Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Updatedby: RossE.Pollock EVOLUTIONOFPASSENGEROPERATIONS OperationsSIG Updated: October1999 Passengeroperationsmaybeconvenientlydividedinto fivemajoreras: FirstIssued: April1961(D8a.3) Originally PhillipsHoughton Pioneer1830-1870 Compiledby: andCommittee PalaceCar1870-1912 Page: 1of9 Standard1912-1940 Streamlined1940-1971 Amtrak1971-current THEPIONEERERA

Duringthepioneerera,trainswereshort,carswerebuiltofwood,overnighttravelwasunusual, andmosttravelwasincoaches.Throughcarsoperatingovermorethanonerailroadwere virtuallyunknownand,asamatteroffact,wereimpossibleinmanycasesbecauseofthechange intrackgaugebetweendifferentrailroads.

Trainsstoppedbrieflyat"eatingstations"duringmealtimestofeedtheirpassengers,sothere weren'tanydiningcars.Manyrailroadsbuilthotelsatimportantstationsandjunctionpointsso passengerscouldbreaktheir journeyforagoodnight'ssleep.Thesleepingcarhadnotbeen perfected.Atypicaltrainmightconsistofoneormorebaggagecarsforthecarriageofpassenger baggage,mailandimportantless-than-carloadfreight,plusoneormorecoaches.Speedswere slow.Manypassengertrainsalsohandledfreightcars.

Operationswererelativelysimple.Mosttrainsweredispatchedbytimetableonlyduringmuchof thisperiod.Ifasuperiortrainweredelayed,allopposingtrainshadtowaituntilitarrived. THEPALACECARERA

TherapiddevelopmentoftechnologyduringandaftertheAmericanCivilWarchangedmuchof this.Thefirstcarbuiltexpresslyasadiningcarappearedin1868andbyabout1870,thesleeping carwascomingintogeneraluse.Trackgaugewasbeingstandardizedat4'-8½",makingthrough carspossible.Atfirst,therewerenumerouscompetingsleepingcarcompanies.Bytheendof thisera,thePullmanCompanyhadavirtualmonopolyonthisbusiness.

In1864thePostOfficebegansendingmailbyrailandsortingitenrouteinrailwaypostalcars. Theexpresscompaniesbecameanimportantsourceofincome.

Carswerestillbuiltofwood,butbecamelonger,biggerandheavierastimepassed,a ndtrains becamelongertoo,requiringlarger,morepowerfullocomotivestohaulthem.TheWestinghouse airbrakeandthemanualblocksystemfordispatchingtrainswerebothintroducedin1865. Togethertheseallowedsafemovementofmoretrainsatfasterspeedsoveragivenstretchof track.

Trainsweredividedintoexpressandlocalwithcommutertrainsaddedforservicefromthe suburbsintothedowntownareaofmajorcities.Atypicalovernightexpresstrainmightcarrya railwaypostofficecar,severalbaggagecars(mostlyforexpresstraffic),acombinecarasa Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: 2of9 PALACECARERA-continued smokingcarwithspaceforpassenger'sbaggage,severalcoaches,adiningcar,severalsleeping cars,andalounge-observationcarforfirst-classpassengers.

Therewerenumerousexpresscompanies,eachoperatingoveroneormorerailroads,mostof whichinterchangedbothpackagesandentirecarswitheachother.Duringthiseraall-first-class trainsappearedonafewrailroadsintheheaviesttraveledcorridors.

Local(oraccommodation)trainsmightconsistofacombinationrailwaypostoffice-baggage- expresscar,severalbaggage-expresscars,acoach-baggagecarasasmoke r,andoneormore coaches.Localtrainsdidnotnormallycarryfirst-classcars,andstoppedateverystationonthe line.Mixedfreight-passengertrainswerecommononbranchandlessermainlines.

Commutertrainsbecamecommon.Manycarriedapassenger-baggagecombinecarasasmoker andtohandlethelimitedpassengerbaggage,newspapers,andsometimesmilk.

