DOCSLIB.ORG

Developing Molecular Tools to Investigate Genetic Exchange Within

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developing Molecular Tools to Investigate Genetic Exchange Within Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Dynamics of Tetratheca (Elaeocarpaceae) Hannah McPherson BSc (Hons) University of New South Wales A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New England September 2008 Acknowledgments Many thanks to my three supervisors, Darren Crayn, Caroline Gross and Maurizio Rossetto. I could not have wished to work with three more enthusiastic and positive people. I have learnt so much from you and it has been really inspiring and lots of fun. I gratefully acknowledge the University of New England, the Australian Biological Resources Study and the Australian Postgraduate Award for funding my studies. Also the Australian Systematic Botany Society for awarding me the Hansjörg Eichler Scientific Research Fund for fieldwork in South Australia, and the Friends’ of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the University of New England for funding to attend the 10th Evolutionary Biology meeting in Marseilles in 2006. Many thanks also to Professor Robert Henry and Associate Professor Jeremy Bruhl for reviewing draft chapters for my upgrade from MSc to PhD. My colleagues at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney have been wonderfully supportive both professionally and personally. In particular I would like to thank Tim Entwisle, Brett Summerell, Karen Wilson and Louisa Murray who have been extremely encouraging throughout the course of my project. It has been a pleasure to be a part of the Molecular Laboratory team at the Gardens. Thanks especially to Carolyn Porter and Margaret Heslewood for patiently teaching me so much. To the other lab folk – big thanks – Paul Rymer, Karen Sommerville, Mike Whitehead, Rohan Mellick, Yola Metti, Andrew Perkins, John Thomson, and Nick Yee. The following herbaria generously supplied herbarium data: BRI, NE, NSW, MEL, HO, AD, PERTH for which I am very grateful. Thanks also to Joy Thompson, Ryonen Butcher, Trisha Downing, Andrew Perkins, Maurizio Rossetto, Penny Butcher, Darren Crayn, Caroline Gross and Natalie Papworth for providing expertise, specimens, or DNA used in the present study. Thank you to my many field work assistants: Anton Perkins, Gill Towler, Kathi Downs, Louisa Murray, Linn Linn Lee, Darryl McPherson, Darren Crayn, Margaret Heslewood, Elizabeth Brown, Peter Wilson, Bob Coveny, Chris Quinn, Stephen Skinner, Richard Greenhill, Rachel Gallagher, Phil Pisanu and Jenny Mason. Margaret Heslewood, Anton Perkins, Sarah Bunn, Lucy Nairn, Chris Allen, Gary Chapple, Linn Linn Lee, Gill Towler, Sally Waller, were wonders proof-reading and helping me solve problems with data, images and mapping. Thanks are also due to Pierre Taberlet at the Université Joseph Fournier, Grenoble; staff at the Jodrell Laboratory, Kew, London; the Plant Science Department, Oxford; Chris Humphries and Pat Wolesley, Botany Department at the Natural History Museum, London; Peter Weston, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney for valuable feedback on presentations. Thanks to my family Sarah Bunn and Anna Bunn Decombes, Fiona Bunn, Darryl McPherson, Jesse McPherson and Heather McPherson; ladies who brunch and Julie Taylor for spurring me on and also taking me away from it sometimes. To Anton Perkins - Field Assistant (First Class) - a well deserved promotion - thanks for everything. Abstract Tetratheca Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae) is an endemic Australian genus of small shrubs distributed mainly across the southern part of the continent. Most species are narrowly endemic or highly disjunct: very few are widespread. Adequate conservation planning relies on comprehensive knowledge of the evolutionary history of the taxa, strength and direction of current gene flow and connectivity between populations, and the occurrence of local adaptation or drift. In this study I investigated species distribution patterns and processes driving speciation in the Australian endemic genus Tetratheca at a variety of taxonomic, geographic and temporal scales. Evolutionary processes were explored using a hierarchy of molecular approaches: phylogenetic reconstruction, comparative phylogeography and population genetics. Phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data for over 85% of the known species confirmed that Tetratheca is monophyletic, with several lineages in Western Australia and only two in the eastern states of the continent. Resolution within some lineages was poor and there were minor points of conflict between phylogenies, implying a role for incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or hybridisation in the evolution of the genus. