Selfhood and Identity in Autobiographical Texts by Native American Authors

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Selfhood and Identity in Autobiographical Texts by Native American Authors İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Anabilim Dalı Amerikan Kültürü ve Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Self-Representations of the Misrepresented – Selfhood and Identity in Autobiographical Texts by Native American Authors (Amerikan Yerli Otobiyografilerinde Benlik ve Kimlik: Hatalı Temsil Edilenlerin Kendini Temsili) Defne Türker Demir 2502080286 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ayşe Erbora İstanbul, 2012 ÖZ Amerikan Yerli Otobiyografilerinde Benlik ve Kimlik: Hatalı Temsil Edilenlerin Kendini Temsili Defne Türker Demir Amerikan Yerli Yazınını oluşturan metinler, politik amaçlı kimlik açılımları veya kimlik edinim eylemleri olarak özetlenebilir. Yüzyılları kapsayan bir çerçevede farklı biçimler kazanan Amerikan Yerli otobiyografilerinin bütününe bakıldığında; az sayıda istisna dışında, çeşitli kimlik kurguları örnekleyen bu metinlerin benzer yönelimler sergilediği gözlemlenir. Bu yönelimler kültürel örüntüler olup, metinsellik yolu ile kimlik kurgulayan bireylerin içselliklerine dair ipuçlarını kapsar. Amerikan Yerlilerinin otobiyografik metinlerinde Amerikan Yerli kimliği, birlik ve toplumsallık temelleri üzerine kurgulanmaktadır. Bu metinlerin merkezinde, benlik ve toplum arasında birliği sağlama amacı ve buna ait çaba yer alır. Çünkü bireyin bütünselliği için olmazsa olmaz önkoşul, birey ile aile/ toplum/ kabile arasında var olabilecek mesafenin kapatılmasıdır. Kısacası, metinlerde kurgulanan toplumsal bir kimliktir ve bu kimlik Amerikan Yerlilerinin geleneklerinden, tarihlerinden ve topraktan beslenir. Sözü edilen toplumsal yönelimin yanı sıra, Amerikan Yerli yazınında kimlik temsilini özgün kılan bir diğer nokta ise, metin ve yazar arasındaki birbirini besleyen ve üreten ilişkidir. Amerikan Yerli otobiyografilerinde, benlik metin üzerinden kurgulanır ve bu yolla metin, kurgulanan kimliğin temelini oluşturur. Böylelikle kelimenin yaratıcı gücü ile toplumsal kimlik üretilir. Her ne kadar günümüz Amerikan Yerli yazınında sözün yerini yazı almış olsa da, kelimeler sözlü yazına özgü mutlak yaratıcı güçlerini korurlar. Kelimeler benliği vücuda getirirken benlik de, metnin yaratım sürecinde, toplumun ve bütünün parçası olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu bağlamda, kimlik kurgusuna verilen önem, Amerikan Yerli yazınına has bir özellik iken, öyküler de kimlik üretiminin mutlak aracı halini alır. Sonuç olarak, Amerikan Yerli otobiyografilerinde özgün toplumsal kimlikler, sözlü yazın geleneğinin beslediği benlik örüntülerinin metin üzerinden üretimi veya kalıp tipler yolu ile yapılan temsillerin bozulması yöntemleri ile kurgulanır. Bu tez özelinde, erken dönem Amerikan Yerli yazını örneklerinden yola çıkılarak, çağdaş metinleri de kapsayan bir çerçeve çizilmiş, Zitkala-Ša, Scott Momaday, John Neihardt, Louis Owens, ve Sherman Alexie’nin yazınsal metinlerinin detaylı analizleri yapılırken, Paula Gunn Allen, Vine Deloria Jr., Louis Owens ve Gerald Vizenor’a ait kuramsal metinlerden yararlanılmıştır. iii ABSTRACT Self-Representations of the Misrepresented – Selfhood and Identity in Autobiographical Texts by Native American Authors Defne Türker Demir Native American literary practices can briefly be summarized as politically motivated acts of identity re-clamation. Looking at Native American autobiographical practices in their myriad forms over the centuries, it is possible to posit that with few exceptions, certain patters emerge that keep informing autobiographical texts that exhibit various positioning of subjectivities. These patterns are culture bound and give us clear clues to the perceptual horizons of the individuals that construct selves in textuality. As such, The Native American self is constructed through connectedness and