Towardstheendoftheerathesteelunderframewasintroducedwhichallowedtheoperationof stillheavierandfastertrains. THESTANDARDERA

WiththeopeningofthePennsylvaniaRailroadtunnelsundertheNorthRiverintodowntownNew YorkCit yin1912,fireproofcarswererequired.Oncethesenewer,safercarswereintroduced,the publicbegantodemandthatallrailroadcarsbeofthisconstruction.Bythe1920s,mostmainline passengercarshadbeenreplacedwithcarsofall-steelconstruction.Mostofthewoodencars thatremainedinmainlineserviceweresheathedinsteel,butwoodcarsremainedinbranchline serviceformanyyearsuntiltheywerebumpedbysteelcarsthatthemselveshadbeenreplaced bytheappearanceoflightweightstreamlinedcars.DuringWorldWarI,thegovernmentforcedthe amalgamationofthevariou sexpresscompaniesintooneuniversalcompany--theRailway ExpressAgency.

Inthisperiod,trainsmightbedividedintoall-first-class(usuallyextra-fare),express,localand commuter.Mixedfreightandpassengertrainswerefastdisappearing.

Theall-first-classtrainsgenerallyoperatedoverlonger,moreheavilytraffickedlineswithstops onlyatthemostimportantcitiesenroute.Theyoftencarriedthroughcarsforinterchangewith otherrailroads.Ontheeastcoast,entiretrainsoperatedinthroughservicefromBostonandNew YorktotheFloridawinterresortswithonl ychangeoflocomotivesandoperatingcrewsenroute. Thesetrainstendedtohaveaminimumofhead-endcars--justenoughtoservetheneedsofthe passengersonthetrain,andsometimesarailwaypostalcar.Therewasoftenacombination baggage-clubcarwithabar(andsometimesabarberandshowertoo)attheheadofthetrain. Thiswouldbefollowedbyseveralsleepingcars,adiner,moresleepers,andanobservationcar. Theobservationcarusuallyhadsomesleepingspace--opensectionsintheearlyyears,all roomslater--abarandlounge,andanopenobservationplatformattheend.Theop en-platform observationwasreplacedinmanycasesduringthelate1920sandearly1930swithafully enclosedsolariumcar.Astrainsbecamelonger,additionaldiningcarsandsometimesmid- loungeswereadded.Theloungecarwouldusuallyalsohavesomerevenuespaceintheformof Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: STANDARDCARERA-continued 3of9 8to10opensections.Daytimetrainswouldcarryparlorcarsinplaceofthesleepers.Ontrains whichtraversedlongerdistances,aparlorcarwouldbecutinbetweenmajorcitesthatwere servedindaylight.Passengerswhosetripincludedtravelatnightwouldrideinregularsleeping cars.Thesetrainswererealmoney-makersfortherailroadsandmanypresidentsreceiveda dailyreportontheirpremiertrainsshowingnotonlypassengerscarried,butthecauseforany delaysenroute(woetotheemployeewhocauseddelaytoanametrain!)

