Nosferatu. Revista De Cine (Donostia Kultura)

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Nosferatu. Revista De Cine (Donostia Kultura) Nosferatu. Revista de cine (Donostia Kultura) Título: ¿EL APOCALIPSIS A LA HORA DEL TÉ? BREVE HISTORIA DE LA CIENCIA- FICCIÓN BRITÁNICA Autor/es: Antonio José Navarro Citar como: Antonio José Navarro (2001). ¿EL APOCALIPSIS A LA HORA DEL TÉ? BREVE HISTORIA DE LA CIENCIA-FICCIÓN BRITÁNICA. Nosferatu. Revista de cine. Documento(34). descargado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10251/41206 Copyright: Reserva de todos los derechos (NO CC) La digitalización de este artículo se enmarca dentro del proyecto "Estudio y análisis para el desarrollo de una red de conocimiento sobre estudios fílmicos a través de plataformas web 2.0", financiado por el Plan Nacional de I+ D+ i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (código HAR2010-18648), con el apoyo de Biblioteca y Documentación Científica y del Área de Sistemas de Información y Comunicaciones (ASIC) del Vicerrectorado de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Entidades colaboradoras: británica Zlen t:ifikúo brz'tainiarra, zeinak bere go ieneko aldia berrogáta hwnar eta hirurogeiko hamarkadeLan bi::j i:nn bcn'tzuen, hasiera-hasieratik izan zuen, beldurrezko zinemarekúz gertatzerz den bezala, goúzúmo-ukitu hat.jeneroaren Estatu Batuetako produkzioetan agertzen ez dena. Film brúainiarrei ardura handiago Pmgúen diete pertsonaiek, gertatzen diren fantasz'azko gertaerek no la erasaten dituzten, gertaera lwriek bere: boina. !nteres handiagoa du kontakizwwren egiantzak azaldutakoaren errealitate zientifikoak baitw. NOSFERATU 34-35 ll·•••••• ran Bretafia es, casi por Libre la mente y el espíritu del transformación. Los efectos de lo tradición, el país de los hedor de las tumbas, del siniestro fantástico sobre los personajes in­ horrores más espanto­ lamento de los espectros, se im­ teresaban más que los fenómenos sos ocultos tras una fa­ pone una pregunta: ¿existe, o me­ extraordinarios en sí: cualquier chada de inmaculada respetabili­ jor dicho, ha existido, pues, una cociente de "realidad" científica se dad. Tal como demostró Osear ciencia-ficción genuinamente bri­ abandonó a favor de la verosimil­ Wilde en El retrato de Dorian tánica? Evidentemente sí y, ade­ tud dramática del relato. Lejos de Gray ( 1891 ), el alma de los ingle­ más, dotada de una intensa vida rígidas fórmulas narrativas y te­ ses, y con ellos, su sociedad, su propia, desarrollada en función de máticas, el cine de ciencia-ficción cultura, se halla sujeta a una atroz necesidades e inquietudes muy británico, dentro de unas razona­ dualidad. Bajo la pompa y cir­ particulares. Recordemos que el bles pautas genéricas, flexibilizó cunstancia del imperio, existe un género vio la luz en Inglaterra a sus valores plásticos y dramáti­ mundo de sordidez y sadismo, de partir de los llamados Technical cos a favor de un sobrio huma­ feroces deseos inconfesables lu­ Subjects del siglo XV y del Scien­ nismo. En consecuencia, el film chando por manifestarse. No en tific Romance de los siglos XVII de ciencia-ficción inglés deviene vano, la nación que alumbró a y XVlii, para finalmente desem­ un viaje "desde el exterior hacia Henry Purcell, Isaac Newton, bocar en clásicos como Fran­ el interior del hombre" en el cual Charles Dickens o Edward Bur­ kenstein o el moderno Prometeo no se descarta en ningún mo­ ne-Jones, es también la patria del (1818), de Mary W. Shelley, El mento el lirismo, la tragedia, el enigmático Jack el Destripador, extraño caso del Dr. Jekyll y Mr. miedo y una brumosa mixtura de John Haigh, "el vampiro de Hyde ( 1886), de Robert Louis existencial entre el cinismo y la Londres", de John Reginald Stevenson, La isla del Dr. Mo­ esperanza. La agresión de lo des­ Christie, "el estrangulador de Ri­ reau ( 1896), El hombre invisible conocido, de lo escalofriante, de llington Place" o de Peter Sutclif­ ( 1897) o La guerra de los mundos lo apocalíptico, pone a prueba la fe , más conocido como "el destri­ (1898), de H.G. Wells, y Las inteligencia, los sentimientos y la pador de Yorkshire". aventuras del profesor Challenger integridad de los seres humanos, (1916), de Arthur Conan Doyle tanto individual como colectiva­ Quizá por ello, el terror gótico ha (1 ). No obstante, haciendo honor mente, revelando sus m1senas y sido para los británicos la forma a su escindida psique cultural, la sus grandezas. estética idónea para exorcizar ta­ ciencia-ficción británica siempre les demonios, bien sea a través de alardeó, como signo de identidad la literatura o del cine. El terror más destacado, de un esquivo go­ Los inicios (1897-1929) gótico es, sin duda, una barroca e ticismo. La fuerza poética de la inquietante abstracción de las tor­ ciencia-ficción inglesa también se En 191 O, cuando Sir Cecil Hep­ turas del espíritu, de los hirientes alimenta del misterio, de lo malsa­ worth (1874-1953) construyó los estremecimientos de la carne. Así no, de la monstruosidad, del esca­ primeros estudios cinematográfi­ pues, las ficciones de Sheridan Le lofrío y