communality. The attempt at establishing unision between the self and the community lies at the very crux of American Indian autobiographical practices, since the individual self needs to become whole while bridging any existing gaps between the self and the family/ tribe/ clan. In short the subjectivity created in textuality is a communal selfhood, which is firmly located within the sites of the history of the Native American peoples and the land with which ties need to be forged. In a similar vein, it can be argued that the relationship between the text and the author is another marker of Native American modes of self- representation. In American Indian autobiographies, the self is constructed through textuality, and thus the text becomes the enabler of a subjectivity textually constructed. Consequently, through the creative power of the word, the communal self comes into being by way of textuality/ the written word. Thus orality now replaced by textuality, still attains the creative power of the word, since the word brings into being the self that creates the text and is created in the process as part of the community/ as part of the whole he/she does or opts to belong to. Then, the imminent aspect of Native American literary practices is its concern with identity politics, and stories are the ultimate means of identity construction. Hence, selfhoods, which are informed by traditional modes of oral literature are constructed or fake selfhoods are deconstructed through the refutation of stereotypical representations. In this context, from the earlier examples, to present day depictions, the works of Zitkala-Ša, Scott Momaday, John Neihardt, Louis Owens, and Sherman Alexie are studied in detail alongside the critical works of Paula Gunn Allen, Vine Deloria Jr., and Gerald Vizenor. iv PREFACE The purpose of this dissertation is to try and delineate the construction of selfhood and identity in self-representations of Native American authors. Accordingly, the texts chosen include the earlier examples, as well as the present day Post-modern depictions of American Indian identity configurations. Thus, this study focuses on the works of Zitkala-Ša, Scott Momaday, John Neihardt, Louis Owens, and Sherman Alexie, in attempting to comprise as broad a perspective as possible. In terms of the critical works, it is again the theories voiced by Native American authors and literary critics that form the background of this dissertation, especially those by Paula Gunn Allen, Vine Deloria Jr., Louis Owens and Gerald Vizenor. As such, the aim of the author is to be able to approach and analyze Native American literary texts from the critical perspective of yet again Native American critics. Hence, the purpose of the dissertation is to read literary works of Native American authors based on the historical perspectives, critical appreciations, and point of views of the Native American peoples, and not from a Western view point, since the mainstream readings of these texts remain oblivious to the innate cultural codes of the peoples, and consequently continue to objectify, sideline, mute and assimilate the indigenous voices. Then the objective was to approach these literary texts grounded in the cultural and critical perspectives of the peoples in question. Therefore, although such a cross-cultural analysis pauses a major challenge, the author’s analysis and reading of these texts were informed by the cultural norms and the inner dynamics imminent to Native American textualities and peoples. With this opportunity, the author would like to express her deepest gratitude to the people who have greatly aided her in the writing of this dissertation. First of all, I would like to express my inestimable indebtedness to Prof. Dr. Ayşe Erbora, for teaching me so much about literature and life over the years, for the much required direction she provided me with, and for the sacrifices she has made in conducting this dissertation. I am