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses using data from a range of chloroplast and novel nuclear microsatellite loci was undertaken on the Tetratheca pilosa and T. ciliata-T.stenocarpa species complexes. The results helped to clarify phylogenetic ambiguities, and support the hypothesis that ILS is more influential than hybridisation in explaining phylogenetic incongruence in the studied taxa. The present study shows that in the case of Tetratheca, a recently derived and rapidly evolving component of the Australian flora, patterns of genetic diversity at the micro- evolutionary scale can help with interpretation of macroevolutionary processes in the genus. It thereby confirms that comparative studies of a range of species, applied at a variety of hierarchical scales, can be particularly useful for understanding evolutionary processes and genetic diversity of any single species. Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Chapter overview................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Background to the Australian flora ....................................................................... 2 1.3 Elaeocarpaceae ...................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Tetratheca and allies.............................................................................................. 4 1.5 Biogeography and endemism in Tetratheca.......................................................... 7 1.6 Approaches and molecular tools............................................................................ 8 1.6.1 Phylogeny ...................................................................................................... 8 1.6.2 Phylogeography............................................................................................. 9 1.6.3 Population genetics...................................................................................... 11 1.6.4 A hierarchical approach for exploring genetic diversity and distribution patterns…………………………………………………………………….12 1.7 Project aims ......................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 Molecular phylogenetics of Tetratheca (Elaeocarpaceae) .......................... 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Taxa and plant material ............................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Nuclear and chloroplast data ....................................................................... 18 2.2.3 DNA isolation.............................................................................................. 26 2.2.4 Amplification using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ............................ 26 2.2.5 Sequencing and alignment........................................................................... 27 2.2.6 Phylogenetic analyses.................................................................................. 29 2.3 Results ................................................................................................................. 33 2.3.1 Nuclear ITS data.......................................................................................... 33 2.3.2 Chloroplast trnL-trnF data .......................................................................... 39 2.3.3 Combined analysis of ITS and trnL-trnF .................................................... 42 2.4 Discussion............................................................................................................ 46 2.4.1 Monophyly of Tetratheca............................................................................ 47 2.4.2 Western origin for Tetratheca and differentiation of an eastern clade........ 48 2.4.3 Affinities of the Kangaroo Island taxa ........................................................ 49 2.4.4 Testing morphological groups with molecular data .................................... 50 2.4.5 Evidence of incomplete lineage sorting or hybridisation in the evolutionary history of Tetratheca ................................................................................... 56 2.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 3 Comparative phylogeography of two species complexes within Tetratheca.. ……………………………………………………………………………..59 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 59 3.1.1 Chloroplast microsatellites .......................................................................... 60 3.2 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rediscovery of Tetratheca Nuda Var. Spartea (Elaeocarpaceae) in South-West Western Australia and Elevation to Specific Rank Astetratheca Spartea
