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Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Petrology, and Basin Evolution of the Abiquiu Formation (Oligo-Miocene), North-Central New Mexico

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Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Petrology, and Basin Evolution of the Abiquiu Formation (Oligo-Miocene), North-Central New Mexico Stratigraphy, sedimentology, petrology, and basin evolution of the Abiquiu Formation (Oligo-Miocene), north-central New Mexico M. E. VAZZANA Exxon USA- Western Division, I800 Avenue of the Stars, Los Angeles, California 91)(167 R. V. INGERSOLL Department of Geology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 The Getllogical Society of America Bulletin, Part II, v. 92, p. 2401-2483, 24 figs., 4 tables, December, 1981, Doc. no. M11209 of Smith and described all three INTRODUCTlON units, informally, as members," but Smith (1938, p. 945) first described did not attempt detailed petrologic the "Abiquiu Tuff" of north-central New description. Mexico,as being composed of three units. Since then, few workers have studied A basal conglomerate which "grades from the stratigraphy, petrology, and.prove- unsorted granitic talus to streawlaid nance of the Abiquiu Formation, which. gravel, also granitic" underlies a "hard, crops out in Rio Arriba anr9andwal I compact, limestone" which is overlain by Counties in northern New Mexico (Fig. *:i "tru,e tuff." Smith (1938, p. 947) also 1). Many workers'have summarized and noted the "unique occurrence of a 5-foot extrapolated Smith's work (Bingler, .bed of flint on the $opes of Cerro 1968; Church and Hack, 1939; Galusha Pedernal about 175 feet above the base of and Bick, 1971'; Smith and Muehlberger, the formation" (Fig. 1). Church and Hack 1960; Smith and others, 1970). Incon- .?, (1939, p. 621) further described this sistencies in published maps of this ''flint'' ("usuAlly a pearly white though region have developed due to the lack a flecks and stains of red, yellow and black of detailed petrologic and stratigraphic . are common") and coined the name descriptions. Smith and Muehlberger Pedernal Chert. They reiterated the work (1960) compiled the work of previous 2401 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/12_Part_II/2401/3419025/i0016-7606-92-12-2401.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 2402 I are0 of SCALE m U.S. Forss? Service Roads 0 10 20 krn Peaks c I , Figure 1. Location map of geographic features in study area. Stippled pattern indicates Abiquiu Formation outcrops. Average paleocurrent directions also are shown, with members indicated as follows: L, Lower; T, Transitional from Lower to Upper; U, Upper. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/12_Part_II/2401/3419025/i0016-7606-92-12-2401.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 authors for their "Geologic riap of the study. On the basis of five thin Rio Cham Country." Galusha and Blick sections, he characterized the "upper (1971) identified paleontologic material portion of the Abiquiu Tuff" as being within Santa Fe Group outcrops, mistaken11 rich in quartz and feldspar, with identified as Abiquiu Formation (T. generally low lithic content. He Galusha , 1978, personal commun. ) and further stated that volcanic lithic suggested that the formation is limited fragments make up 982 of the total I to the Espszola basin. Church and Hack lithic population. "Cement and (1939) , Woodward and Timer (1979), and matrix'' constitute between 8% and 20% Woodward and others (1974, 1976, 1977) . of the total rock. have mapped Pedernal Chert and the basal The present study was initiated conglomerate as far west as San Pedro to rectify the inconsistent and dis- Peak and vicinity (Fig. 1). Kelley parate use of the term "Abiquiu For- (1978) shows sediments formerly included mation." Fieldwork, completed during in the Los Pinos Formation (Atwood and the summer months of 197thdj 1979, Mather, 1932; Manley, 1981; Smith and and microscopy were threefold ,in pur- Muehlberger, 1960) as Abiquiu Formation pose: to review and define the without explanation as to why the map stratigraphy of the Abiquiu Formation; units weqe changed. to compile an outcrop map (1:125,000) The mast recent work which deals with using published maps and reconnais- the Abiquiu Formation (Manley, 1979) sance and detailed mapping; and to use briefly discusses radiometrically dated detailed sedimentary petrologic and volcanic debris within it and suggests paleocurrent analyses of the Abiquiu sources from within the San Juan volcanic Formation €or determination of prove- ' field. Wilson (1977) has done the only nance and regional lithowic rela- detailed sedimentary petrographic work * tionships. These three types of on the Abiquiu Formation prior to this investigation provide data for detailed Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/12_Part_II/2401/3419025/i0016-7606-92-12-2401.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 2404 basin analysis throughout Abiquiu time Regional Features and allow for integration of Abiquiu sediments into a regional tectonic and Brazos Uplift. The Tusas Moun- paleogeographic framework.. tains of northern New Mexico are the The present paper is a condensation remnants of a southeast-trending, of an M.S. thesis by the senior author Laramide block-faulted highland (the ...