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A Novel Quinoxaline-Rhodamine Conjugate for a Simple and Efficient Article A Novel Quinoxaline-Rhodamine Conjugate for a Simple and Efficient Detection of Hydrogen Sulphate Ion Sutapa Sahu 1, Yeasin Sikdar 1 , Riya Bag 1, Dilip K. Maiti 1, José P. Cerón-Carrasco 2,* and Sanchita Goswami 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (D.K.M.) 2 Reconocimiento y Encapsulación Molecular, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.P.C.-C.); [email protected] (S.G.); Tel.: +34-968-278-819 (J.P.C.-C.); +91-033-2350-8386 (S.G.) Abstract: This work presents the development of a quinoxaline and rhodamine conjugate system − that acts as a colorimetric chemosensor for hydrogen sulfate (HSO4 ) ions in methanol media. This − sensor has been characterized both theoretically and experimentally. The detection limits for HSO4 are small as 0.71 µM and 3.8 µM for the absorption and emission experiments, respectively. The − effectiveness of the probe in recognizing HSO4 both in gel and solid phase is evaluated as well. − Thus, this works presents a simple strategy to detect the environmental HSO4 pollutant event at tiny concentrations. − Keywords: quinoxaline-rhodamine conjugate; HSO4 sensing; visual detection; spirolactum ring opening Citation: Sahu, S.; Sikdar, Y.; Bag, R.; 1. Introduction Maiti, D.K.; Cerón-Carrasco, J.P.; Goswami, S. A Novel The exponential increase of environmental pollution has forced researchers to rethink Quinoxaline-Rhodamine Conjugate the modes of identification of the hazards through quick yet accurate methods [1,2]. In this for a Simple and Efficient Detection of framework, the emergence of fluorescent/colorimetric chemosensors for cations/anions/ Hydrogen Sulphate Ion. Compounds neutral molecules has recently driven groundbreaking advances in the field by providing a 2021, 1, 29–40. https://doi.org/ plethora of efficient sensing systems with sometimes exceptional selectivity and sensitiv- 10.3390/compounds1010004 − ity [3–16]. Among the various anions that need to be detected, hydrogen sulfate (HSO4 ) ions are of particular interest because: (i) they play major roles in biological systems; (ii) Received: 4 December 2020 they impart toxicity as pollutant; and (iii) they are essential as sulphate binding proteins Accepted: 2 January 2021 − in the physiological transport system [17–21]. In addition, HSO4 ions have numerous Published: 8 April 2021 applications in industrial sectors such as agricultural fertilizers, industrial raw materials, − nuclear fuel wastes, etc. [22,23]. It is also notable that HSO4 dissociates at high pH to Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 2− generate toxic sulfate (SO4 ), which can cause skin and eye irritations and even respiratory with regard to jurisdictional claims in paralysis or other severe disorders [24–29]. The large standard Gibbs energy of hydration published maps and institutional affil- −1 − (−1080 kJ·mol ) and small pKa value of 1.99 (in aqueous medium) of the HSO anion also iations. 4 imply major constraints for its recognition and separation from an aqueous media [30–32]. − Accurate and easy detection of HSO4 is consequently essential to monitor and control several hazardous effects. − Recent research efforts to target HSO4 have been mostly focused on chemosensors Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. based on various fluorophores and chromophores, e.g., oxindole, boron-dipyrromethene Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (BODIPY), diarylethene, azomethine, indolium, naphthalimide, benzothiazolein, as well This article is an open access article as different media, e.g., acetonitrile:water, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran (see Table S1). distributed under the terms and However, only a few probes have been reported in the literature for the detection of conditions of the Creative Commons HSO− [33–51]. New strategies are therefore required to fill that gap in the currently Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// 4 available methods of detection. Among all possible alternatives, colorimetric detection creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). is one of the most preferable alternatives as it allows an easy and rapid detection by the Compounds 2021, 1, 29–40. https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds1010004 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/compounds Compounds 2021, 1, FOR PEER REVIEW 2 Compounds 2021, 1 30 available methods of detection. Among all possible alternatives, colorimetric detection is one of the most preferable alternatives as it allows an easy and rapid detection by the naked eye without any expensive instruments. Accordingly, we have chosen an effective naked eye without any expensive instruments. Accordingly, we have