    Nuytsia WESTERN AUSTRALIA'S JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY ISSN 0085–4417 Butcher, R. Rediscovery of Tetratheca nuda var. spartea (Elaeocarpaceae) in south-west Western Australia and elevation to specific rank asTetratheca spartea Nuytsia 18: 39–47 (2008) All enquiries and manuscripts should be directed to: The Managing Editor – NUYTSIA Western Australian Herbarium Telephone: +61 8 9334 0500 Dept of Environment and Conservation Facsimile: +61 8 9334 0515 Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Email: [email protected] Western Australia 6983 Web: science.dec.wa.gov.au/nuytsia AUSTRALIA All material in this journal is copyright and may not be reproduced except with the written permission of the publishers. © Copyright Department of Environment and Conservation R.Nuytsia Butcher, 18: Rediscovery39–47 (2008) of Tetratheca nuda var. spartea 39 Rediscovery of Tetratheca nuda var. spartea (Elaeocarpaceae) in south-west Western Australia and elevation to specific rank as Tetratheca spartea Ryonen Butcher Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Abstract Butcher, R. Rediscovery of Tetratheca nuda var. spartea (Elaeocarpaceae) in south-west Western Australia and elevation to specific rank asTetratheca spartea. Nuytsia 18: 39–47 (2008). Tetratheca nuda Lindl. var. spartea Planch. ex Benth. was named by Bentham in 1863 from material collected from an unspecified locality by Drummond in 1843. Mueller placed the name in synonymy under T. virgata Steetz in 1882, but Thompson recognised and lectotypified the name in 1976, reiterating the close affinity with T. nuda but querying the status of the taxon. The taxon was known only from the type material until a 2005 collection from near Toodyay was confirmed as comparable with the type.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia's Biodiversity and Climate Change
    Australia’s Biodiversity and Climate Change A strategic assessment of the vulnerability of Australia’s biodiversity to climate change A report to the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council commissioned by the Australian Government. Prepared by the Biodiversity and Climate Change Expert Advisory Group: Will Steffen, Andrew A Burbidge, Lesley Hughes, Roger Kitching, David Lindenmayer, Warren Musgrave, Mark Stafford Smith and Patricia A Werner © Commonwealth of Australia 2009 ISBN 978-1-921298-67-7 Published in pre-publication form as a non-printable PDF at www.climatechange.gov.au by the Department of Climate Change. It will be published in hard copy by CSIRO publishing. For more information please email [email protected] This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the: Commonwealth Copyright Administration Attorney-General's Department 3-5 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 Email: [email protected] Or online at: http://www.ag.gov.au Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for Climate Change and Water and the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts. Citation The book should be cited as: Steffen W, Burbidge AA, Hughes L, Kitching R, Lindenmayer D, Musgrave W, Stafford Smith M and Werner PA (2009) Australia’s biodiversity and climate change: a strategic assessment of the vulnerability of Australia’s biodiversity to climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants
    Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants Ref No. ISSN 0725-8755 July 2003 GSG Victoria Chapter NSW Programme 2003 Leader: Neil Marriott (03) 5356 2404 Wednesday July 23 [email protected] TIME: 9.30 a.m Morning Tea for 10.00am start VENUE: Grevillea Park Convener: Max McDowall (03) 9850 3411 SUBJECT: Plant labelling ideas - discussion group [email protected] Wednesday August 13 Meeting cancelled VIC Programme 2003 Sunday October 12 TIME: 10.00 a.m. Sunday August 17 To Drummond & Fryers Range and Elphinstone VENUE: Home of Mark Ross,107 Pitt Town Road, McGraths Hill 2756 LEADERS: John & Sue Walter and Ian Evans Ph: 02) 4577 2831 E: [email protected] TIME: 10.30 a.m. SUBJECT: Grafting Workshop VENUE: 249 Pudding Bag Road, Drummond Melbourne Cup Weekend Fri Oct 31-Tues Nov 4 (VicRoads 59 G5-F5) on left 2.49 km from the CONTACT : Bruce Wallace, [email protected] intersection with Daylesford-Malmsbury Road, between MEETING PLACE: 10.00am at McDonalds, Sth Nowra creek and intersection with Scobles Road. Land for Wildlife and Malmsbury Landcare signs on Field trip south to view G. linearifolia (Dolphin Point, gate. Enlarged scan of VicRoads map will be sent to Ulladulla & Bendalong-Manyana), G. arenaria & G. scabrifolia those who register with Max. (near Nowra), G. buxifolia (Pigeon House), G. epicroca, G. victoriae ssp. nivalis (Brown Mountain), G. johnsonii BYO lunch and thermoses for lunch and afternoon tea, and some goodies to share. Meet at the new home of and many other exciting localities & plant populations. GSG members John and Sue Walter ph.
