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2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems

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2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems NASA Technology Roadmaps TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems May 2015 Draft 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems Foreword NASA is leading the way with a balanced program of space exploration, aeronautics, and science research. Success in executing NASA’s ambitious aeronautics activities and space missions requires solutions to difficult technical challenges that build on proven capabilities and require the development of new capabilities. These new capabilities arise from the development of novel cutting-edge technologies. The promising new technology candidates that will help NASA achieve our extraordinary missions are identified in our Technology Roadmaps. The roadmaps are a set of documents that consider a wide range of needed technology candidates and development pathways for the next 20 years. The roadmaps are a foundational element of the Strategic Technology Investment Plan (STIP), an actionable plan that lays out the strategy for developing those technologies essential to the pursuit of NASA’s mission and achievement of National goals. The STIP provides prioritization of the technology candidates within the roadmaps and guiding principles for technology investment. The recommendations provided by the National Research Council heavily influence NASA’s technology prioritization. NASA’s technology investments are tracked and analyzed in TechPort, a web-based software system that serves as NASA’s integrated technology data source and decision support tool. Together, the roadmaps, the STIP, and TechPort provide NASA the ability to manage the technology portfolio in a new way, aligning mission directorate technology investments to minimize duplication, and lower cost while providing critical capabilities that support missions, commercial industry, and longer-term National needs. The 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps are comprised of 16 sections: The Introduction, Crosscutting Technologies, and Index; and 15 distinct Technology Area (TA) roadmaps. Crosscutting technology areas, such as, but not limited to, avionics, autonomy, information technology, radiation, and space weather span across multiple sections. The introduction provides a description of the crosscutting technologies, and a list of the technology candidates in each section. TA 8 - 2 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems Table of Contents Executive Summary . 8-4 Introduction . 8-9 8.1 Remote Sensing Instruments and Sensors. 8-9 8.2 Observatories ............................................................8-9 8.3 In-Situ Instruments and Sensors . 8-11 TA 8 .1: Remote Sensing Instruments and Sensors . 8-12 TA 8 .2: Observatories . .8-21 Sub-Goals ................................................................8-21 TA 8 .3: In-Situ Instruments and Sensors . 8-27 Appendix . 8-33 Acronyms .................................................................8-33 Abbreviations and Units ......................................................8-36 Contributors ................................................................8-38 Technology Candidate Snapshots. 8-39 TA 8 - 3 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems Executive Summary This is Technology Area (TA) 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems, one of the 16 sections of the 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps. The Roadmaps are a set of documents that consider a wide range of needed technologies and development pathways for the next 20 years (2015-2035). The roadmaps focus on “applied research” and “development” activities. The Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems TA 8 roadmap leverages previous roadmapping activities from the 2010 Space Technology Roadmaps and the 2005 NASA Advanced Planning and Integration Office (APIO) assessments, Advanced Telescopes and Observatories and Science Instruments and Sensors. The technologies for TA 8 allow information to be gathered about Earth’s atmosphere, space, and other planets. TA 8 technologies are organized into remote sensing instruments and sensors, observatories, and in-situ instruments and sensors. Remote sensing instruments and sensors include components, sensors, and instruments for measuring the spectral, spatial, and other observable properties of a remote target of interest, both passively and actively, such as through laser- and radar-based approaches. Observatories include technologies for next-generation telescope systems that collect, concentrate, or transmit photons. In-situ instruments and sensors include components, sensors, instruments, and sampling technologies for detecting fields, waves, and particles in the space environment, and for characterizing planetary exospheres, atmospheres, and surfaces. Technology needs and challenges identified in this document are traceable to specific NASA missions recommended by the most recent Earth, Planetary, Astrophysics, and Heliophysics decadal survey reports (“pull technologies”), but some allow new science capabilities and mission concepts (“push technologies”). Goals NASA’s pursuit of science and exploration relies on improving and developing new remote sensing instruments and sensors, observatories, and sensor technologies. These technologies are necessary to collect and process scientific data, either to answer compelling science questions as old as humankind (for example, how did our planetary system form and evolve?) or to provide crucial knowledge to enable robotic missions such as remote surveys of Martian geology to identify optimal landing sites. Table 1. Summary of Level 2 TAs 8.0 Science Instruments, Goals: Collect and process scientific data, either to answer compelling science questions as Observatories, and Sensor old as humankind or to provide crucial knowledge to enable robotic missions. Systems 8.1 Remote Sensing Instruments/ Sub-Goals: Improve remote sensing capabilities and performance. Sensors 8.2 Observatories Sub-Goals: Develop larger collecting apertures with better performance and reduced mass to provide extremely sensitive astronomical observations. 8.3 In-Situ Instruments / Sensors Sub-Goals: Improve in-situ sensing capabilities and performance. Benefits The development of science instruments, observatories, and sensor systems technologies will benefit a range of national needs. Currently, NASA Earth science missions are typically developed collaboratively with other national and international agencies, universities, and industries. Multiple communities, including the intelligence community and commercial imaging companies, commonly use observatory and science- instrument technologies. The primary difference between NASA and other potential beneficiaries is the operating environment of the technology. For example, astrophysics and astronomical detectors and focal TA 8 - 4 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems planes have similar low-noise sensitivity requirements but different operating environments, such as radiation hardness. A similar comparison can be made between planetary or heliophysics in-situ sensors and those used on the battlefield, in a hospital, at port and border checkpoints, or in the transportation area. X-ray mirror technology can be applied to commercial X-ray microscopes, X-ray lithography, or synchrotron optics. Space microwave, radar, or terahertz (THz) imaging systems can be applied to numerous government and industrial applications such as airport security screening and smoke stack plume monitoring; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) remote sensing technology have applications ranging from three dimensional (3D) surface topography and weather prediction to smoke stack pollution compliance. TA 8 - 5 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems 1 of 3 Figure 1. Technology Area Breakdown Structure TA 8 - 6 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems 2 of 3 Figure 1. Technology Area Strategic Roadmap (Continued) TA 8 - 7 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems 3 of 3 Figure 1. Technology Area Strategic Roadmap (Continued) TA 8 - 8 2015 NASA Technology Roadmaps DRAFT TA 8: Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems Introduction The Science Instruments, Observatories, and Sensor Systems technology area (TA) encompasses technologies to collect disparate types of data from Earth and space. These technologies are either identified to satisfy a particular mission need (“pull technologies”) or to develop new measurement techniques that may lead to new scientific discoveries (“push technologies”). This TA is broken into three sub-areas: remote- sensing instruments and sensors; observatories; and in-situ instruments and sensors. These technologies are applicable to missions from very small to large. Remote sensing instruments and sensors includes components, sensors, and instruments sensitive to electromagnetic radiation, particles, electromagnetic fields, both direct and alternating current, acoustic energy, seismic energy, or whatever physical phenomenology the science requires. Observatories include technologies that collect, concentrate, or transmit photons. In-situ instruments and sensors include components, sensors, and instruments sensitive to fields, waves, and particles that are
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