chosen an effective colorimetriccolorimetric signalingsignaling unit,unit, rhodaminerhodamine derivative,derivative, forfor thethe anion.anion. RhodamineRhodamine moietymoiety hashas alreadyalready proved proved its its potential potential in in the the field field of of chemosensors chemosensors due due to to the the signature signature photophysical photophys‐ outcomesical outcomes of the of fragmented the fragmented spirolactum spirolactum ring [ring52]. [52]. Herein, Herein, we propose we propose a novel a novel synthetic syn‐ thetic route by integrating quinoxaline and rhodamine moieties to generate the probe mol‐ route by integrating quinoxaline and rhodamine moieties− to generate the probe molecule, ecule, QRH, for selective detection of the anion− HSO4 in methanol. We have also been QRH, for selective detection of the anion HSO4 in methanol. We have also been able to reproduceable to reproduce the sensing the sensing phenomenon phenomenon in gel droplet in gel anddroplet paper and strip paper formats. strip formats. 2.2. ExperimentalExperimental SectionSection SynthesisSynthesis of of the the novel novel ligand ligand (hereafter (hereafter labeled labeled as QRHas QRH) used) used indeno indeno [1,2 −[1,2b]quinoxalin−b]quinox‐ −alin11−11one−one (compound (compound 1) and1) and Rhodamine Rhodamine B hydrazide B hydrazide (compound (compound 2) as2) as starting starting materials materi‐ (seeals (see Scheme Scheme1).The 1).The resulting resulting product product was completelywas completely characterized characterized by spectroscopic by spectroscopic and X-rayand X crystallography‐ray crystallography techniques. techniques. The nature The nature of the of main the excitedmain excited states states was also was assessed also as‐ bysessed means by ofmeans theoretical of theoretical calculations calculations within thewithin framework the framework of the density of the density functional functional theory (DFT).theory See(DFT). Appendix See AppendixA for further A for experimental further experimental and computational and computational details. details. SchemeScheme 1.1. SyntheticSynthetic procedureprocedure ofof novelnovel QRHQRH probe.probe. 3.3. ResultsResults andand DiscussionDiscussion 3.1.3.1. SynthesisSynthesis andand CharacterizationCharacterization SimpleSimple condensationcondensation ofof compoundcompound 11 andand compoundcompound 22 yieldedyielded QRHQRH asas illustratedillustrated in in 1 13 − SchemeScheme1 1.. The The resulting resulting product product is is fully fully characterized characterized by by FTIR, FTIR, H,1H, 13CC NMR, NMR, ESI ESI−MSMS spectraspectra (Figures(Figures S1–S3, S1–S3, S5) S5) and and single single crystal crystal XRD XRD method method before before its its application. application. The The FTIR FTIR datadata confirmedconfirmed thethe generationgeneration ofof SchiffSchiff basebase byby thethe appearanceappearance ofof thethe characteristic characteristic peakpeak of C=N at 1609 cm−1. From 1H and 13C NMR data the aromatic proton signals appeared of C=N at 1609 cm−1. From 1H and 13C NMR data the aromatic proton signals appeared at at δH 8.06–6.1. The ESI−MS spectra shows 671.32 amu as the same as the calculated δH 8.06–6.1. The ESI−MS+ spectra shows 671.32 amu as the same as the calculated value for value for [C43H39N6O2] species. Characterization was continued with single crystal X-ray [C43H39N6O2]+ species. Characterization was continued with single crystal X‐ray diffraction diffraction experiment to determine the structure of the probe. The red colored single experiment to determine the structure of the probe. The red colored single crystal was crystal was obtained by layering technique using the solvents chloroform and ether. As obtained by layering technique using the solvents chloroform and ether. As illustrated in illustrated in Figure1, QRH crystallizes in triclinic space group P-1 with a chloroform Figure 1, QRH crystallizes in triclinic space group P‐1 with a chloroform molecule as sol‐ molecule as solvent of crystallization. vent of crystallization. 3.2. Crystal Structure Description The crystal structure depicts the spirolactum ring and three rings in the xanthene moiety are non-planar due to the presence of sp3 spiro carbon. The five-member lactum ring and the six-member xanthene rings are nearly perpendicular (87.20◦)[53]. Here the condensed planar quinoxaline conjugate makes an angle of 59.82◦ with the lactum ring. Due to the presence of a large number of π-rings, the molecule undergoes intermolecular π···π stacking interaction between two naphthalene–phenyldiammine moieties in reverse. The two stacking interactions take place between phenazine···phenazine ring (distance 3.899(3) Å, slippage 1.592 Å) and phenyl···cyclopentane ring (distance 3.756(3) Å, slippage 1.272 Å)
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