-a (Vazzana, 1980). The results have been Brazos uplift, Fig. 2) about-_ 40 k.ni ,I - presented orally by the junior author wide and 80 km long (Woodward and a (Vazzana and Ingersoll, 1980), who super- Ingersoll, 1979). .This highlgnd vised the research. merges with the San Juan Mountains in the vicinity of the Colorado-New REGIONAL SETTING Mexico border. Rocks exposed in Introduction this uplift are Precambrian; Mesozoic, Outcrops of the Abiquiu Formation Tertiary, and Quaternary age. Pre- trend south-southwesterly (Fig. 1) and cambrian rocks are dominantly quartz- cross the boundaries of four major tec- ites, muscovitic quartzites, and 'tonic elements of north-central New feldspathic schists (Barker, 1958). Mexico: the Chama basin (platform), The quartz$%es are commonly "compact., the- EspaGola basin, the Jemez volcanic hard, coarsp-grained, gray f&d] field, and the Nacimiento uplift (Fig. vitreous (Tjingler, 1965, p. 19). 2). Geometric and kinematic analyses The dominant type is 95% pure quartz of each tectonic clemen't within and with acruate layers of specular hema- adjacent to the depositional basin pro- tite which may represent relict cross- 'vide a background essential to the bedding; this quartzite was named interpretation of Abiquiu sedimentation. Ortega quartzite by Just (1937). It can be traced from La Madera Mountain no rthwes twa rd through the Ortega Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/12_Part_II/2401/3419025/i0016-7606-92-12-2401.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 240s 7 0 10 20 30 40 Km ,Figure 2. Schematic tectonic map of north-central New Mexico (after Smith and other, 1961). The modern Tusas Mount'ains are the remnants of the Brazos uplift. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/12_Part_II/2401/3419025/i0016-7606-92-12-2401.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 2406 Mountains (Fig. 2). Muscovitic quartzite, 2,130 m of structural relief (Woodward aluminous schist, kyanite-muscovite schist, and Ingersoll, 1979). feldspathic schist, and granitic gneiss COI Nacimiento Uplift. The Nacimiento pose the remaining Precambrian rock types. uplift consists of an east-tilted These are covered by a thin veneer of Palec fault block, about 80.km long and gene sediments, including 38- to 28-m.y.- from 10 to 16 km wide. It is bounded old volcaniclastic detritus of the Conejos on the west by the Nacimiento fault, Formation (Potosi volcanic group) (Butler, which has at least 3,000 m of struc- 1946; Lipman and others, 1970). tural relief with respect to the San The uplift was topographically high Juan basin to the west (Woodward, 1974; during most of the Laramide time (latest Woodward and others, 1972). Sediments Cretaceous through Eocene), but the shed westward clearly indicate that presence of the voluminous Oligo-Miocene the uplift was topographically high Los Pinos Formation suggests that it sub- during Laramide time (Baltz, 1967; sided and/or was eroded thereafter Chapln and Cather, 198l), although it (Barker, 1958). Some northwest-trending probably owes some of its structural faults which were downthrown to the east relief to Neogene deformation related during Laramide time experienced reversed to formation of the Rio Grande rift relative motion in the Neogene (Muehlberger (Kelley, 1950). Paleozoic and younger 1960). Bingler (1968) cites eastward dips sediments on the eastern flank are of from 3' tQ 5' in Neogene sediments. obscured by thick deposits of the The BrazoS,uplift is bounded on the Jemcz volcanic field (Smith and others, east and south by thaSan Luis and 1970). Prior to Jemez activity, the . Espahola basins, respedtively, of the Nacimiento uplift was beveled, and * Rio Grande rift. The/Chama basin forms , rocks of Oligocene and Miocene age an irregular, arcuatg western margin and (including the Pedernal member of-the is separated from the Brazos by as much as I Abiquiu Formation, see below) were Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/12_Part_II/2401/3419025/i0016-7606-92-12-2401.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 2407 - deposited on Precambrian, Paleozoic, . is a north-trending, ovate basin and Mesozoic rocks (Churchand Hack, 1939: about 38 km across and 80 km long. I ,I San Juan Basin. The San Juan basin It is nestled among the Gallina- (Fig. 2) of Laramide age (Kelley, 1950) Archuleta arch on the west, the is ovate, with a 290-km long axis and Nacimiento uplift to the southwest, a 215-km short axis. It is bounded on the Jemez volcanic field to the south, the east by the Nacimiento uplift and the Espagola basin to the southeast, the Gallina-Archuleta arch. Its north- and the Brazos uplift to the north west-trending axis is doubly plunging and east (Fig. 2). Tilted upward and slightly bowed to the northeast. The Paleogene and NeoBene sediments lie basin is part of the Colorado Plateau with angular unconformity above L (Kelley, 1955) and contains rocks ranging tilted Paleozoic*..Mescyzoic, and in age from Paleozoic through Quaternary.
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