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Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis How to cite: Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: [not recorded] Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000dfd2 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis How to cite: Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: [not recorded] Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000dfd2 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis How to cite: Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: [not recorded] Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000dfd2 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis How to cite: Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] Version: [not recorded] Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000dfd2 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850 Thesis How to cite: Crook, Denise Anne (1990). The early history of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 1814-1850. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000dfd2 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk DENISE ANNE CROOK BA, BSc (Econ) THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL: 1814-1850 vom,,; Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Department of History of Science and Technology, Faculty of Arts, The Open University ý, f4wrs n ca, C 0103'M51 , u, K6-e!: lq clo 14th September 1990 Page 343 9 CONCLUSIONS An assessment of the geological work of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall has been made in the previous section, and it is now appropriate to try to sum up some other aspects of the early history of the institution. Some of the reasons for embarking on a study of the Penzance society were suggested in the Introduction, one being to compare its origins and early work with those of some of the other provincial institutions founded earlier in the century. It has been shown that there were significant areas of difference between the RGSC and certain other societies, especially those in the industrial areas of northern England. Religious dissent was not impor- tant to the Geological Society's development, and it was a specialist society at a time when most learned societies were more general Lit and Phils. The religious affiliations of members have been described in earlier sections, and it has been shown that, with only a few exceptions, dissenters were not important to the establishment or continuation of the society, and that the concept of the legitimation of marginal men will not apply in this particular case. The majority of the early members of the RGSC belonged to the established church, but religion was not an important reason for their involvement in the scientific activity of the society, nor were the interactions between geology and reli- gion matters of particular concern to the majority (see p. 114). Radical politics were not a feature of Cornish life either, Page 344 and did not affect the affairs of the society. No members of the society have been identified as being active in this field (with the exception of those who were already Members of Parliament). Cornwall had always been well represented in national political life, with over forty Members of Parlia- ' ment. A number of local members were Whigs, or liberals, and there were fewer of the pressures for reform similar to those experienced by the new towns like Manchester and Birmingham, which had no parliamentary representatives, and where there was a firm connection between membership of a learned society 2 and radical political views. Penzance, although an ancient 3 Borough, never had its own representative, but this seems not to have been too much of a disadvantage, for when the town's problems required action by Parliament, there was invariably an MP living locally who would' represent it; Davies Gilbert, Member for Bodmin, was an example, for he took up the matter of Penzance harbour dues in 1817, assisting with the passage 4 of a bill through the House of Commons. The mining community was not noted for its participation in political or union affairs, and Chartism hardly affected Cornwall. The indepen- 5 dence of miners is often cited as the reason for this. There were however areas where there was more agreement bet- ween the aims of the Cornish Geological Society and those of similar provincial societies; these will be discussed in the sections below. 9.1 Practical science, laboratories and the mining industry It was proposed in the Introduction that a study of the soc- Page 345 iety could help to highlight some of the differences between provincial and metropolitan science. one area in which there were considerable differences between London and the societies outside the capital can be found in their attitude to utilita- rian science. In this context, utilitarian science is under- stood to mean science which could be applied to the problems of industry or agriculture; this was usually intended to bring about increased profitability, but sometimes measures were also proposed to improve the conditions in which the working classes laboured. On the whole, the provincial societies had a greater tendency to favour these studies than had the major 6 London institutions. The Geological Society of London was becoming dominantly an institution for gentlemanly geology, more interested in the elucidation of the problems of strati- graphy, than in the application of geology to the extractive 9 industries. As argued in the previous section, the Geological Society of London was an institution that the RGSC tended to look to as a model. The emphasis in the RGSC was however strongly practical in its first few years; as will be shown below, this was most probably the result of Paris's influence. instances Some which demonstrate the practical slant of the society now need to be examined, in particular the laboratory and the society's relationship with the mining industry. it is from the clear society's records that Paris set up a for laboratory the RGSC at a very early stage in its history. It is not known whether this was housed on the premises which the first in society rented the autumn of 1814, or whether Page 346 Paris used his own home, or possibly even a room at the Dis- pensary. (The RGSC had found a temporary home in the Dispen- sary room in April 1814,10 which it continued to use until arrangements were made to rent a former hotel in the market 11) Place in October of the same year (see Figure 20). Some equipment was purchased to be used for mineralogical analyses, for the Minute Book recorded a request for a goniometer (for measuring crystal angles) and the acquisition of a Voltaic 12 battery.
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