Action Potential and Synapses
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Long-Term Potentiation Differentially Affects Two Components of Synaptic
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 9346-9350, December 1988 Neurobiology Long-term potentiation differentially affects two components of synaptic responses in hippocampus (plasticity/N-methyl-D-aspartate/D-2-amino-5-phosphonovglerate/facilitation) DOMINIQUE MULLER*t AND GARY LYNCH Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717 Communicated by Leon N Cooper, September 6, 1988 (receivedfor review June 20, 1988) ABSTRACT We have used low magnesium concentrations ing electrode was positioned in field CAlb between two and the specific antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate stimulating electrodes placed in fields CAla and CAlc; this (D-AP5) to estimate the effects of long-term potentiation (LTP) allowed us to activate separate inputs to a common pool of on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA recep- target cells. Stimulation voltages were adjusted to produce tor-mediated components of postsynaptic responses. LTP in- field EPSPs of -1.5 mV and did not elicit population spikes duction resulted in a considerably larger potentiation of non- in any of the responses included for data analysis. NMDA as opposed to NMDA receptor-related currents. In- Paired-pulse facilitation was produced by applying two creasing the size of postsynaptic potentials with greater stimulation pulses separated by 30 or 50 ms to the same stimulation currents or with paired-pulse facilitation produced stimulating electrode and LTP was induced by patterned opposite effects; i.e., those aspects ofthe response dependent on burst stimulation-i.e., 10 bursts delivered at 5 Hz, each NMDA receptor's increased to a greater degree than did those burst being composed of four pulses at 100 Hz (see ref. -
Neurophysiology of Frog Dorsal Root Afferent Fibers and Their Intraspinal Processes
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Neurophysiology of Frog Dorsal Root Afferent Fibers and Their Intraspinal Processes Nancy C. Tkacs Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Tkacs, Nancy C., "Neurophysiology of Frog Dorsal Root Afferent Fibers and Their Intraspinal Processes" (1989). Dissertations. 2652. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2652 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Nancy C. Tkacs UBRA~Y·· NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF FROG DORSAL ROOT AFFERENT FIBERS AND THEIR INTRASPINAL PROCESSES by Nancy C. Tkacs A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of .Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1989 DEDICATION To Bill, with deep love and gratitude ii ACKNOWLEDG.EMENTS I would like to thank the faculty of the Department of Physiology for the excellent training I have received. I am particularly grateful to Dr. James Filkins for supporting my dissertation research. My thanks also go to Dr. Charles Webber, Dr. David Euler, Dr. David Carpenter, and Dr. Sarah Shefner for serving on my dissertation committee. Their helpful suggestions added much to the research and the dissertation. My gratitude goes to several individuals who unselfishly shared their time, resources, and expertise. -
Fast and Slow Synaptic Potentials Produced Ina Mammalian
Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 83, pp. 1941-1944, March 1986 Neurobiology Fast and slow synaptic potentials produced in a mammalian sympathetic ganglion by colon distension (visceral afferent/inferior mesenteric ganglion/noncholinergic) STEPHEN PETERS AND DAVID L. KREULEN Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724 Communicated by C. Ladd Prosser, November 1, 1985 ABSTRACT Radial distension of the large intestine pro- way also comprises noncholinergic fibers; indeed, it remains duced a slow depolarization in a population of neurons in the to be determined whether noncholinergic slow EPSPs even inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig. The slow occur physiologically. potentials often occurred simultaneously with cholinergic fast We report here the discovery of a noncholinergic sensory potentials [(excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)] yet pathway that projects from the distal colon to the inferior persisted in the presence of nicotinic and muscarinic choliner- mesenteric ganglion (1MG) of the guinea pig. This pathway, gic antagonists when all fast EPSPs were absent. The amplitude activated by colon distension, produces noncholinergic slow of the distension-induced noncholinergic slow depolarization depolarizations resembling nerve-evoked slow EPSPs in increased with increasing distension pressure. For distensions sympathetic ganglion cells. Often, distension of the colon of 1-min duration at pressures of 10-20 cm of water, the mean produced both an increase in cholinergic EPSPs and a slow depolarization amplitude was 3.4 mV. The slow depolarization depolarization, suggesting a simultaneous action of two was associated with an increase in membrane resistance, and cell. The prolonged periods ofcolon distension resulted in a tachyphylax- different neurotransmitters on a single ganglion is of the depolarization. -
