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Le Cas D'ai Weiwei Par Catherine Déry Département D'histoi

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Le Cas D'ai Weiwei Par Catherine Déry Département D'histoi Université de Montréal Art, Internet et dissidence en Chine : le cas d’Ai Weiwei Par Catherine Déry Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès arts (M.A.) en histoire Août, 2018 © Catherine Déry, 2018 Résumé Ce mémoire porte sur la vie d’Ai Weiwei. Souvent représenté comme l’un des dissidents chinois les plus populaires au monde, Ai Weiwei est dépeint par les médias et les gouvernements occidentaux comme un brave opposant au Parti communiste chinois qui ose défendre les valeurs des systèmes démocratiques. De son côté, le régime de Chine va plutôt le présenter comme un élément perturbateur qui a perdu son identité chinoise. Au travers de ces représentations divergentes, on s’est demandé qui est réellement Ai Weiwei? Plus exactement, est-il véritablement un dissident ? Qu’elles valeurs défend-il et pourquoi ? Qu’elles autres aspects de sa personnalité peuvent mériter notre attention afin de mieux saisir le personnage dans sa globalité? Afin de répondre à ces questions, ce mémoire s’est proposé d’orienter l’analyse autour des aspects de l’art, d’Internet et de la dissidence en Chine. Ces trois éléments sont intimement liés au parcours d’Ai Weiwei et ils offrent les outils nécessaires à la compréhension de notre sujet d’étude. Ultimement, nous avançons l’hypothèse qu’Ai Weiwei n’est pas le personnage que les gouvernements et les médias du globe nous décrivent. L’analyse révèle qu’il ne défend pas des valeurs exclusivement occidentales et qu’il n’a pas perdu son identité chinoise. Il fait preuve d’activisme et l’art ainsi qu’Internet jouent un rôle de premier plan dans la transmission de ses opinions. Il devient officiellement un dissident chinois en 2011 lors de son arrestation, mais il a retrouvé depuis une grande partie de sa liberté. Enfin, depuis les dernières années, Ai Weiwei a réorienté son activisme vers des questions qui ne ciblent pas directement le gouvernement chinois pour se pencher plutôt sur des causes humaines qui résonnent à l'échelle internationale. Mots-clés : Ai Weiwei, art, Internet, Web, dissidence, dissident ii Abstract This memoir examines Ai Weiwei’s life. Often portrayed as one of the most popular Chinese dissidents in the world, Ai Weiwei is depicted in Western media and governments as a brave opponent of the Chinese Communist Party who dares to defend the values of democratic systems. For its part, the Chinese regime prefers to present him as a disruptive element that has lost its Chinese identity. Through these different representations, we wonder who Ai Weiwei really is? More exactly, is he really a dissident? What values does he defend and why? What other aspects of his personality deserve our attention to better understand the person he is? In order to answer these questions, this memoir aimed to guide the analysis around the aspects of art, Internet and dissent in China. These three elements are closely linked to Ai Weiwei’s life and they offer the necessary tools to understanding our subject of study. Ultimately, we hypothesize that Ai Weiwei is not the character that governments and media around the world describe to us. The analysis reveals that he does not defend exclusively Western values and that he has not lost his Chinese identity. He shows activism attitude while art and Internet play a leading role in conveying his opinions. He officially became a Chinese dissident in 2011 when he was arrested, but he has since regained much of his freedom. In recent years, Ai Weiwei has redirected his activism towards issues that do not directly target the Chinese government to address human causes at the international level. Keywords: Ai Weiwei, art, Internet, Web, dissident, dissidence iii Table des matières Résumé ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Liste des illustrations ................................................................................................................................. vi Dédicace ..................................................................................................................................................... vii Remerciements ......................................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Présentation du projet ............................................................................................................................ 1 État de la question ................................................................................................................................... 2 Histoire de l’art contemporain chinois .................................................................................................. 2 Histoire d’Internet en Chine .................................................................................................................. 5 Histoire de la dissidence en Chine ........................................................................................................ 8 Ai Weiwei ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Problématique et hypothèse ................................................................................................................. 12 Sources et méthodologie ....................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPITRE 1 - AI WEIWEI ET L’ART CONTEMPORAIN CHINOIS ........................................... 14 L’art en Chine ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Le parcours artistique d’Ai Weiwei ........................................................................................................ 22 Ai Weiwei : l’entremetteur ..................................................................................................................... 26 Ai Weiwei : le bouffon ........................................................................................................................... 30 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 35 CHAPITRE 2 - AI WEIWEI ET INTERNET EN CHINE................................................................... 37 Internet en Chine ...................................................................................................................................... 38 Internet : le contrôle du gouvernement ................................................................................................... 38 Internet : la présence d’une vie intellectuelle et de formes de défiances ................................................ 44 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 50 Ai Weiwei et Internet ................................................................................................................................ 51 Ai Weiwei : la célébrité .......................................................................................................................... 52 Ai Weiwei la célébrité : avant Internet ............................................................................................... 52 Ai Weiwei la célébrité : après Internet ................................................................................................ 53 Ai Weiwei : l’activiste ............................................................................................................................ 54 Ai Weiwei l’activiste : avant Internet ................................................................................................. 55 iv Ai Weiwei l’activiste : après Internet ................................................................................................. 57 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 61 Chapitre 3 – AI WEIWEI ET LA DISSIDENCE EN CHINE.............................................................. 63 La dissidence en Chine ............................................................................................................................. 64 Qu’est-ce que la dissidence ? .................................................................................................................. 64 La période républicaine ........................................................................................................................... 65 La période maoïste .................................................................................................................................. 68 La période post-maoïste .........................................................................................................................
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