Comparative Anatomy of the Domestic Cat and Selected Organs of the Sheep, Cow, & Pig With Reference to the Human Karen McMahon Biological Science The University of Tulsa HAPS Institute - Using Cadavers to Teach A&P November 30, 2008 Integumentary System Cat Skin Stratum Corneum
Epidermis
Hair Root Dermis Human Skin, Heavily Pigmented
Stratum Corneum
Epidermis
Stratum Dermis Basale Skeletal System The premaxilla is a separate bone in the cat skull.
Nasal
Premaxilla
Maxilla The premaxilla is not present in the human skull.
Nasal
Maxilla Cats have a carnivorous dentition pattern.
Teeth in each half of the u. jaw/l. jaw: Incisors 3/3 Canines 1/1 Premolars 3/2 Molars 1/1. The total # of teeth is 30. Incisors Canine Premolar Molar Humans have an omnivorous dentition pattern.
Teeth in each half of the upper jaw/lower jaw: Incisors 2/2 Premolar Canines 1/1 Premolars 2/2 Molars 3/3. The total # of teeth is 32. Canine Incisors Molar There are 7 lumbar vertebrae in the cat; 5 in the human. The sacrum is composed of 3 fused bones in the cat; 5 in the human. The cat has 21-25 separate caudal vertebrae. The coccyx in the human consists of 3 -5 fused caudal vertebrae.
Caudal Vertebrae
Human Coccyx There are 13 pairs of ribs in the cat - pairs 1-9 true, 10-13 false, & pair 13 is also floating. The human has 12 pairs of ribs - pairs 1-7 true, 8-12 false, & pairs 11-12 are also floating.
True (1-7)
False (8-12) Floating The cat’s sternum consists of a manubrium, a body of 6 sternebrae, & a xiphisternum with a xiphoid process. The human sternum consists of a manubrium, body, & xiphoid process.
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process There are 7 carpals in the cat; 8 in the human. The scaphoid and lunate are fused as the scapholunate in the cat.
Lunate
Scaphoid The human clavicle articulates with the sternum & scapula; the cat’s clavicle is reduced and does not articulate with other bones.
Clavicle Fetal Skeleton
Pig Human Nervous System Human Dura Mater of the Meninges
*Photographs courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D. Feline Dura Mater of the Meninges Human Brain Mid-sagittal View
*Photograph courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D.
Human Sheep The human brain has two mammillary bodies; the sheep brain has one.
Mammillary Body
*Photograph courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D.
Human Sheep Human Brain
Tumor
*Photographs courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D. Arbor vita in the cerebellum.
Human Sheep The cat has 38 – 39 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 13, thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 7/8 caudal.
Cauda Equina The human has 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 caudal.
Cauda Equina Model of the human eye with the dark choroid layer.
Sclera
Optic Disc Choroid Layer Vitreous Body
Iris & Pupil Lens The cow eye has an iridescent tapetum lucidum in the choroid.
Choroid Layer
Tapetum Lucidum Eyeshine Sclera Muscular System Pectoantebrachialis & xiphihumeralis are chest muscles in the cat.
Pectoralis Minor Pectoralis Major Pectoantebrachialis
Clavodeltoid
Xiphumeralis
Posterior Anterior These muscles are missing in the human.
Pectoralis Major Clavodeltoid, acromiodeltoid, & spinodeltoid in the cat.
Clavodeltoid
Acromiodeltoid
Spinodeltoid There is one deltoid in the human.
Deltoid Clavotrapezius, acromiotrapezius, & spinotrapezius are back muscles in the cat. Clavotrapezius
Spinotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius There is one trapezius muscle in the human.
R & L Trapezius The levator scapulae ventralis is found in the cat but is missing in the human.
Acromiotrapezius Levator Scapulae Ventralis
Lateral View Caudofemoralis is found in the cat but not in the human.
Gluteus Medius Caudofemoralis
Gluteus Maximus Biceps Femoris
Vastus Lateralis There is no caudofemoralis muscle in the human. Vastus Lateralis Tensor Fascia Latae
Long Head Short Head
Biceps Femoris Gluteus Maximus Lateral View Thigh muscles in the human.
Vastus Sartorius Medialis
Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis The epitrochlearis muscle is found in the medial arm of the cat.
Epitrochlearis There is no epitrochlearis in the human arm. Biceps Deltoid Brachii Brachialis
Coracobrachialis Long Medial Head Triceps Head Brachii Abdominal muscles in the cat.