Mid-Year Report
A Publication of the American Association for Hand Surgery Autumn 2006 FROM THE PRESIDENT Mid-Year Report n January, I was inducted as President of the American Association for Hand Surgery. Since my induction, I I am astounded as to how quickly time has passed. As I have told you in earlier newslet- ters, this has certainly been an active and productive year. We recently returned from our mid-year Board of Directors’ meeting. Your Coming in January! The AAHS 2007 Annual Meeting will be in Rio Grande, Puerto Board of Directors is work- Rico, where sights like these are commonplace. For a peek at the 2007 ing hard to keep the orga- program, turn to pages 5-7. nization running smoothly and to present the best RONALD E. PALMER, MD educational experiences question whether the Association I reviewed with the Board the possible. should continue the mailing or National Orthopedic Leadership Dr. Freeland updated change to electronic distribution. meeting that I attended in the Board on the goals of the Central Office was asked to go Washington, D.C. and the “Board Hand Surgery Endowment as about obtaining information from of Specialties’’ meeting. Their fall well as a summary of this year’s our membership regarding your meeting will be in Albuquerque, Endowment fund raising efforts. opinion. New Mexico in October, which I There was a great deal of discus- Our annual meeting was dis- plan on attending. sion on how the Endowment can cussed throughout and a review Both ASPS and AAOS offer manage the organization to con- of a report submitted by Laura Pathways To Leadership for trol overhead to get maximum Downes Leeper regarding the young members of specialty return of funds to the organiza- outline of the financial relation- organizations. -
Pain-Enhancing Mechanism Through Interaction Between TRPV1 and Anoctamin 1 in Sensory Neurons
Pain-enhancing mechanism through interaction between TRPV1 and anoctamin 1 in sensory neurons Yasunori Takayamaa, Daisuke Utab, Hidemasa Furuec,d, and Makoto Tominagaa,d,1 aDivision of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; bDepartment of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; cDivision of Neural Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; and dDepartment of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan Edited by David Julius, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved March 20, 2015 (received for review November 11, 2014) The capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential cation channel channels. Mammalian TRPV1 is activated by noxious heat, acid, and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is activated by various noxious stimuli, and the many chemical compounds including capsaicin (16–18). The calcium stimuli are converted into electrical signals in primary sensory permeability of TRPV1 is more than 10 times that of sodium, neurons. It is believed that cation influx through TRPV1 causes suggesting that TRPV1 could activate anoctamins readily, leading depolarization, leading to the activation of voltage-gated sodium to further depolarization. ANO1 plays an important role in noci- channels, followed by the generation of action potential. Here we ception in primary sensory neurons (19), and bradykinin-induced report that the capsaicin-evoked action potential could be induced and neuropathic pain-related behaviors were reduced in ANO1 by two components: a cation influx-mediated depolarization caused conditional-knockout mice (20, 21), suggesting that interaction be- by TRPV1 activation and a subsequent anion efflux-mediated de- tween the two proteins could strongly enhance nociceptive signals. -
Neural Plasticity in the Brain During Neuropathic Pain
biomedicines Review Neural Plasticity in the Brain during Neuropathic Pain Myeong Seong Bak 1, Haney Park 1 and Sun Kwang Kim 1,2,* 1 Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; [email protected] (M.S.B.); [email protected] (H.P.) 2 Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-961-0491 Abstract: Neuropathic pain is an intractable chronic pain, caused by damage to the somatosensory nervous system. To date, treatment for neuropathic pain has limited effects. For the development of efficient therapeutic methods, it is essential to fully understand the pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Besides abnormal sensitization in the periphery and spinal cord, accumulating evidence suggests that neural plasticity in the brain is also critical for the development and mainte- nance of this pain. Recent technological advances in the measurement and manipulation of neuronal activity allow us to understand maladaptive plastic changes in the brain during neuropathic pain more precisely and modulate brain activity to reverse pain states at the preclinical and clinical levels. In this review paper, we discuss the current understanding of pathological neural plasticity in the four pain-related brain areas: the primary somatosensory cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the periaqueductal gray, and the basal ganglia. We also discuss potential treatments for neuropathic pain based on the modulation of neural plasticity in these brain areas. Keywords: neuropathic pain; neural plasticity; primary somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex; periaqueductal grey; basal ganglia Citation: Bak, M.S.; Park, H.; Kim, S.K. -
Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue • Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life • Three basic functions – sensing changes with sensory receptors • fullness of stomach or sun on your face – interpreting and remembering those changes – reacting to those changes with effectors • muscular contractions • glandular secretions 12-1 Major Structures of the Nervous System • Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors 12-2 Organization of the Nervous System • CNS is brain and spinal cord • PNS is everything else 12-3 Nervous System Divisions • Central nervous system (CNS) – consists of the brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – consists of cranial and spinal nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers – connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors 12-4 Subdivisions of the PNS • Somatic (voluntary) nervous system (SNS) – neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to the CNS – motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue • Autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems – sensory neurons from visceral organs to CNS – motor neurons to smooth & cardiac muscle and glands • sympathetic division (speeds up heart rate) • parasympathetic division (slow down heart rate) • Enteric nervous system (ENS) – involuntary sensory & motor neurons control GI tract – neurons function independently of ANS & CNS 12-5 Neurons • Functional unit of nervous system • Have capacity to produce action potentials – electrical excitability • Cell body • Cell processes = dendrites -
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Remote-Activated Electrical Stimulation via Piezoelectric Scaffold System for Functional Peripheral and Central Nerve Regeneration Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hb5g2x7 Author Low, Karen Gail Publication Date 2017 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Remote-Activated Electrical Stimulation via Piezoelectric Scaffold System for Functional Nerve Regeneration A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements of for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Bioengineering by Karen Gail Low December 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jin Nam, Chairperson Dr. Hyle B. Park Dr. Nosang V. Myung Copyright by Karen Gail Low 2017 The Dissertation of Karen Gail Low is approved: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my PhD advisor and mentor, Dr. Jin Nam. I came from a background with no research experience, therefore his guidance, motivation, and ambition for me to succeed helped developed me into the researcher I am today. And most of all, I am forever grateful for his patience with all my blood, sweat and tears that went into this 5 years. He once said, “it takes pressure to make a diamond.” His words of wisdom will continue to guide me through my career. I would also like to thank my collaborator, Dr. Nosang V. Myung. He gave me the opportunity to explore a field that was completely outside of my comfort zone of biology. -
Simultaneously Excitatory and Inhibitory
The Journal of Neuroscience, September 27, 2017 • 37(39):9389–9402 • 9389 Systems/Circuits Simultaneously Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Revealed Using Selective Pulse-Train Stimulation in the Rat Motor Cortex Ahmad Khatoun, Boateng Asamoah, and Myles Mc Laughlin Research Group Experimental ORL, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) uses sinusoidal, subthreshold, electric fields to modulate cortical processing. Cor- tical processing depends on a fine balance between excitation and inhibition and tACS acts on both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. Given this, it is not clear whether tACS should increase or decrease cortical excitability. We investigated this using transcranial current stimulation of the rat (all males) motor cortex consisting of a continuous subthreshold sine wave with short bursts of suprath- reshold pulse-trains inserted at different phases to probe cortical excitability. We found that when a low-rate, long-duration, suprath- reshold pulse-train was used, subthreshold cathodal tACS decreased cortical excitability and anodal tACS increased excitability. However, when a high-rate, short-duration, suprathreshold pulse-train was used this pattern was inverted. An integrate-and-fire model incorporating biophysical differences between cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons could predict the experimental data and helped interpret these results. The model indicated that low-rate suprathreshold -
