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Fracture Zones and Their Gravity Signal 33 Het gebruik van een totale separatiepool in plaats van een halfpool voor de rotatie van de huidige spreidingsrug naar een oude positie is principieel onjuist. De hierdoor veroor- zaakte fout van ongeveer 15 kIn in de positie van de frakturezones in een rekonstruktie door Patriat et ai. (1985) kan van grote invloed zijn op hun konklusie dat frakturezones zich niet stationair gedragen. Patriat Ph., Segoufin J., Goslin J., Beuzart P. - Earth Planet. Sci. Leu .• 75, 204-214, 1985 Dit proefschrift, hoofdstuk 4 Het vulkano-tektonische komplex van Royal Trough en Researcher Ridge & Trough is ontstaan ten gevolge van rek welke samenhangt met de differentie1e beweging tussen Noord- en Zuidamerika. Het feit dat dit komplex zich uitstrekt ten noorden en zuiden van de Fifteen Twenty Fracture Zone vormt een aanwijzing dat frakturezones niet zwakker zijn dan de overige oceaanlithosfeer. Het beschikbaar komen van Seasat-satellietwaarnemingen van de hoogte van het zeeop- pervlak vormt een mijlpaal in het geofysisch onderzoek van de oceaan. Door toepassing van het zwaartekrachtsfilter op de Seasat-satellietwaarnemingen van de gemiddelde hoogte van het zeeoppervlak worden de gegevens in het golflengte bereik van 30-400 kIn bij uitstek geschikt voor het bestuderen van het frakturezonepatroon. De gewoonte om de zgn. stagepolen te bepalen tussen magnetische isochronen komt veelal voort uit een gebrek aan topografische informatie. Ten onrechte zou gekonkludeerd kunnen worden dat er een werkelijke relatie tussen veranderingen in de relatieve beweging van platen en ompolingen in het aardmagneetveld bestaat. Het woord stroomlijn (flowline) dat algemeen wordt gebruikt als men het over de sporen van het aangroeien van de oceaanlithosfeer heeft, is niet gelukkig gekozen aangezien het vervormingen in de oudere oceaanlithosfeer suggereerto Voorzover er al sprake is van stromen, treedt dit op tengevolge van thermische kontraktie in de jonge oceaanlithosfeer en weI Ioodrecht op de "stroomlijnen". Het beschrijven van frakturezones met cycIoi"denin plaats van met kIeincirkeIsegmenten opent de weg naar de mathematische formulering van een kontinue baan van rotatiepoleno Reeds bij de zeer geringe lichtintensiteiten, die worden gebruikt bij het - psychofysisch - meten van de absolute drempel van het menselijk oog, treedt adaptatie op tengevolge waarvan de drempel verhoogd wordt. Uit Hermans' uitspraak "Romanschrijven is wetenschap bedrijven zonder bewijs" mag niet worden afgeleid dat in de wetenschap wel altijd bewijs wordt geleverd. De fabrikant van software welke voor edukatieve doeleinden wordt gebruikt, zou zelf voor beveiligingen tegen illegaal kopieren dienen zorg te dragen en niet de onderwijsin- stellingen verantwoordelijk stellen voor de verspreiding van illegale kopieen door stu- denten. De astronomische bedragen die schilderijen tegenwoordig op veilingen opbrengen (bov. Zonnebloemen van Vincent van Gogh, Christie's, Landen, 30 maart 1987) maken het voor musea steeds moeilijker grote overzichtstentoonstellingen te organiseren, daar de verzekeringskosten bij bruikIeen uit het buitenland navenant stijgeno Genieten van het proces dat leidt tot een doel, dat is het geheim dat afrekent met de mythe van de grote beloning en de tijdsbesparing. Immers, telkens wanneer een doel is bereikt wordt het Niet Zo Leuk meer en stormen we weer af op het volgende en dan op het daarop volgende. Het principe van Zeno's paradox over Achilles en de schildpad gaat niet op voor het ledi- gen van een fles whisky. Stellingen behorende bij het proefschrift "Seafloor spreading pattern of the North Atlantic between 10° and 40° N". GEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht No. 48 SEAFLOOR SPREADING PATTERN OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC BETWEEN 10° AND 40° N A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON SHIPBORNE MEASUREMENTS AND SATELLITE ALTIMETER DATA I. V SEAFLOOR SPREADING PATTERN OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC BETWEEN 10° AND 40° N A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON SHIPBORNE MEASUREMENTS AND SATELLITE ALTIMETER DATA SPREIDINGSPATROON VAN DE NOORDATI..ANTISCHE OCEAAN TUSSEN 10° EN 40° N EEN REKONSlRUKTIE GEBASEERD OP METINGEN OP ZEE EN SATELLIET­ WAARNEMINGEN VAN DE HOOGTE VAN HET ZEEOPPERVLAK (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFr TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOcrOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKSUNlVERSlTEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. J.A. VAN GINKEL VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN RET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN IN RET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP WOENSDAG 17 JUNl1987 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 2.30 UUR DOOR WALTHERUSROBERTUSROEST GEBOREN OP 1 JUNI 1958 TE DORDRECHT PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. B.J.COLLETTE El desorden, la incoherencia y la variedad no son inaccesibles, pero es indispensable que los gobierne un orden secreto, que gradualmente se descubra. Jorge