truly privileged to have her in my life, hopefully always. I also wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Özden Sözalan and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ece for their guidance, advice, and helpful suggestions. I would further like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Türkan Araz, Asst. Prof. Dr. Hasine Şen Karadeniz and Asst. Prof. Dr. Nezir Yunusoğlu for the insight and goodwill during the time I spent in this programme. With this opportunity, I would also like to express my immense gratitude to Asst. Prof. Dr. Çiler Özbayrak, and to Prof. Dr. Oya Oğuz for always being there for me, in rain or shine. I am indeed very lucky, having received their selfless support and encouragement. I have also been very fortunate in getting invaluable input from Prof. Dr. Dilek Doltaş who during the writing of my MA thesis, took the time and effort to provide me with the tools necessary for the completion of this dissertation. I remain grateful to Asst. Prof. Dr. Clare Brandabur, for mentoring and inspiring me always, and for changing my outlook on life. Special thanks go to Asst. Prof. Dr. Özlem Öğüt Yazıcıoğlu for v believing in me in word and deed, and to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Maureen Shanahan, for the plots and the plans, and to and Dr. Nur Sılay for the positive attitude and the sound advice. I would like to thank my family for being my rock. To Murat Demir for all these years of true joy and care, and for making me whole. I further thank him for the dreams, and the other reality which he made me realize is possible. To Yeşil Başar for the butterflies, and for always going the extra mile(s), and again for leading me onto this path by introducing me to Selma Lagerlöf and Aziz Nesin. To Engin Türker for his unwavering trust and support, and the sumptuous Roman banquets. To Şilen Türker for being my panic hole. To Dr. Dilek Başar Başkaya for providing me with a role model, from very early on. To Ahmet & Mehmet
Recommended publications
  • Ethical Engagement
    ETHICAL ENGAGEMENT: CRITICAL STRATEGIES FOR APPROACHING AUTOETHNOGRAPHIC FICTION BY Sandra Cox Copyright 2011 Submitted to the graduate degree program in English and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Marta Caminero-Santangelo, Chairperson Dr. Doreen Fowler Dr. Stephanie Fitzgerald Dr. Giselle Anatol Dr. Ann Schofield Date Accepted April 18, 2011 ii The Dissertation Committee for Sandra Cox certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: ETHICAL ENGAGEMENT: CRITICAL STRATEGIES FOR APPROACHING AUTOETHNOGRAPHIC FICTION Committee: Dr. Marta Caminero-Santangelo, Chairperson Dr. Doreen Fowler Dr. Stephanie Fitzgerald Dr. Giselle Anatol Dr. Ann Schofield Date Accepted April 18, 2011 iii Dissertation Abstract: Critics of American literature need ways to ethically interpret ethnic difference, particularly in analyses of texts that memorialize collective experiences wherein that difference is a justification for large-scale atrocity. By examining fictionalized autoethnographies—narratives wherein the author writes to represent his or her own ethnic group as a collective identity in crisis—this dissertation interrogates audiences‘ responses and authors‘ impetus for reading and producing novels that testify to experiences of cultural trauma. The first chapter synthesizes some critical strategies specific to autoethnographic fiction; the final three chapters posit a series of textual applications of those strategies. Each textual application demonstrates that outsider readers and critics can treat testimonial literatures with respect and compassion while still analyzing them critically. In the second chapter, an explication of the representations of African American women‘s experiences with the cultural trauma of slavery is brought to bear upon analyses of Toni Morrison‘s A Mercy (2009) and Alice Walker‘s Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart (2003).
