Mergers and Acquisitions Guidance Note
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Issue 5 • May 2020 Mergers and Acquisitions Guidance Note Public M&A in Hong Kong: an introductory guide Does the Code apply? This article looks at, in outline, the principal issues surrounding The Code applies not only to companies with a primary mergers and acquisitions (M&As) where the target is a public listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (the Exchange), company (which can be listed or unlisted) in Hong Kong and but also to public companies in Hong Kong, even if introduces the key considerations for companies, investors and they are unlisted.1 Whether a company is considered a their advisers when in a takeover or privatisation situation. public company in Hong Kong will depend on a range of factors, including the location of its head office Regulations governing public takeovers in Hong Kong and place of central management, the location of its Public M&As in Hong Kong are regulated principally by the business and assets (including corporate and tax status) Codes on Takeovers and Mergers and Share Buy-backs (Code). and whether, in the absence of the Code applying, Hong The Code, which is intended to afford fair and equal treatment Kong shareholders would be afforded protection under of shareholders, does not have the force of law. However, it is an alternative regime. administered by the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) and its rules are, in practice, binding on all market participants. Friendly or hostile? Takeovers in Hong Kong can be made with or without Other key sources of regulation governing takeovers are the the support of the target company’s board. However, Listing Rules and the Companies Ordinance. Sector specific while there are no restrictions on hostile takeovers in regulation may also apply depending on the type of business Hong Kong, they are uncommon in comparison to other involved (for example the Telecommunications Ordinance). major global markets like New York and London. This is largely a function of the fact that listed companies This article deals primarily with Hong Kong legislation and in Hong Kong are frequently tightly held, often with rules. However, laws applicable in other jurisdictions will often a founding family having a large stake, meaning that be relevant to a takeover of a Hong Kong listed company, in achieving control without the support of the major particular if – as is often the case – the target is incorporated shareholder(s) (and their board representatives) can be overseas. impossible. 1 The Code also applies to real estate investment trusts (REITs) with a primary listing of their units in Hong Kong. However, the rules applicable to REITS are beyond the scope of this article. Issue 5 • May 2020 Mergers and AcquisitionsPublic GuidanceGovernance Note Two principal deal structures (see ‘Squeeze out’ below). The consideration for a mandatory There are two principal methods of acquiring a target: general offer must also be in cash or, at the least, contain a • by way of a general offer (voluntary or mandatory), or cash alternative. • by way of a scheme of arrangement (whether under the Companies Ordinance for a Hong Kong company or under Scheme of arrangement the relevant companies legislation in the jurisdiction of An alternative form of acquiring the target is by way of a incorporation of the target). scheme of arrangement. A scheme is typically structured as a proposal to cancel (or transfer to the bidder) all shares in the By and large, the Code and other applicable laws and target in return for cash or shares. For a Hong Kong incorporated regulations will apply equally to both general offers and company this would be a scheme of arrangement under the schemes of arrangement. Companies Ordinance, but similar provisions exist under both the Cayman Islands and Bermuda companies legislation. General offer A general offer is a contractual offer to acquire all of the shares Under the Companies Ordinance (which applies to Hong in the target (those shares not already owned or agreed to be Kong incorporated targets), to become effective a scheme acquired by them outside of the offer). A general offer can must be approved at a shareholders’ meeting by shareholders either be voluntary, or, where the Code requires the bidder to representing at least 75% of the voting rights present and launch an offer, mandatory. The Code also allows an offer to be voting at the scheme meeting and the votes cast against the 2 a partial offer , which is an offer only for part of the shares in scheme must not exceed 10% of the total voting rights attached the target, in limited circumstances. to all ‘disinterested shares’ in the company (not solely those present and voting at the scheme meeting). Disinterested shares There are broadly two circumstances in which a mandatory bid are, broadly, all those shares that are not owned by the offeror will be required: or its concert parties. 