Luis Borges, Otras inquisiciones The state of chaos, incoherence. flux is not inaccessible, though it must be governed by a secret order that is gradually disclosed. Contents Chapter One Introduction 9 1.1 The floor of the Atlantic Ocean between lOoN and 400 N 9 1.2 Earlier reconstructions of the spreading pattern 11 1.3 Data 11 1.4 Outline of the study 12 Chapter Two Data 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Bathymetry and seismic reflection data 15 2.3 Magnetics 17 2.4 Gravity 23 2.5 Seasat altimeter data 23 Chapter Three Fracture Zones and their Gravity Signal 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Morphology of Atlantic fracture zones 34 3.3 Gravity over Atlantic fracture zones 35 3.4 Position of the fracture zone axis 37 3.5 Fracture zones from Seasat 39 3.6 Fracture zones as flowlines 40 Chapter Four Method ofReconstruction 43 4.1 Poles of rotation 43 4.2 Finite rotations 44 4.3 Relation between total separation poles and stage poles 46 4.4 Construction of total separation poles 48 4.5 Construction of half poles 49 4.6 Calculation of stage poles 52 4.7 Direct measurements of stage poles 55 4.8 Final remarks 56 Chapter Five Reconstruction 57 5.1 General principles 57 5.2 Selected isochrons and their total separation poles 58 5.3 Determination of half poles 60 5.4 The stage poles 62 5.5 Accuracy of the reconstruction 68 Chapter Six Discussion 81 6.1 Introductory remarks 81 6.2 Spreading history of the North Atlantic between 10° and 400 N 82 6.3 Fracture zones 86 6.4 The North America-South America Plate Boundary 88 6.5 The Azores-Gibraltar Plate Boundary 94 6.6 Origin of the New England Seamounts 95 6.7 A possible explanation for the Atlantis-Meteor Seamount Complex and Comer Seamounts 97 6.8 Transform domain directions 99 Chapter Seven Summary and Conclusion 103 References 107 Acknowledgements 115 Samenvatting 117 Curriculum Vitae 121 9 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 The floor of the Atlantic Ocean between 10 0 Nand 40 0 N A detailed analysis of the pattern of fracture zone directions and seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies in the North Atlantic between 100 and 400 N will be carried out in order to reconstruct the history of the relative motion between Africa and North Amer­ ica. The present reconstruction forms a refinement of the reconstruction of the spread­ ing pattern since anomaly 34 presented by Collette et al. (1984) and of that by Slootweg and Collette (1985) for the Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone. These spreading histories are based on shipborne measurements carried out on the African plate. In the present study, data collected on the American plate will be included, as well as Seasat altimeter data. Figure 1.1 shows a shaded relief of the study area, based on the Digital Bathymetric Data Base (DBDB5, 1984). It gives a good illustration of the regional structure of the ocean floor and the elements which are important for the understanding and the recon­ struction of the spreading history. These elements are in the first place the curved Mid­ Atlantic Ridge and the generally east-west trending oceanic fracture zones. Fossil frac­ ture zones show directions which are (sub)-parallel to the direction of spreading at the time they were formed in the transform domain (Wilson, 1965). Their traces can be used as constraints for the construction of synthetic flowlines (Morgan, 1968). The deepening of the ocean floor away from the spreading center reflects the depth/age relation of oceanic lithosphere (parsons and Sclater, 1977). This means that the depth contours generally follow the isochrons, i.e. the lines of equal age. These iso­ chrons can be accurately determined from the magnetic seafloor spreading anomalies (Vine and Matthews, 1963). Furthermore one sees seamount groups, in general associated with a regional swell, and some island groups. A few seamount groups in the central North Atlantic are known to be related to differential movement between lithospheric plates. E.g. the Azores have been formed as a response to the differential motion between Africa and Eurasia (Searle, 1980; Srivastava and Tapscott, 1986); The volcano-tectonic complex of Researcher Ridge & Trough and Royal Trough finds its origin in the differential move­ ment between North and South America (Roest and Collette, 1986; this study). Loca­ tions of other seamount groups should be.considered as possible places for former plate boundaries. .... lOW c,OW SOW 40"1 ,lOW 20"1 10"1 o 40rj 401'1 3UN ,l0N 20N ON ION ION / II W 60"1 SOW 40W ,lOW 20W lOW 9 .§ Figure 1.1 - Shaded relief of the floor of the North Atlantic between 10° and 40° N. The bathymetry is based on DBDB5 (1985), and illuminated ""C from the north-west. In addition, the depth contours are given at an interval of 1000 m. "' a::r (\) Introduction 11 1.2 Earlier reconstructions of the spreading pattern Since the work of Heirtzler et ai. (1968), several reconstructions of the relative motion of North America and Africa have been carried out (Le Pichon and Fox, 1971; Pitman and Talwani, 1972; Francheteau, 1973; Sclater et ai.
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