Transversus Abdominus
Internal Oblique
External Oblique Abdominal muscles in the human.
Transversus Abdominus Internal Oblique
External Oblique Ventral Body Cavity The ventral body cavity in the cat.
Thorax Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic The ventral body cavity in the human.
Thorax Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic Digestive System The greater omentum in the human and cat.
Human Cat The stomach in the human and cat.
Stomach
Stomach
Cat Human Pylorus Stomach Feeding Tube The stomach interior in the human and cat.
Human Cat Rugae
Roundworms found in the cat stomach The human liver has 4 lobes.
R. & L. Lobes
R. Lobe
Gallbladder
Quadrate & Caudate lobes are not pictured. L. Lobe The feline liver has 6 lobes.
Gallbladder L. Medial Lobe L. Lateral Lobe Quadrate Lobe
R. Medial Lobe
Gallbladder L. Lateral Lobe Caudate Lobe
R. Lateral Lobe The small intestine in the cat is approximately 120 cm long. Mesentery of the small intestine in the human and cat.
Small Intestine
Mesentery The cat cecum has no appendix.
Large Intestine
Cecum
Small Intestine An appendix is found at the human cecum. Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Photograph courtesy of Mary Weis, D.V.M. The large intestine of the cat consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. There is no sigmoid colon.
Cecum Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Rectum The large intestine of the human consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
Transverse Colon Descending Colon Ascending Colon
Sigmoid Colon Cecum Small Intestine Rectum
Appendix
Photograph courtesy of Becky Brown. Circulatory System The pig heart has 2 branches off the aortic arch.
Left Subclavian Artery Aortic Arch Brachiocephalic Artery Pulmonary Trunk There are 3 branches from the aortic arch in the human heart.
L. Common Carotid Brachiocephalic L. Subclavian Artery Artery Aortic Arch Pulmonary Trunk Pacemaker Wires There is no common iliac artery in the cat.
Posterior Vena Cava
Abdominal Aorta
External Iliac Vein External Iliac Artery
Internal Iliac Artery There is a common iliac artery in the human.
Common Iliac Artery External Iliac Vein
Internal Iliac Artery External Iliac Artery Respiratory System Human epiglottis, larynx, thyroid gland, and trachea.
Epiglottis
Trachea
Larynx Primary Thyroid Bronchus Gland
* *Photograph courtesy of Kevin Patton, Ph.D. Cat epiglottis, larynx, thyroid gland, and trachea.
Epiglottis Larynx
Thyroid Gland
Trachea False Vocal Cords Human lungs have 5 lobes.
Left Right Lung - Lung – 2 Lobes, 3 Lobes Superior Superior, & Inferior Middle, & Inferior Cats lungs have 7 lobes.
Right Lobes – Left Lobes – Anterior, Medial, Anterior, Medial, Posterior, & Posterior Accessory Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system of the cat lacks paired seminal vesicles & the penis is ensheathed.
Spermatic Cord
Testis in Tunica Albuginea
Penis The male reproductive system in the human has a pair of seminal vesicles.
Testis
Seminal Vesicle Female Reproductive System The female cat has a urogenital sinus. Young are borne in the uterine horns.
Body of the Uterus
Ovary
Vagina Uterine Horn
Urogenital Sinus Feline Embryos There are separate vaginal and urethral openings in the human female. Young develop in the body of the uterus.
Ovary
Fallopian Tube
Body of Uterus
Cervix Human Embryo 12 Weeks Old Human Fetus Human Fetus Urinary System The adrenal gland in the cat is medial to the kidney.
Adrenal Gland
Kidney
Renal Vein The adrenal gland is anterior to the kidney in the human.
Adrenal Gland
Kidney Kidney disease
Photograph courtesy of Anna E. Ross, Ph.D.
Polycystic kidney Kidney Adenocarcinoma References
Augur, Anne M. and Arthur F. Dalley. 2009. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 12th Edition. Wolter Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Bohensky, Fred. 2002. PhotoManual & Dissection Guide. Cat with Sheep Heart Brain Eye. Square One Education Guides.
Sebastiani, Aurora M. and Dale W. Fishbeck. 2005. Mammalian Anatomy – The Cat. Morton Publishing Company. Englewood, Colorado.
Walker, Warren F. and Dominique G. Homberger. 1993. A Study of the Cat with Reference to Human Beings. Saunders College Publishing. Fort Worth, Texas.
Wingerd, Bruce D. 2006. Cat Anatomy and Dissection Guide. Bluedoor. Eden Prairie, Minnesota. The Cat People from Dr. Who