    [Show full text]
  • WUD DLS: Past Speakers List
    WUD DLS: Past Speakers List The Distinguished Lecture Series has been bringing incredible speakers to campus since 1987. Here’s a list of who’s made it to Wisconsin so far. 2009-10 2006-07 2003-04 2000-01 1996-97 Steven Pinker Laurie David Kurt Vonnegut Jeffrey Wigand Jonathan Kozol Dan Ariely Howard Zinn Salman Rushdie R ubin “Hurricane” Adrienne Rich Jeremy Rifkin Joseph Stiglitz James Dale Carter Stanley Crouch Ayaan Hirsi Ali Dinesh D’Souza Elizabeth Wurtzel Alan Keyes Noam Chomsky Bill Marler Sarah Vowell Linda Chavez Judy Shepard Harry Wu D errick Ashong David Suzuki Sylvia Earle Ralph Nadar Sarah Weddington Post-Racial Comedy Stephen Lewis Jared Diamond Afeni Shakur Stephen Gould Tour: Christian Lander Ali Abunimah (spotlight) Arun Gandhi Robert Pinsky Richard Lamm and Elon James White Jello Biafra (spotlight) H arvey Pekar (spotlight) (spotlight) Cornelia Flora L ama Ole Nydahl 1999-00 Michael Shermer 2005-06 (spotlight) 1995-96 V. S. Ramachandran J ohn Esposito Pat Shroeder Vandava Shiva (spotlight) Isabel Allende Jaime Escalante Last Lectures: William George McGovern Angela Davis Cronon, Donald Downs, 2008-09 E.O. Wilson 2002-03 William Kristol Mary LaYoun, Hyuk Yu Brian Greene Sherman Alexie Gloria Steinem Amira Hanania Francis Bok Howard Zinn Dr. Peter Kramer Lani Guinier Shirin Ebadi Laurie Garrett Cornell West F.W. de Klerk Rebecca Walker Ben Karlin Edward Said Ben Stein Daniel Dennett Mark Zupan 1998-99 Rigoberto Menchi John Trudell Chrystia Freeland Frank Luntz Leslie Feinberg Neil deGrasse Tyson Dan Savage (spotlight) Terri McMillan Chuck D. 1994-95 Robin Wright Chai Ling Molly Ivins Ishmeal Beah Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-9. the Violence of Hybridity in Silko and Alexie Cyrus RK
    Journal of American Studies of Turkey 6 (1997) : 3-9. The Violence of Hybridity in Silko and Alexie Cyrus R. K. Patell The Native American novelists Leslie Marmon Silko and Sherman Alexie are two writers who ponder upon the predicament faced by all US minority cultures: how to transform themselves from marginalized cultures into emergent cultures capable of challenging and reforming the mainstream. My conception of cultural emergence here draws upon Raymond Williams’s analysis of the dynamics of modern culture, an analysis that has served as the foundation for minority discourse theory in the 1990s. Williams characterizes culture as a constant struggle for dominance in which a hegemonic mainstream— what Williams calls “the effective dominant culture” (121)—seeks to defuse the challenges posed by both residual and emergent cultural forms. According to Williams, residual culture consists of those practices that are based on the “residue of ... some previous social and cultural institution or formation,” but continue to play a role in the present (122), while emergent culture serves as the site or set of sites where “new meanings and values, new practices, new relationships and kinds of relationships are continually being created” (123). Both residual and emergent cultural forms can only be recognized and indeed conceived in relation to the dominant one: each represents a form of negotiation between the margin and the center over the right to control meanings, values, and practices. Both Silko and Alexie make use of a narrative strategy that has proven to be central to the project of producing emergent literature in late-twentieth-century America.
    [Show full text]
  • THROWING BOOKS INSTEAD of SPEARS: the Alexie-Treuer Skirmish Over Market Share
    THROWING BOOKS INSTEAD OF SPEARS: The Alexie-Treuer Skirmish Over Market Share Ezra Whitman Critical Paper and Program Bibliography Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MFA (Master of Fine Arts) in Creative Writing, Pacific Lutheran University, August 2011 1 Throwing Books Instead of Spears: The Alexie-Treuer Skirmish Over Market Share Following the 2006 publication of David Treuer’s Native American Fiction: A User’s Manual, Minneapolis-based publication Secrets of the City interviewed Spokane/Coeur D’Alene Indian writer Sherman Alexie. This gave Alexie an opportunity to respond to the User’s Manual’s essay “Indian/Not-Indian Literature” in which the Ojibwe writer points out the tired phrases and flawed prose of Alexie’s fiction. “At one point,” Alexie said in his interview with John Lurie, “when [Treuer’s] major publishing career wasn’t going well, I helped him contact my agent. I’m saying this stuff because this is where he lives and I want the world to know this: He wrote a book to show off for white folks, and we Indians are giggling at him.” Alexie takes the debate out of the classroom into the schoolyard by summoning issues that deal less with literature, and more with who has more successfully navigated the Native American fiction market. Insecurities tucked well beneath this pretentious “World’s Toughest Indian” exterior, Alexie interviews much the way he writes: on the emotive level. He steers clear of the intellectual channels Treuer attempts to open, and at the basis this little scuffle is just that—a mismatch of channels; one that calls upon intellect, the other on emotion.