Expresstrainscarriedmailandexpresscarsonlong- distanceruns.Someoperatedwithonlyan oldercoachasaridercarintendedprimarilyfortheconvenienceofemployees,butsomealso carriedcoaches,adinerandsleepingcars.Themoreimportantexpresstrainsmightevencarry anobservationcarattheendfortheuseoffirst-classpassengersandacombinecarforthe smokingcoachpassengers.Thesetrainsranonsomewhatslowerschedulesthandidtheall-first classtrains,withmorestopsandmuchswitchingofexpresscarsinandoutofthetrainatcities alongtheline.Inadditiontoarailwaypostofficecar,whichwasalmostuniversal lycarriedasthe firstcarofthetrain,theremightbeabaggage-expresscarusedasa"workingmailcar"withbags ofmailtobesortedbytheRPOcar'screwenrouteandspacetorestowsortedmail.Theremight alsobeoneormoresealedmailcarswhichcarriedpre-sortedmailandnewspapersbetween regularcitypairs.Expresswascarriedinbaggage-expresscarsorinfreightcarsprovidedwith passengertrucksandpipingforsteamandsignallines.Sealedcarsweredispatchedbetween citypairs.Oneworkingcarmightcarryanexpressmessengerwhoacceptedanddropped packagesatlesserstati onsalongtheroute.RailwayExpressAgencyalsooperatedexpress refrigeratedcarsforthedispatchofhighervaluerefrigeratedcargoes.RailwayExpresscars,and inlateryearsrailroad-ownedexpresscarsinREAservice,werefreelyinterchangedbetweenlines. PRRcarsmightbeseeninanATSFtrain;B&OcarsinanErietrain.Especiallyinthenortheast, milkcarswereanimportantsourceofrevenue.Inmanycases,baggage,mail,expressandmilk carshadregularruns.

ThePullmanCompanyfoundthattheycouldmakemoneyonacaroperatingbetweenanytwo pairofcities(oreventowns)wi thanaveragepatronageofonly12passengerspernight. Hundredsofcarlinesweresetupfortheconvenienceofthesepassengers.Passengerswere abletoboardaPullmancarsittingonasidetrackatthestationatastatedtimetheeveningbefore theirtripandgotobed;thecarwouldthenbepickedupbyapassingtrainandoftensetoutagain atanotherstationdownthelineduringthenight.Whenatrainarrivedatitsdestinationoracar wassetoffintheearlymorninghoursPullmanpassengerswereusuallyallowedtooccupythecar untilamorereasonabletimeinthemorning.

DuringtheGreatDepr essiontherailroadsbegantonoticethatcoachpassengersactually providedmostoftheirpassengerrevenuesandbegantopursuetheirbusinessmoreaggressively. Carswererefurbishedwithnicerinteriorcolorschemes,morecomfortablechairs,andair conditioning.Lunch-countercarsbegantoappearwithless-expensivemealsforcoach passengers.Luxuryall-coachtrainsbegantorunbetweenmajorcitiesonsimilarschedulesto thoseoftheall-first-classtrains.

Inordertoprovidemoreefficientuseofdiningcars,theywereoftencutoutofatrainafterameal, oftenataverymi norstation,andthencutbackintoanothertrain(usuallytravelingintheopposite direction)forthenextmeal. Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: 4of9 STANDARDCARERA-continued Localandcommutertrainsremainedaboutasbefore.Equipmenttendedtobeoldercast-offs fromthemainlinetrains.Whennewequipmentwasprovided,oftenitwasfittedoutmorewiththe ideaofdurabilitythanofcomfort.Duringthe1920s,theautomobilebegantocutintothe passengerbaseofthelocaltrains,aprocesswhichacceleratedduringthe1930sand1940sas thegovernmentpavedmoreandmoreroadsandmoreandmorepeoplecouldaffordtheirown cars. THESTREAMLINEDERA

Streamlinedtrainsbegantoappearinthemid-1930s,usuallyusingnewlyavailablelightweight materials.Bytheendofthe1930s,i tbecameapparentthatthiswasthekindofequipmentin whichthepublicwantedtotravel.Asmoneybecameavailable,amassiveprogramtoreplace olderequipmentwithneworrebuiltstreamlinedequipmentbegan,generallywithdieselpower. TheseprogramswereinterruptedbyWorldWarII,butassoonastheWarwasovertheyresumed. By1950mostrailroadswereoperatingall-streamlinedtrainsonalloftheirmajorruns.Secondary trainsoftencontinuedwitholderheavyweightequipmentrepaintedintothenewcorporatecolors.

