Temporary Use in Urban Context As a Tool to Enhance Public Spaces a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Appl
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TEMPORARY USE IN URBAN CONTEXT AS A TOOL TO ENHANCE PUBLIC SPACES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYSU GÜRMAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE AUGUST 2020 Approval of the thesis: TEMPORARY USE IN URBAN CONTEXT AS A TOOL TO ENHANCE PUBLIC SPACES submitted by AYSU GÜRMAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Head of the Department, Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral Supervisor, Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Celal Abdi Güzer Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral Architecture, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahenk Yılmaz Architecture, Yaşar University Date: 25.08.2020 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Aysu Gürman Signature: iv ABSTRACT TEMPORARY USE IN URBAN CONTEXT AS A TOOL TO ENHANCE PUBLIC SPACES Gürman, Aysu Master of Architecture, Architecture Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral August 2020, 151 pages Public space provides both a physical and social environment for a variety of activities that are performed by many people. It is the place for public life initiating social interaction. The economic and technological developments have been accelerating the rhythms of public life with the changes in social and cultural aspects of life. This condition has lead this study to search for possibilities for enhancement of public space with the concept of temporality. The research elaborates on temporary use characteristics for the employment of temporary use by architects, urban designers, and actors in cities for enhancing public space. Exploring its main characteristics, the study determines the conceptions through which temporary uses can be evaluated, thus parameters are extracted from the literature survey of public space and temporary use. The main parameters temporary use introduces are inclusivity, sociability, vitality, flexibility, multiplicity, discovery, and participation. Examples are examined with these parameters to explore the potentials of temporary use to public spaces. Considering the changes temporary use offer for public space, examples are mainly divided into two: temporary uses instigated by physical properties (temporary structures, temporary design of urban space, and permanent design of urban space initiating v temporary activities) and temporary uses instigated by activities (event organizations). Depending on the findings, the study indicates that temporary use in urban context becomes a tool to enhance public spaces by increasing the number of people in and around the space who perform diverse activities at different times throughout the day, week or year. Keywords: Public Space, Temporary Use, Temporality vi ÖZ KAMUSAL MEKÂNI DESTEKLEMEK İÇİN BİR ARAÇ OLARAK KENTSEL BAĞLAMDA GEÇİCİ KULLANIM Gürman, Aysu Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral Ağustos 2020, 151 sayfa Kamusal mekân, birçok kişi tarafından gerçekleştirilen çeşitli faaliyetler için hem fiziksel hem de sosyal bir ortam sağlar. Bu özelliğiyle kamusal mekân, sosyal etkileşimi başlatan kamusal yaşam yeridir. Ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmeler, hayatın sosyal ve kültürel yönlerindeki değişimlerle birlikte kamusal yaşamın ritmini hızlandırmaktadır. Bu durum, bu çalışmayı zamansallık kavramıyla birlikte kamusal mekânın zenginleştirilmesi için olanakları araştırmaya yönlendirmiştir. Araştırma, mimarlar, kentsel tasarımcılar ve kentlerdeki aktörler tarafından geçici kullanımın kullanılmasını sağlamak için kamusal mekânı destekleyen geçici kullanım özelliklerini ayrıntılı olarak ele almaktadır. Kamusal mekânı destekleyen geçici kullanımların değerlendirilebileceği kavramları anlamak için kamusal mekân ve geçici kullanım literatür araştırmasından parametreler çıkartılmıştır. Ana parametreler; kapsayıcılık, sosyallik, canlılık, esneklik, çokluk, keşif ve katılım olarak belirlenmiştir. Geçici kullanımın kamusal alana katkılarını incelemek için farklı örnekler, bu parametrelerle incelenmiştir. Geçici kullanımın kamusal alan için sunduğu değişiklikler göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, örnekler temelde ikiye ayrılır: fiziksel özelliklerle desteklenen geçici kullanımlar (geçici strüktürler, kentsel mekânın geçici tasarımı veya geçici aktiviteleri başlatan kalıcı tasarımı) ve aktivitelerle desteklenen geçici kullanımlar (etkinlik organizasyonları). Bulgulara vii bağlı olarak, çalışma, kentsel bağlamda geçici kullanımın, mekânın içinde ve çevresinde, günün, haftanın ve yılın farklı zamanlarında çeşitli etkinlikler gerçekleştiren kullanıcı sayısını artırarak kamusal mekânları zenginleştirmek için bir araç haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamusal Alan, Geçici Kullanım, Geçicilik viii To my beloved parents and sister ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my wholehearted and deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral. I am grateful to her for her understanding, encouragement, and guidance throughout my graduate study. She guided me not only for my thesis but also for my decisions in life. I feel extremely lucky and privileged to have such a kind-hearted and insightful advisor. I would like to thank the members of the examining committee, Prof. Dr. Celal Abdi Güzer, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahenk Yılmaz, for their valuable contributions and helpful suggestions. I am deeply grateful to my parents Şebnem Gürman and Memduh Gürman for their endless care and unconditional love. I am lucky to have my beloved sister Ayça Gürman, the greatest gift of my life and I am thankful to her for her joy that always cheers me up. Without them, I will not be the person I am today. This thesis would never be accomplished without the love, trust, and support of them. Finally, I am thankful to my high school friends Ekin Kızılırmak, Naz Yetimoğlu, Özge Boyacıoğlu, Seda Mısırlıoğlu, Oğul Üner and Beren Tunçalp for their invaluable friendship, endless support and motivation. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... v ÖZ ......................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xv CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 17 1.1 Problem Definition ................................................................................... 17 1.2 Aim of The Study ..................................................................................... 18 1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................ 20 1.4 Structure of The Thesis ............................................................................ 21 1.5 Theoretical Basis for The Relation Between Space and Time ................. 22 2 PUBLIC SPACES AND TEMPORARY USE ................................................ 27 2.1 Definition of Public and Public Space ..................................................... 27 2.2 Two Interweaving Attributes of Public Space ......................................... 33 2.2.1 Physical Properties of Public Space .................................................. 34 2.2.2 Activities in Public Space ................................................................. 37 2.2.3 The Interaction Between Physical Properties and Activities ............ 44 2.3 Temporality in Urban Context ................................................................. 47 2.4 The Contextual Properties of Public Space .............................................. 52 2.5 Definition of Temporary Use ................................................................... 54 xi 2.6 Key Terms Evoking The Concept of Temporary Use .............................. 58 2.7 Context of Temporary Use ....................................................................... 63 2.8 Definers of Temporary Use ...................................................................... 64 2.8.1 Time ................................................................................................... 64 2.8.2 Space .................................................................................................. 65 2.8.3 Type of Occurrence ........................................................................... 66 2.8.4 Actors ................................................................................................ 67 2.9 Categorization of Temporary Use ............................................................. 69 3 THE CONTRIBUTION OF TEMPORARY