    [Show full text]
  • View PDF for This Newsletter
    Newsletter No. 160 September 2014 Price: $5.00 AUSTRALASIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY SOCIETY INCORPORATED Council President Vice President Bill Barker Mike Bayly State Herbarium of South Australia School of Botany PO Box 2732, Kent Town, SA 5071 University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010 Australia Australia Tel: (+61)/(0) 427 427 538 Tel: (+61)/(0) 3 8344 5055 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Secretary Treasurer Frank Zich John Clarkson Australian Tropical Herbarium Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service E2 Building, J.C.U. Cairns Campus PO Box 156 PO Box 6811 Mareeba, Qld 4880 Cairns, Qld 4870 Australia Australia Tel: (+61)/(0) 7 4048 4745 Tel: (+61)/(0) 7 4059 5014 Mobile: (+61)/(0) 437 732 487 Fax: (+61)/(0) 7 4232 1842 Fax: (+61)/(0) 7 4092 2366 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Councillor Councillor Ilse Breitwieser Leon Perrie Allan Herbarium Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd PO Box 467 PO Box 69040 Wellington 6011 Lincoln 7640 New Zealand New Zealand Tel: (+64)/(0) 4 381 7261 Tel: (+64)/(0) 3 321 9621 Fax: (+64)/(0) 4 381 7070 Fax: (+64)/(0) 3 321 9998 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Other Constitutional Bodies Public Officer Affiliate Society Anna Monro Papua New Guinea Botanical Society Australian National Botanic Gardens GPO Box 1777 Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia Hansjörg Eichler Research Committee Tel: +61 (0)2 6250 9530 Philip Garnock-Jones Email: [email protected] David Glenny Betsy Jackes Greg Leach ASBS Website Nathalie Nagalingum www.asbs.org.au Christopher Quinn Chair: Mike Bayly, Vice President Webmasters Grant application closing dates: Anna Monro Hansjörg Eichler Research Fund: Australian National Botanic Gardens on March 14th and September 14th each year.
    [Show full text]
  • Life-Forms of Terrestrial 'Flowering Plants
    ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA EDIDJT SVENSKA VAXTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET m:1 LIFE-FORMS OF TERRESTRIAL ' FLOWERING PLANTS I BY G. EINAR Du RIETZ UPPSALA 1931 ALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOKTRYCKERI AB ' ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA. III. LIFE-FORMS OF TERRESTRIAL FLOWERING PLANTS BY G. EINAR DU RIETZ PRINTED WITH CONTRIBUTION FH.OM LA :\GMAN S KA I{ U LTU HFON DEN UPPSALA 193 1 ALMQVIST & WIKSELLS BOK'l'RYCKERI-A.-B. Preface. This work is the result of studies carried out during the last twelve years. The field-studies have been made partly in various parts of Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway), partly during a year's work in New Zealand and .Australia in 1926-1927 as well as during shorter visits to various parts of Central and Western Europe, North America, and Java. The material collected in the field has been worked up in the Plant-Biological Institution of Upsala Uni­ versity. The rich life-form collections of this institution have also been utilized as much as possible. I wish to express my deep gratitude to all those frien�s in various countries who have supported my work in one way or another - they are too many to be enumerated here. l have tried to bring the names of the plants mentioned as much as possible into accordance with the following generally known :florjstic handbooks : For Scandinavia Ho LMBERG 1922-1926, and, for the groups not treated there, LIND- 1\IAN 1926, for Central Europe HEGI 1908--1931, for the eastern part of North .America RoBINSON and FF.RNALD 1908, for Java KooR DERS 191 1-1912, for N�w South Wales MooRE and BE T C H E 1893, for the rest of Australia BENTHAM 1863- 1878, and for New Zealand CHEESEMAN 1925.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Grimwade Plant Collection of Percival St John and Botanical Exploration of Mt Buffalo National Park (Victoria, Australia)
    Report on the Grimwade Plant Collection of Percival St John and Botanical Exploration of Mt Buffalo National Park (Victoria, Australia) Alison Kellow Michael Bayly Pauline Ladiges School of Botany, The University of Melbourne July, 2007 THE GRIMWADE PLANT COLLECTION, MT BUFFALO Contents Summary ...........................................................................................................................3 Mt Buffalo and its flora.....................................................................................................4 History of botanical exploration........................................................................................5 The Grimwade plant collection of Percival St John..........................................................8 A new collection of plants from Mt Buffalo - The Miegunyah Plant Collection (2006/2007) ....................................................................................................................................13 Plant species list for Mt Buffalo National Park...............................................................18 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................19 References .......................................................................................................................20 Appendix 1 Details of specimens in the Grimwade Plant Collection.............................22