Luxuryall-coachtrainsbecamecommononrunsbetweenmajorm arkets,matchingthefast schedules,equipmentandevensomeoftheamenitiesoftheall-firstclasstrains.Through sleepingcarshadbeenoperatingformanyyearsoveroneormorerailroads.Newthroughcoast- to-coastcoacheswereintroducedtoo.Someequipmentwasrepaintedintothecolorsof connectingrailroadsfortheseservices,includingBaltimore&OhiocarsinMissouriPacific"Eagle" colorsorChicago&NorthwesterncarspaintedinUnionPacificyellow.

BranchlinetrainsbegantodisappearinnumbersduringtheDepression.Bytheendofthisera almostallweregone.Inthel ate1950s,thepostofficebegantoswitchmailfromtherailstotrucks andair.Mailservicehadprovidedmuchoftherevenueformanypassengertrains.Withoutit, theybecamebigmoneylosers.Intheearly1960s,thecommercialjetairlinerbecameboth practicalandpopular.Passengerslefttherailsindroves.ExpresstrafficalsofelloffasUPS beganitsphenomenalgrowth.The1960ssawmanytrainsconsolidatedwithothersoreliminated entirely.Evenso,passengertrainswerehemorrhagingmoney.

Asinalloftheprecedingeras,therewasmuchrearrangingofcarsateachendofatrain's trip. Combinesandobservationcarshadtobeturnedonaturntableorwye.Sleepingcarswere normallycarriedtowardstherearofthetrainforamorecomfortablerideandcoachestowardsthe front,requiringreshuffling.Postal,baggageandexpresscarswerecarriedattheheadofthetrain (hence"headendcars")toalloweasysetoutsandpickupsatintermediatestationswiththetrain's ownmotivepower.Afewterminalsprovidedalooptrackforturningentireintacttrains,butthere wererunsonwhichthiswasnotconsidereddesirable.Forinstance,theNewYorkCentral operatedthe20t hCenturyLimited'ssleepingcarswiththeroomsalwaysonthescenicriverside. Switchingatmajorjunctionscouldbeaverycomplexoperationinvolving"cutting"thetrain,oneor morebackingmovesorrunaroundmovestomergeseveraltrainsintoonewithitscarsproperly arranged,ortoseparateatrainintooneormoresectionsproceedingtodifferentdestinations.The roadengineandoneormoreswitchersmightdothework.Passengersafetyandcomfortwere thefirstconcerns.Ifahead-endcutwastobesetout,theroadenginemightdotheworkwhile Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: STREAMLINERERA-continued 5of9 thetrainwasbeingloaded,butmoreintricatecuttingusuallyrequiredthatallpassengersbeon boardandthetrainmovedoutofthestation. THEAMTRAKERA

OnMay1,1971,thefederalgovernmenttookoveroperationofmostofthecountry'sinter-city passengertrainsunderthemanagementofasemi-governmentalcorporation,theNational RailwayPassengerCorporation.NRPCsoonchosethename""foritsservices.Initially, 20ofthe26railroadsthatwereeligibletojoinAmtrakdidso.Thelineswhichdidnotchooseto joinwererequiredtocontinuetooperatetheirpassengerservice.

Onlythebe stequipment(about14%ofthetotalavailable)wastakenintotheAmtraksystem. Unfortunately,"thebest"wereoftennotverygood,soforanumberofyearsAmtrakwasforcedto concentrateonarebuildingprogram.Amtraktrainsinthefirstyearwerecertainlycolorfulasa trainmighthavecarsfromanyofthe20originalrailroadsinitsconsist.Asthingssettleddown, carswererepaintedinastandardAmtrakcolorscheme.Newequipmentbegantoappearinthe 1980s,but"heritage"equipmentcontinuedtoruninsometrainsintothe1990s.