Bi 360 Week 4 Discussion Questions: Electrical and Chemical Synapses
Bi 360 Week 4 Discussion Questions: Electrical and Chemical Synapses 1a) What is the difference between a non-rectifying electrical synapse and a rectifying electrical synapse? A non-rectifying electrical synapse allows information to flow between two cells in either direction (presynaptic cell postsynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell presynaptic cell). A rectifying electrical synapse allows information to flow in only one direction; positive current will flow in one direction which is equivalent to negative current flowing in the opposite direction. 1b) You are conducting a voltage clamp experiment to determine the properties of a synapse within the central nervous system. You conduct the experiment as follows: 1) You depolarize the presynaptic cell and record the voltage in both the pre- and the postsynaptic cell. 2) You hyperpolarize the presynaptic cell and record from the pre- and postsynaptic cell. 3) You depolarize the postsynaptic cell and record from the pre- and postsynaptic cell. 4) You hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell and record from the pre- and postsynaptic cell. Analyze each piece of data shown below and determine what kind of synapse this is. How did you draw your conclusion? This is a rectifying electrical synapse. When you depolarize the presynaptic cell, there is a response in both the pre and post synaptic cell. When the postsynaptic cell is depolarized, however, there is a depolarization in the postsynaptic cell but no response in the presynaptic cell. A similar trend can be seen in the hyperpolarizing data but in the opposite direction. This means there must be a voltage dependent gate allowing positive current to flow in one direction while preventing it from flowing in the other. -
Preferential Activation of Small Cutaneous Fibers Through Small Pin
Hugosdottir et al. BMC Neurosci (2019) 20:48 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-019-0530-8 BMC Neuroscience RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Preferential activation of small cutaneous fbers through small pin electrode also depends on the shape of a long duration electrical current Rosa Hugosdottir1* , Carsten Dahl Mørch1*, Ole Kæseler Andersen1, Thordur Helgason2 and Lars Arendt‑Nielsen1 Abstract Background: Electrical stimulation is widely used in experimental pain research but it lacks selectivity towards small nociceptive fbers. When using standard surface patch electrodes and rectangular pulses, large fbers are activated at a lower threshold than small fbers. Pin electrodes have been designed for overcoming this problem by providing a higher current density in the upper epidermis where the small nociceptive fbers mainly terminate. At perception threshold level, pin electrode stimuli are rather selectively activating small nerve fbers and are perceived as painful, but for high current intensity, which is usually needed to evoke sufcient pain levels, large fbers are likely co‑acti‑ vated. Long duration current has been shown to elevate the threshold of large fbers by the mechanism of accom‑ modation. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanism of accommodation in large fbers can be utilized to activate small fbers even more selectively by combining pin electrode stimulation with a long duration pulse. Results: In this study, perception thresholds were determined for a patch‑ and a pin electrode for diferent pulse shapes of long duration. The perception threshold ratio between the two diferent electrodes was calculated to estimate the ability of the pulse shapes to preferentially activate small fbers. -
The Fessard's School of Neurophysiology After
The fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in france: globalisation and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955) Jean-Gaël Barbara To cite this version: Jean-Gaël Barbara. The fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in france: globalisation and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955). Archives Italiennes de Biologie, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, 2011. halshs-03090650 HAL Id: halshs-03090650 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03090650 Submitted on 11 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Fessard’s School of neurophysiology after the Second World War in France: globalization and diversity in neurophysiological research (1938-1955) Jean- Gaël Barbara Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7102 Université Denis Diderot, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 7219 [email protected] Postal Address : JG Barbara, UPMC, case 14, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005,