    [Show full text]
  • South West Slopes Revegetation Guide
    ot etSoe Rvgtto Guide South West Slopes Revegetation ot etSoe Rvgtto Guide South West Slopes Revegetation from little things big things grow... SouthSouth WestWest SlopesSlopes RevegetationRevegetation GuideGuide (south of the Murrumbidgee River) 1998 from little things big things grow... South West Slopes Revegetation Guide (SOUTH OF THE MURRUMBIDGEE RIVER) Edited by Fleur Stelling Murray Catchment Management Committee & Department of Land & Water Conservation Albury, NSW March 1998. With a major contribution by Karen Walker Greening Australia, Wagga Wagga, NSW. foreword John Landy he South West Slopes region of New South introduced species of plants and animals and grazing T Wales runs from the Riverina plains to the have all played a part in the decline in biodiversity of mountains in the east, with an elevation of up to native vegetation. This book provides useful material 600 metres. It is one of the most extensively altered for those seeking to control weeds, attract wildlife to landscapes in this country. The most radical the farm dam, or reintroduce native grasses and modification has been on the lower slopes and plains, pasture. The practical information sheets will also be where the establishment of pastures and crops was valuable in many aspects of land management. most easily achieved. Clearing of the catchments in the rising country, mainly during the last century — has Many farmers in the South West Slopes region (and resulted in eroded streams and silt deposition, the latter elsewhere in the country) have struggled under encouraged by the widespread growing of willows. increasingly adverse conditions. My family has a property in the south-east, near Tooma, and we have Preserving the remaining areas of bushland that have had to step up our fight against weeds (notably the so far escaped a significant decline in biodiversity is blackberry), which infests pasture and modified clearly a priority, and several chapters in this Guide bushland alike.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Biome Shifts and Niche Evolution in Plants
    ES45CH24-Donoghue ARI 31 October 2014 15:49 Biome Shifts and Niche Evolution in Plants Michael J. Donoghue1 and Erika J. Edwards2 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; email: [email protected] 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014. 45:547–72 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on adaptation, biogeography, climate change, niche conservatism, phylogeny October 6, 2014 The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Abstract Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org What factors influence whether a lineage can successfully transition into a This article’s doi: new biome, and why have some biome shifts been more frequent than others? Access provided by Yale University - Law Library on 12/15/14. For personal use only. 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091905 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014.45:547-572. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org To orient this line of research we develop a conceptual framework in which Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. the likelihood of a biome shift is a function of (a) exposure to contrasting All rights reserved environments over time, (b) the evolutionary accessibility of relevant adap- tations, and (c) changing biotic interactions. We evaluate the literature on biome shifts in plants in relation to a set of hypotheses on the size, connect- edness, and absolute age of biomes, as well as on the adaptability of particular lineages and ecological interactions over time. We also critique the phylo- genetic inference of past biomes and a “global” model-based approach to biome evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Core Eudicots: New Floral Evidence from the Earliest