Initially,Amtraktendedtofollowthepracticesfol lowedbytheoriginalrailroadsinoperatingits trains.Butinrecentyears,ithastendedtominimizeswitchingchargesasmuchaspossible. Thoughtherehavebeenexceptions(suchasthebreakupofsouthboundFloridatrainsat Jacksonvilleintoeastcoastandwestcoastsections,andreassemblyofnorthboundtrainsthere, orthebreak-upoftheTexasEagleintoHoustonandSanAntoniosections)mostAmtrak equipmentsetshavebeenassembledandallowedtorunbackandforthbetweenendpoints withoutchangeintheconsistsexceptforthosenecessitatedbymaintenance.Forthisreason al so,throughcarsoperatinginmorethanonetrainhavebeenrelativelyuncommon.

Therehasneverbeenanadequatepoolofequipmentthatmightbeaddedtotrainsinperiodsof hightrafficunderAmtrakoperation.Modernpracticeoftenhascarsnotneededforactualservice allowedtorunempty(ordeadhead),ratherthanswitchingtheminandoutoftrains.Inanother money-savingchange,Amtrakhasvirtuallyeliminatedcars(suchascombinesandobservation cars)whichrequireturningateachendofarun.Allofthishaseliminatedmanyofthemore interesting(fromthemodelrailroader'spo intofview)aspectsofpassengertrainoperation.

Becauseoftunnellimitations,carsforeastcoastservicemustbelowerinprofilethanthoseforthe westcoastruns.Eastcoasttrainsremainsingledeckedwiththeoriginal"heritage"equipment operatingthereintothe1990s.TrainsalongtheMississippiriverandtoitswestarenow universallydoubledeckers.

Inrecentyears,Amtrakhasbeenaggressivelyseekingadditionalrevenuethroughmailcontracts andexpresstraffic.Mailisnolongersortedenroutebuttravelsinsealedcarsbetweenspecific endcities.TherearenowsomeA mtrakall-expresstrainsrunning,mostlytoreturnemptycars wherethistrafficisunbalancedindirection.

ManyoftherailroadskeptsomepassengerequipmentnottakenbyAmtrakontheirrostersforuse incompanyservicebusinesstrains.Otherequipmenthasmovedintoprivatehandsormuseum Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: 6of9 AMTRAKERA-continued ownership.Operationofthelatterequipmentinexcursiontrainshasbecomemoreandmore difficultasinsurancerequirementshaveincreased.Also,astherailroadindustrybecomesmore andmorecentralizedinfewerandfewercompanies,therefusalofasinglelinetohandle excursionshasagreatereffect.Butaveryoccasionalexcursionorbusinesstraincanmakean interestingadditiontooperations.

Virtuallyallcommutertraffichasnowbeentakenoverby(generallyState-owned) publicoperating authoritieswhicheitherownthetracksoverwhichtheyoperateorcontractwiththef reight railroadsforuseoftheirtrack.Mostcommutertrainsnowusepush-pullequipmentwitha locomotiveatoneendandacompartmentwithtraincontrolsfortheengineerattheotherendso thattheenginenolongerneedstobecutoffandrun-aroundthetrainattheendsofeachrun. Thisaddsapossiblethirdmajorplayertolargerlayouts:afreightrailroad,Amtrak,anda commuterrailsystem.

Modelerstendtooverlookthepotentialforoperationalactivityinpassengerservice.Many considerationsmakesuchtrainsasinterestingintheirownwayasthehumblerfreightservice. DETETERMININGTRAINCONSISTS

Untilthe adventofAmtrak,theGeneralPassengerDepartmentoftherailroadissuedordersforthe make-upoftrainsatoriginatingterminalsaccordingto:

Timetable: Seethe"Equipment"sectionofasystemtimetableorOfficialGuideforalist ofminimumequipmentassignedtoaparticulartrain.

SeasonalTraffic: Minimumequipmentisaugmentedaccordingtopredictedtraffic patternssuchasvacationandholidaytravelpeaks,schoolandcamp openings,sportsandotherspecialevents.Sectionsofscheduled trainsandextratrainswereaddedastrafficpatternsdemanded.

