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Cooperation and Punishment in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Implications for Resource Exchange & Biological Market Dynamics Jerry A

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Cooperation and Punishment in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Implications for Resource Exchange & Biological Market Dynamics Jerry A South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2016 Cooperation and Punishment in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Implications for Resource Exchange & Biological Market Dynamics Jerry A. Mensah [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Microbiology Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mensah, Jerry A., "Cooperation and Punishment in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Implications for Resource Exchange & Biological Market Dynamics" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1012. This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COOPERATION AND PUNISHMENT IN THE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE EXCHANGE & BIOLOGICAL MARKET DYNAMICS BY JERRY A. MENSAH A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Major in Biological Sciences Specialization in Microbiology South Dakota State University 2016 iii To God be the glory Dedicated to Mensah family iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my parents, Samuel and Rose Akua Kyei Mensah for providing me with the support and encouragement to pursue microbiology. I would like to thank my wife, Jacquiline Mensah, for her undying love, friendship and encouragement throughout this period. I would like to thank Dr. Heike Bücking for encouraging me to pursue research and being an exceptional mentor. Also want to thank her for serving as an in loco parentis and influence in every decision in my academic and professional career. I would like to thank Carl Fellbaum for his collaborative work on these projects, and the Bucking lab group, and our numerous collaborators over the world for their inputs and expertise to make this project a success. I would like to thank Drs. Volker Brözel, Carol Johnston, Senthil Subramanian, Bradley Woldt, Toby Kiers, Alex Koch, Jan Jansa, Phil Pfeffer, Miranda Hart, Pedro Autunes and Radhey Kaushik for their encouragement and guidance throughout this work. I would like to thank my colleagues Elliot Liepold, Adam Cloos, Arjun Kafle, Brandon Monier, Janice Eibensteiner, Nina Herrera, Vincent Peta, Suresh Damodaran, Alexander Wireko Kena, Sajag Adhikari, Stephanie Hansen and Xiurong Wang for the friendship and the discussions. I would like to thank our department secretaries, Jan Matson, Carol Doyle and Karen Barthel for their assistance and patience. v CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 1 1.1 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYBIOSIS ........................................... 1 1.2 PHOSPHATE NUTRITION .......................................................................... 7 1.3 NITROGEN NUTRITION .................................................................................. 9 1.4 COOPERATION AND PUNISHMENT IN THE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS .............................................................................. 10 1.5 QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESES AND APPROACH .......................................... 11 1.6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: RECIPROCAL REWARDS STABILIZE COOPERATION IN THE MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS .................................................................................. 19 2.1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 20 2.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 20 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. 31 2.4 REFERENCES AND NOTES ........................................................................... 31 2.5 SUPPORTING ON-LINE MATERIAL: RECIPROCAL REWARDS STABILIZE COOPERATION IN THE MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS ................................... 34 vi 2.5.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... 34 2.5.2 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 54 2.5.3 TEXT .............................................................................................................. 54 2.5.4 FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 56 2.5.5 TABLES ......................................................................................................... 66 2.5.6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3: NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE EXCHANGE IN THE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL ................. 76 3.1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 77 3.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 77 3.3 CONTROL OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE PATHWAYS IN MYCORRHIZAL ROOTS .................................................................................................................... 78 3.4 CARBON AS TRIGGER FOR NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT IN THE AM SYMBIOSIS ............................................................................................ 80 3.5 NUTRIENT ALLOCATION IN COMMON MYCELIAL NETWORKS ....... 82 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... 83 3.7 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 84 vii CHAPTER 4: FUNGAL NUTRIENT ALLOCATION IN COMMON MYCORRHIZAL NETWORKS IS REGULATED BY THE CARBON SOURCE STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL HOST PLANTS ............................................................................... 87 4.1 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 88 4.2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 89 4.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................... 92 4.4 RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 100 4.5 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 111 4.6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 118 4.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. 119 4.8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 120 4.9 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION .......................................................... 125 4.9.1 FIGURES ...................................................................................................... 125 4.9.2 TABLES ....................................................................................................... 129 CHAPTER 5: HIGH FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN UPTAKE AND FUNGAL PHOSPHATE METABOLISM ...................................................................................................... 132 5.1 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... 133 viii 5.2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 134 5.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS ....................................................................... 137 5.4 RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 143 5.5 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 154 5.7 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 164 5.8 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL – FIGURES ............................................. 172 5.9 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL – TABLES .............................................. 180 CHAPTER 6: COMMON MYCORRHIZAL NETWORKS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE BARGAINING POWER OF THE FUNGAL PARTNER IN THE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS ............................................................................. 199 6.1 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... 200 6.2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 200 6.2 RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 201 6.3 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................
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