3 (1) where a person or persons ‘acting in concert’ (see below), acquires 30% or more of the voting rights in the target, or On top of the Companies Ordinance requirements, the Code also requires that: (i) the scheme must be approved by at least 75% (2) where a person or concert party that holds between 30 of the votes attaching to ‘disinterested shares’ that are present and 50% acquires further shares carrying more than 2% of at a duly convened meeting of the holders of the disinterested the voting rights in the target (by reference to its lowest shares; and (ii) the number of votes cast against the scheme shareholding over the past 12 months).4 must not be more than 10% of the votes attaching to all disinterested shares.5 All general offers are required to be conditional on the bidder acquiring more than 50% of the voting rights in the target. In addition to the shareholders’ approval, the key distinction The key difference between a voluntary general offer and a in terms of process between a scheme and a general offer is mandatory general offer is that a mandatory offer must only that the scheme must be sanctioned by the Court. This is not be conditional on the bidder acquiring more than 50% of the a ‘rubber-stamp’ exercise and the Court will scrutinise the voting rights in the target. In contrast, voluntary general offers scheme to confirm not only that the provisions of the statute can be subject to a higher acceptance condition and may have been complied with, but also that the shareholders were contain objective conditions, including on the bidder receiving fairly represented at the meeting and the terms of the scheme a higher level of acceptances to enable the bidder to squeeze are such that an intelligent and honest person might reasonably out any remaining minority shareholders on a compulsory basis approve them in respect of her interest in the company. 2 The rules attaching to partial offers are beyond the scope of this article, which addresses offers for all the issued share capital of the company only. However, Rule 28 of the Code does permit a bidder to make a partial offer to acquire a certain proportion of each shareholder’s shares. Such offers have historically been rare in Hong Kong. 3 Acting in concert: For the purposes of the Code, persons are acting in concert where, pursuant to an agreement or understanding (whether formal or informal), they actively co-operate to obtain or consolidate ‘control’ of a company through the acquisition by any of them of voting rights. The Code contains a number of rebuttable presumptions where, unless the contrary is established, persons will be presumed to be acting in concert (for example, a parent and subsidiary or a company and its directors and their close relatives). 4 The obligation to make a mandatory offer may be waived if there is an independent vote at a shareholders’ meeting of the target at which 75% of independent votes approve a waiver (referred to as a ‘whitewash waiver’). However, notwithstanding a vote from shareholders, the SFC maintains discretion over whether or not to waive the requirement and it will typically attach significant weight on the ability of shareholders to exit their investment via a general offer where a new controlling shareholders enters the register. 5 While this second limb appears to be identical to the requirements of the Companies Ordinance, the definitions of ‘disinterested shares’ do differ slightly between the Code and the Companies Ordinance. Care should be taken to ensure that both tests are satisfied. Issue 5 • May 2020 Mergers and AcquisitionsPublic GuidanceGovernance Note Scheme or offer? legal factors. A table setting out a summary of some of the Whether a general offer or a scheme is more suitable considerations to be taken into account by bidders is provided depends on the particular facts of a case and will depend below (Figure 1) together with an indicative timetable for on a mixture of the commercial, financial, tactical and each acquisition process (Figure 2). Figure 1 – Comparison between general offer and scheme of arrangement Comparison of approval thresholds General Offer Scheme of arrangement (HK company) To acquire 100% • Must get acceptances in respect of 90% • 75% of disinterested shares at meeting vote of the shares ‘to which the offer relates’ in favour and not more than 10% of all (Companies Ordinance) disinterested shares vote against • Takeovers Code: acquire 90% of ‘disinterested • Scheme applies to all shareholders, even shares’ those who voted against • Potentially lower hurdle in absolute terms Excludes shareholders • Offeror and concert parties cannot be • Offeror and concert parties votes do not counted as part of the 90% count • Shareholders giving irrevocables can be • Shareholders giving irrevocables can vote counted towards the 90% Ability to block • 10% of disinterested shares (to block overall • 10% of disinterested shares (to block the control) transaction entirely) • Passive, simply not tender their acceptances • Requires positive action to vote against at the EGM Flexibility • Can waive 90% acceptances condition (but • All or nothing.