supplememtary Volume), London, 1882.

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MANUSCRIPT SOURCBS

British-Library 281. Boase. Manuscripts Add. Mss. 29

Fox-Backhouse Papers Add. Mss. 61711- 61712. Page 493

Cornwall County and Diocesan Record Office (CRO)

Cornwall Agricultural Society

Cornwall County Library

Cornish Mining Society 1792

Enys Family Papers

Gilbert (Giddy), Davies, Papers

Gregor Papers

Hawkins Papers (Cornwall Record Office)

George John, Diaries 1793-1834

Pendarves Papers

Penzance Borough Records

Penzance Dispensary

Penzance Gentleman's Subscription Reading Room

Rashleigh Estate Papers

Rashleigh Papers (Saltash)

Rodd Diaries of FH Rodd Diary of Rev Edward Rodd 1828

Rogers Family Papers

Tremayne Papers

Richard Tyacke, Diary,

Rev Wm Veale of Trevaylor, Diaries

Vyvyan Papers - Sir R Rawlinson Vyvyan

Duchy of Cornwall Archives (DCO)

Duchy Servants Register

Various letters' *re Stannaries 1831-41

West -Sussex Recnrrl 'nff; ne

Hawkins Papers

British Museum (Natural History)

John', Hawkins; Letters and'Manuscripts 1709-l827 Page 494

Bequest John Hawkins Mss, Sir Arthur Russell

Sowerby Correspondence

Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society

Minute Books

Royal Geological Society of Cornwall

Minute Book No. 1 1814-1844

Minute Book No. 2 1856-1874

Council Minute Book 1815-1822

Soil Analysis Book

Royal Institution of Cornwall, Courtney Library

Eva Manuscripts

Royal Society

Fox Papers

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Freeborn, Sally, A History of the Royal Institution of Corn- wall and Its Role in Adult Education during the Nineteent Century, M Phil Thesis, Cornwall College of Further and Higher Education, 1986.

Goodridge, J C, The Historical Geography of the Copper Mining Industry in Devon and Cornwall from 1800 to 1900, PhD Thesis, University of London, 19967.

Gullick, CFWR, The Geographical Development of West Cornwall, B Litt Thesis, University of Oxford, 1934.

Hughes, Mark, Lead, land and coal as sources of landlord income in Northumberland between 1700 and 1850, PhD Thesis, university of Durham, 1963. Page 495

Pearson, Alan (1973) ,A Study of the Royal Cornwall Poly- technic Society, MA Thesis, University of Exeter, Faculty of Education, September, 1973.

Pounds, NJG, The Historical Geography of Cornwall, PhD Thesis, University of London, 1945.