    [Show full text]
  • SHERMAN ALEXIE Indian Education
    SHERMAN ALEXIE SHERMAN ALEXIE is a poet, fiction writer, and filmmaker known for witty and frank explorations of the lives of contemporary Native Americans. A Spokane/Coeur d'Alene Indian, Alexie was born in 1966 and grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Wellpinit, Washington. He spent two years at Gonzaga University before transferring to Washington State University in Pullman. The same year he graduated, 1991, Alexie published The Business ofFancydancing, a book of poetry that led the New York Times Book Review to call him "one of the major lyric voices of our time." Since then Alexie has published many more books of poetry, including I Would Steal Horses ( 1993) and One Stick Song (2000); the novels Reservation Blues (1995) and Indian Killer (1996); and the story collections The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993), The Toughest Indian in the World (2000), and Ten Little Indi­ ans ( 2003). Alexie also wrote and produced Smoke Signals, a film that won awards at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival, and he wrote and directed The Business of Fancydancing (2002), a film about the paths of two young men from the Spokane reservation. Living in Seattle with his wife and children, Alexie occasionally performs as a stand-up comic and holds the record for the most consecutive years as World Heavyweight Poetry Bout Champion. Indian Education Alexie attended the tribal school on the Spokane reservation through the seventh grade, when he decided to seek a better education at an off-reservation :', \ all-white high school. As this year-by-year account of his schooling makes clear, he was not firmly at home in either setting.
    [Show full text]
  • PF Award 2012 Otsuka
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRESS CONTACTS: Monday, March 26, 2012 Garland Scott, (202) 675–0342, [email protected] Matt Burriesci (202) 898-9061 [email protected] JULIE OTSUKA RECEIVES 2012 PEN/FAULKNER AWARD FOR FICTION Washington, DC—Julie Otsuka’s The Buddha in the Attic (Knopf) has been selected as the winner of the 2012 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. The announcement was made today by the directors of the PEN/Faulkner Foundation, Susan Richards Shreve and Robert Stone, Co-Chairmen. The judges—Marita Golden, Maureen Howard, and Steve Yarbrough—considered more than 350 novels and short story collections by American authors published in the U.S. during the 2011 calendar year. Submissions came from 93 publishing houses, including small and academic presses. There is no fee for a publisher or writer to submit a book. The honored book, The Buddha in the Attic, is a precise, poetic novel that tells the story of Japanese picture brides brought to California from Japan in the early twentieth century. In a series of eight slim, self-contained chapters, Otsuka crafts a first-person plural voice that has been described as incantatory. “In The Buddha in the Attic Julie Otsuka creates a voice that is hypnotic and irresistible, and renders her story with the power of the most ancient, timeless myths, the legends that crowd our dreams, and the truths we cannot bear. Her skill is awesome and utterly inspiring. The story she tells with the ear of a poet, the touch of an artist, and the wisdom of a very old soul is breathtaking in its scope and intimacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating Twenty-Five Years of Fine Writers  H
    Celebrating Twenty-Five Years of Fine Writers h Sherman Alexie 3/27 Jon Meacham 9/12 A. S. Byatt 11/12 Belle Boggs 1/16 James Dodson 10/14 Isabel Wilkerson 2/20 Martin Marty 9/13 Lou Berney 11/21 Junot Diaz 10/16 Joseph Bathanti 3/6 Mary Pope Osborne 4/5 VisitingWriters.LR.edu A Note from the Director s a visual artist, photographer, 2013–2014 VisitiNG and filmmaker, I have learned that WRITERS SERIES n our experience with the Visiting Writers Series, luck we foster communication when we STEERING COMMITTEE is not just random chance. It is an act of generosity from bring our stories together. When people who care about making a positive impact on the we take the time to read, to dare Chair SALLY FANJOY culture and emotional well-being of our community. The to be present with our neigh - Series Director RAND BRANDES gifts that we have received have made us feel very lucky bors, and to listen to differing Series Consultant LISA HART Iover the past twenty-five years. We