TrafficNeeds: Asshownbyadvanceticketsales.

HeadEndCars: Baggage,mailande xpresscars,andmilkcarsoftenhadregularruns andwerecarriedbyalmostallbutcommutertrainsandextra-farelimited trains.Somecommuterruns(ErieandLackawanna)carriedmilktank cars.Sometimesthedutiesofthelocalpassengertrainwerecombined withthoseofthemail-expresstrain.

Trailer-on-flat-carservice: Aspassengerprofitabilityandprioritydeclined,someroads attached"piggyback"flatstoregularpassengertrainsfor maximumspeedintransitofthetrailer-carryingcars. BREAK-UPATDESTINATION

Onarrivalattheendofitsrunapassengertrainmaybebrokenupasfollows: Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: 7of9

Locomotive: Movedtoroundhouseorengineterminalforservicing.

Head-EndCars: Switchedouttoappropriatemail,expressandbaggageplatforms,orspottedfor transfertoconsigneeifacarloadlot.Observationandotherspecialcars:Turned onaturntableorwye.Entiretrainsmaybeturnedonawyeor,ifavailable,a .Thiskeepsthetraininuniformcar-to-cararrangement,and,inthecaseof "corridor"Pullmans,assuresthattheroomswillalwaysbeonthe"quiet"sideof thetrain.Considerablesavingsinswitchingareinvolved.Trainsmaybe washedinthecourseofsuchamove.Short-runlocalsandcommuter trains mayhavespecialterminals,usuallyoriginatingwithin50milesofthelargecity. Consistisrarelychangedattheendoftherun.Introductionofdiesel-electric locomotiveshaseliminatedtheneedforturntablesattheendoftherun.The push-pullcommutertrainsoriginatedontheChicago&Northwesterndon'teven needrun-aroundmoves.Acontrolcabattheinboundendofthetrainallowsthe enginecrewtorunthetrainfromapointeightormorecarsremovedfromthe locomotive.

SWITCHINGDURINGTHERUN

Sometimescalled"routeswitching".Headendandrearendcarsmaybesetoutandpickedupat importantd ivisionpointsaccordingtotrafficneeds.SomeNewYork-ChicagotrainsontheNew YorkCentralcarriedcoachesbetweenNewYorkandAlbanyonly,andbetweenClevelandand Chicagoonly.CertainUnionPacifictrainspickedupandsetoutextradiningcarsatOmahaon theirrunsbetweenChicagoandtheWestCoast.Electriclines"cut"and"add"carsatvarious pointsinmid-run.

ThroughCars: Wheretrafficjustifiesit,railroadswillswitchcarsfromoneroadtoanothertoallow passengerstotravelwithoutchangingtrains.Carswereroutedthroughfrom BostontoMiamiovertheNewHaven,Pennsylvania,Ri chmond,Fredericksburg& Potomac,AtlanticCoastLineandFloridaEastCoastRailroads.Morefrequently, carsweresetoutatjunctionsordivisionpointstobepickedupbybranchlineor divisionlocaltrainswithoutinterchange.Examples:OntheNewYorkCentral,the AdvanceEmpireStateExpressusedtosetoutdinersandcoachesatUticatobe pickedupbyAdirondackDivisiontrainsforLakePlacid.In1950,NYCNo.97, thePaulRevere,BostontoChicago,carriedaBoston-Pittsburghsleeper,picked upasleeperforPittsburghatAlbany,andpickedupaWatertown-Pittsburgh sleeperfrom theSt.LawrenceDivisionatSyracuse.AtBuffalo,thethree Pittsburghcarswereswitchedouttotrain279fordeliverytothePittsburgh&Lake ErieatYoungstown.OneChicagocarwentviaDetroitinTrain17,theWolverine, andanotherviaClevelandinnumber19,theLakeShoreLimited. Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: 8of9 SWITCHINGDURINGTHERUN-continued SleepingCars: aregivenspecialtreatmenttoenablepassengerstogetmoresleep.NewHaven trainNo3,theOwl,leftBostonat12:30A.M.,arrivinginNewYorkat6:15A.M., butpassengerscouldenterthesleepersinBostonat10:00P.M.andremainin thecarsinNewYorkuntil8:00A.M.Head-EndCars:Mostlargecitieshave specialsidingsformail,expressandbaggagecars.OneAlbany-Uticalocalon theNYCdroppedtwoexpresscarsdailyatFondatobedeliveredtoGloversville bytheFonda,Johnstown&GloversvilleRR.NorthernPacificexpressrefrigerator carswerecarriedonNYCpassengertrainsfromChi cagotoHarmon,wherethey wereswitchedoutforfreighttrainswhichrundownthewestsideofManhattanto theyardsatSt.JohnsPark.