de la muerte. Elementos cos ingleses en la pequeña pobla­ Fanu, Bram Stoker, M.R. James que, como era de esperar, fueron ción de Walton, cerca del Táme­ o E.F. Benson, se encargaron de sometidos a una seca y precisa sis, la industria del cine británico construir un singular universo reflexión racionalista. Eso a lo que empezó a estabilizarse. Hepworth, macabro ligado para siempre a John Wyndham llamaría las cróni• además, tenía un equipo técnico "lo" inglés. Universo que las pelí• cas significativas de catástrofes propio y estrellas populares en . culas de Terence Fisher, de Ro­ 1magmanas. nómina -Alma Taylor, Chrissie bert S. Baker & Monty Bennan, White, Ivy Close-, que protagoni­ de John Gilling o de Roy Ward El cine de ciencia-ficción británi­ zaban seriales de aventuras del Baker, lejos de atrincherarse tras co, especialmente durante su épo­ tipo Tilly the Tom boy ( 1910- enfebrecidas invenciones litera­ ca de máximo esplendor, com­ 1915) o Lieutenant Daring rias, reinventaron desde una su­ prendida entre 1955 y 1969, se ( 1911-1914). Por otro lado, He­ gerente óptica plástica. A la dila­ alejó del folclórico tratamiento pworth estimuló la aparición de tada y excelsa trayectoria de lo que Hollywood dispensó al género serios y variados competidores: gótico en las letras británicas se (2) a lo largo de los años cincuen­ Sir Herbert Beerbohm (1853- sumó, entre 1957 y 1973, una ta. Los iconos más prototípicos 1917) se dedicaba a filmar adap­ práctica fílmica revolucionaria del género -cohetes, astronautas, taciones de obras de Shakespeare que profundizó, con venenoso platillos volantes, extraterrestres, -Julius Caesar, Macbeth o Ri­ deleite, en el trasfondo sadomaso­ robots, computadoras, laborato­ chard 111, todas ellas rodadas en quista de la violencia y el espanto, rios, sabios dementes y/o visiona­ 1911-, al tiempo que William G. en las mórbidas emociones que rios, mutantes .. -, sufrieron bajo Baker ( 1867-1951 ) se especializa­ dominaban a los personajes. la turbia mirada inglesa una honda ba en melodramas -East Lynne y ·····E~NOSFERATU 34-35 The Road to Ruin, ambas de ran una cuidadísima puesta en es­ ticas que en los años venideros 1913-. cena, provista de un sentido pic­ serán explotadas con mayor pro­ tórico del encuadre y una osada fundidad -la comedia, la utopía, la Hasta entonces, sólo pioneros utilización de los efectos especia­ fábula apocalíptica y/o terrorífica, como George A. Smith ( 1864- les. Pero lo más interesante de la aventura futurista-, el cine de 1959) y James A. Williams (¿ ?) se este auténtico precursor del cine ciencia-ficción inglés del periodo habían atrevido con la ciencia-fic­ de ciencia-ficción -sea cual sea su silente se adentra en una de las ción. El primero dirigió Making nacionalidad- es su gusto por la pesadillas más recurrentes entre Sausages y X-Ray en la tempra­ utopía, por la especulación con los británicos: la invasión por par­ na fecha de 1897, mientras que el futuribles que apenas se adivina­ te de una potencia europea, per­ segundo rodó hacia 1901 The ban por aquella época: la explora­ diendo así la independencia que Elixir of Life y The Marvellous ción del Polo en The Voyage to respecto al Continente les otorga Hair Restorer. En ambos casos Artic, las posibilidades bélicas de su insularidad. An Englishman's se trataba de cintas tremendamen­ la aviación en The Airship Des­ Home (1914), de Ernest G. Bat­ te primitivas, cuyo principal inte­ troyer, fantasías sobre la hiber­ ley, If England Were lnvaded rés radicaba en la experimenta­ nación en Frezzing Mixture, o (1914), de Fred W. Durrant, y ción de efectos ópticos y escéni­ los devastadores efectos de la Wake Up! (1915), de Laurence cos, en el establecimiento de cier­ aviación bélica en The Aerial Cohen, especulan desde una pers­ tas convenciones narrativas clara­ Anarchist. Resulta curioso com­ pectiva nacionalista con esa posi­ mente orientadas hacia la come­ probar cómo su gusto por las bilidad, con el sombrío transfon­ dia. En Making Sausages, por aventuras en The V oyage to Ar­ do de la Gran Guerra ( 1914- ejemplo, cuatro fabricantes de tic -inspiradas tanto en el cine de 1918). Claramente propagandísti• embutidos poco escrupulosos, Georges Mélies como en la litera­ ca, Victory and Peace ( 1918), gracias a un aparatoso ingenio de tura de Jules Verne-, por la come­ de Herbert Brenon, producida en su invención, convierten a todos dia con toques de slapstick en la parte por el Ministerio de Infor­ los perros y gatos de su barrio en serie The Professor Pudden­ mación, describe el desarrollo de salchichas, hasta que un día, un head's Patents, o su irónica mi­ una hipotética invasión de Inglate­ pato se cuela por accidente en la rada sobre los avances tecnológi• rra por parte de un numeroso portentosa máquina, y todo cam­ cos en Frezzing Mixture, derivó ejército alemán; invasión repelida bia para mal; en The Marvellous en una apocalíptica y desencanta­ gracias al arrojo del pueblo y el Hair Restorer, un individuo in­ da visión de un futuro dominado ejército británico.
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