were lucky that when we points of view, we are en - Student Asst. ABIGAIL MCREA presented the initial idea to start the Series to Dr. Robert riched and enlightened. Student Asst. MADISON TURNER Luckey Spuller, then Dean of Lenoir-Rhyne “College,” that We are transformed by fresh thoughts and new TONY ABBOTT he saw its potential and supported it the first year and for Aperspectives. ¶ The Lenoir-Rhyne Visiting Writers MARY HELEN CLINE years to come. We were lucky that subsequent university Series engages a wide spectrum of the community, LAURA COSTELLO Administrations continued to see the value of the Series, promotes civic discourse, creates opportunity for SANDRA DEAL which enabled us to enhance the Series and the cultural and people to come together and to hear new ideas and MIKE DUGAN educational experiences of our students.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Grade- the House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros 7Th Grade-Schooled by Gordon Kormon 8Th Grade- Sarny by Gary Paulsen
    This summer, students in Grades 6-12 will be required to read the book listed below. Each novel is assigned based on the grade they are coming into for the 2015-2016 academic school year. During the first week of school, the students will be given a reading comprehension Test on their assigned novel by their English/Language Arts teacher. In addition to the novel test, they will also be responsible for an Oral Presentation which will take place during the first week of school as well. These will be the first two grades for the first nine weeks and will count as a Test (40%) and a Project (30%) grade. Students in AP Language & AP Literature: Follow the Summer Project – AP English instructions outlined on the school website. **NOTE: Novels can be purchased at Barnes and Noble Bookstore / bn.com, Amazon.com, etc…** 6th grade- The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros * Bring in your novel to class on the first day of school for class assignment and essay. 7th grade-Schooled by Gordon Kormon * Bring in your novel to class on the first day of school for class assignment and essay. 8th grade- Sarny by Gary Paulsen * Bring in your novel to class on the first day of school for class assignment and essay. English I- Speak by Laurie H. Anderson * Bring in your novel to class on the first day of school for class assignment and essay. English II- Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury * Bring in your novel to class on the first day of school for class assignment and essay.
    [Show full text]
  • Pipelines, Mines, and Dams: Indigenous Literary Water Ecologies and the Fight for a Sustainable Future William Huggins Las Vegas, Nevada
    Pipelines, Mines, and Dams: Indigenous Literary Water Ecologies and the Fight for a Sustainable Future William Huggins Las Vegas, Nevada 54 The vital spirit of water links human cultures, stories, and families to our nonhuman animal relations. In his 2006 world water study When the Rivers Run Dry, Fred Pearce states, “Most of the world’s population currently lives where there is a history of guar- anteed water. That is not by chance. Humans require reliable and predictable water in order to flourish. Modern, highly engineered methods of exploiting water often test reliability to the limit. Now climate change is undermining the predictability, too” (127). All life requires water, not only for survival, but also for the maintenance of a healthy ecological balance. Vine Deloria, Jr. (Standing Rock Sioux) notes that knowing the sets of relationships between the various plants and animals enables one to predict what kinds of species will be present in a healthy environment, and so failure to locate a species in a particular location will alert people about the condition of the place. (qtd. in Vaughan-Lee 56) Modern economic activities alter ecosystems worldwide, removing key species from niches occupied from time well before human presence on Earth. This tragic loss of life diminishes not only the world in which we live, but also our literature. Water is so essential to existence that one might think we would better care for it. Yet, the history of colonialism in North America and much of the world, still ongoing for Indigenous peoples everywhere, speaks differently. From overpopula- tion to over-appropriation, Euroamericans have plundered the natural wealth of the Americas, valuing short-term profit over sustainable futures, a continuing mistake.