    Downloaded from http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on January 18, 2017 The emergence of core eudicots: rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org new floral evidence from the earliest Late Cretaceous Else Marie Friis1, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen2 and Peter R. Crane3,4 Research 1Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Cite this article: Friis EM, Pedersen KR, Crane Department of Geoscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark 3Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA PR. 2016 The emergence of core eudicots: 4Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, VA, USA new floral evidence from the earliest EMF, 0000-0003-2936-2761 Late Cretaceous. Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 20161325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1325 Eudicots, the most diverse of the three major clades of living angiosperms, are first recognized in the latest Barremian–earliest Aptian. All Early Cretaceous forms appear to be related to species-poor lineages that diverged before the rise of core eudicots, which today comprise more than 70% of angiosperm Received: 11 June 2016 species. Here, we report the discovery of a well-preserved flower, Caliciflora Accepted: 14 November 2016 mauldinensis, from the earliest Late Cretaceous, with unequivocal core eudicot features, including five sepals, five petals and two whorls of stamens borne on the rim of a floral cup containing three free carpels. Pollen is tricolporate. Carpels mature into follicular fruitlets. This character combination suggests a phylogenetic position among rosids, but more specific assignment is Subject Areas: precluded by complex patterns of character evolution among the very large evolution, palaeontology, structural biology number of potentially relevant extant taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Elaeocarpaceae1
    Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann ELAEOCARPACEAE1 H. McPherson2 & L. Murray2 Shrubs (sometimes ericoid) and trees (not in S.A.); bark without exudate, indumentum of simple hairs, sometimes gland-tipped or stellate; leaves spirally arranged, distichous, opposite or rarely whorled, simple, entire to serrate; stipules either present or none when colleters may occur. Flowers bisexual, solitary and axillary, in fascicles or terminal, or axillary simple or compound; inflorescence cymose or racemose; sepals usually free, variously toothed or lobed, sometimes entire; stamens 4–300, free; anthers basifixed, opening at apex by 1 or 2 pores; loculi 2–8 (9); ovules 1–30 per loculus, pendulous, anatropous, attached to axis in 1–2 series; style simple or apically branched. Fruit indehiscent (drupe or berry) or dehiscent. Seeds 1–many, up to about 15 per loculus. A family comprising 12 genera and c. 550 species, widely distributed in tropical and warm temperate southern regions. In Australia 9 genera and c. 100 species. The genera Tremandra R.Br. ex DC., Platytheca Steez and Tetratheca traditionally comprised the Australian endemic family Tremandraceae (Thompson 1976). Recent molecular phylogenetic research (e.g. Savolainen et al. 2000, Bradford & Barnes 2001, Crayn et. al. 2006) confirms that these three genera form a clade within Elaeocarpaceae, a family of mostly rainforest trees and shrubs widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and extending into temperate areas. Placement within Elaeocarpaceae has been formalised by APGII (2003) and Coode (2004). A specimen of Platytheca galioides Steetz was collected reportedly from Mount Rescue National Park in 1975. It has not been found again in this area despite further searches.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichome Morphology Provides Phylogenetically Informative Characters for Tremandra, Platytheca and Tetratheca (Former Tremandraceae)
    Trichome morphology provides phylogenetically informative characters for Tremandra, Platytheca and Tetratheca (former Tremandraceae) Trisha L. DowningAC, Pauline Y. LadigesA, and Marco F. DurettoBD ASchool of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia BTasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Private Bag 4, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia C National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Ave., South Yarra, Vic. 3141, Australia. DCorresponding author: [email protected] This paper was published in Plant Systematics and Evolution 271: 199-221 (2008) (published online 21 March 2008). Abstract. Trichomes of Tremandra R.Br. ex DC., Platytheca Steetz and Tetratheca Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae, former Tremandraceae), together with two outgroup species of Elaeocarpus L., are illustrated using Scanning Electron Microscopy, and their distribution on various plant organs is documented. Various trichomes types were identified that relate taxa: simple hairs, stellate hairs, short glandular trichomes, long glandular trichomes, and three forms of tubercules. Both outgroup and ingroup taxa have simple hairs. Stellate hairs are confirmed as unique to Tremandra. Prominent and sculptured multi-celled tubercules, some bearing a stout hair, are characteristic of Platytheca. Smaller multicelled tubercules occur in both Platytheca and Tetratheca, except for the Western Australian taxon Te. filiformis (possibly plesiomorphic). Unicellular tubercules (papilla) characterise two species of Tetratheca.
    [Show full text]