EngineChanges: Theadventofthediesel-electriccutdownthenumberofenginechangeson longruns,withlocomotivesrunningthroughfromChicagototheWestCoast withoutthechangeswhichwereformerlydictatedbyrulinggrades,servicing needs,etc.However,somechangesofpowerwerestillmadeatdivision points,andontheCaliforniaZephyr,apooltrain,theWesternPacific,Rio GrandeandBurlingtonroadseachsuppliedtheirownpower.Changesare madeonpartly-e lectrifiedroadsattheendoftheelectrifieddivision.Harmon, ontheNewYorkCentral,andNewHaven,ontheNewHavenroadarepoints atwhichsuchchangesaremade,unlessspeciallocomotivesequippedtorun onbothelectricandtheirowndieselpowerareused. FURTHERREADING(listedinorderofdateofpublication)

NightTrains,thePullmanSystemintheGoldenYearsofAmericanRailTravel: PeterT. Maiken,LakmePress,:1989

Zephyrs,&OtherOrphans,theFirstFiveYearsofAmtrak ,FredW.Frailey,RPC Publications,Godfrey,IL:1977

AmtrakConsists ,RobertJ.Wayner,WaynerPublications,NewYork,NY1976(paper)

JourneytoAmtrak ,HaroldA.Edmonson,KalmbachPublishingCo.,Milwaukee,WI:1972

CarNamesNumbersandConsists ,RobertJ.Wayner,WaynerPublications,NewYork,NY:1972 (paper)

FromZephyrtoAmtrak ,DavidRandall,PrototypePubl ications,ParkForest,IL:1972(paper)

PassengerTrainConsistsofthe1940s ,RobertJ.Wayner,WaynerPublications,NewYork,NY undated(paper)

TheTrainsWeRode :LuciusBeebe&CharlesClegg,TwoVolumes,HowellNorthBooks, Berkeley,CA:1965 Sheet#: D8e.1 Title: REALISTIC DATDATAASHEESHEETT OPERATION: ©NATIONALMODELRAILROADASSOCIATION PrototypePassenger Trains Page: 9of9 FURTHERREADING-continued

SomeClassicTrains :ArthurD.Dubin,KalmbachPublishingCo.,Milwaukee,WI:1964

MoreClassicTrains :ArthurD.Dubin,KalmbachPublishingCo.,Milwaukee,WI:1974

SteamSteel&Limiteds :WilliamW.Kratville,KratvillePublications,Omaha,NE1967,1984

TheOfficialGuideoftheRailwaysandSteamNavigationLinesoftheUnitedStates, Canada,Mexico,andCuba ,NationalRailwayPublishingCo.,NewYork,NY:publishedon varyingschedulessince1867(paper)

PublicTimetables issuedbytherailroadofyourinterestduringtheyearsofyourinterest.

PassengerTrainConsistBooks issuedbytherailroadofyourinterestduringtheyearsofyour interest,oftennowavailableasreprints.

Booksdealingwiththepassengerserviceofyourrailroad,manyofwhichhaveappearedinrecent years.