    [Show full text]
  • Blues Trope As a Cultural Intersection in Alice Walker's the Temple of My Familiar and Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Blues Trope as a Cultural Intersection in Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar and Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues Julia Leuthardt Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/335 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blues Trope as a Cultural Intersection in Alice Walker's The Temple of My Familiar and Sherman Alexie's Reservation Blues. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts, Department of English, at Virginia Commonwealth University by Julia Leuthardt Director: Dr. Katherine Bassard, Professor of English, College of Humanities and Sciences Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia 05/2012 ii ©Julia Leuthardt 2012 All Rights Reserved iii Acknowledgement This has been a long journey. A journey that I felt was meant for me to travel with all the little bends and forks in its path. But I could not have made it this far, if it had not been for the people I met along the way. My biggest gratitude goes out to my American host family – the Elwell clan – who “adopted” me into their midst; Dennis, thank you for all your support, I would not be here, if it had not been for the generosity you have given me – “Let me tell you, mister.” Thank you Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • AP English IV Summer Reading Tips
    Summer Reading for AP Literature Seniors You are expected to read at least two novels (classic or contemporary) this summer. Both are free choice; however; the books should be of some literary merit with a mature reader in mind. The authors and works on the following page are provided as suggestions. As you make your novel choices, you may wish to consider the following advice from the College Board: “Reading in an AP course is both wide and deep. The goal of this year’s reading is that it will complement and extend the reading done in previous AP courses so that by the time you are finished with your Senior year, you will have read from several genres and time periods.” Imitate the thinking patterns of insightful readers: Absorb the work’s complexity and its richness of meaning Reflect upon its artistry Consider the social and historical values it reflects and embodies Experience, interpret, evaluate Make careful observations of the details, make connections among your observations, draw from these connections a series of inferences that will lead you to an interpretive conclusion about meaning of the work Tips: To widen your cultural horizons of literature, consider a novel written by a non-American author representative of a culture other than your own Consider choosing a novel that explores controversial topics that are artistically represented in the piece of literature: ethnicities, nationalities, religions, races, dialects, gender, or class Suggested Authors, as per College Board, are on the back of this sheet. You are not required to select works by these authors, but it is an excellent list to consider.
    [Show full text]
  • Reversing the Middle-Class Gaze in Young Adult Literature
    REVERSING THE MIDDLE-CLASS GAZE IN YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE: AN ANALYSIS OF WORKING CLASS ADOLESCENT PROTAGONISTS IN A TREE GROWS IN BROOKLYN, THE HOUSE ON MANGO STREET, AND THE ABSOLUTELY TRUE DIARY OF A PART-TIME INDIAN by Allison Jamiese Estrada-Carpenter, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a Major in Literature May 2015 Committee Members: Nancy E. Wilson, Chair Marilynn L. Olson Susan S. Morrison COPYRIGHT by Allison Jamiese Estrada-Carpenter 2015 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Allison Jamiese Estrada-Carpenter, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. This thesis is dedicated to Corina Redding Carpenter, my mother. “We’ll keep pushin’ till it’s understood, and these badlands start treating us good.” - Bruce Springsteen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I must thank the members of my thesis committee. Dr. Nancy Wilson, my thesis director, whose humor, heart, and experience kept me going when the writing was tough. She spent so much time with me, week after week, revision after revision. Thank you for your guidance and your chocolate! I would also like to thank my committee member, Dr.
    [Show full text]