Das Verhältnis Zwischen Der Osmanischen Zentralgewalt Und Der Provinz Tunesien Während Des 16

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Das Verhältnis Zwischen Der Osmanischen Zentralgewalt Und Der Provinz Tunesien Während Des 16 1 Das Verhältnis zwischen der osmanischen Zentralgewalt und der Provinz Tunesien während des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. Versuch einer zusammenhängenden Deutung der beiden ersten hundert Jahre osmanischer Herrschaft in Tunesien. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie der Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Vorgelegt von Soumaya Louhichi aus Gabès, Tunesien 2 Je dédie le présent mémoire À mes parents, ma sœur et mes frères dont la patience, l’affection et le soutien m’ont toujours accompagnée et réconfortée; À mes professeurs, Madame Suraiya Faroqhi, Messieurs Heinz Halm, Abdeljelil Temimi et Moncef Ben Abdeljelil dont la bienveillance, la compréhension et les précieux conseils m’auront permis de mener cette entreprise à bien; Ainsi qu’à celles et ceux en Allemagne, en France, en Tunisie et en Turquie qui m’ont entourée et encouragée dans mes recherches, tant par leur aide au moment de la traduction, de la relecture et de la correction, que par les avis et les idées critiques dont ils m’ont fait part. Qu’ils trouvent dans ce travail l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. Tübingen, Juin 2007 3 Danksagung Am Anfang möchte ich allen, die mir beim Zustandekommen dieser Arbeit behilflich waren, meinen Dank aussprechen. Insbesondere gebührt mein Dank Frau Prof. Dr. Suraiya Faroqhi, die in liebenswürdigster Weise die Arbeit in allen Phasen ihrer Entstehung verfolgte und sie durch mannigfaltige Anregungen bereicherte. Auch möchte ich Herrn Prof. Dr. Heinz Halm meinen Dank aussprechen. Des Weiteren danke ich all denjenigen, die mich bei meinen Recherchen unterstützt haben. In Paris leisteten mir Prof. Dr. Faruk Bilici und Dr. Michel Bozdemir im ‘Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (I.N.A.L.C.O.) sowie Prof. Dr. Gilles Veinstein von der École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) große Unterstützung, indem sie mir den Zugang zu Privat- und Institutsbibliotheken ermöglichten. Prof. Bilici überreichte mir eine Liste von allen wichtigen Instituts- und Bibliotheksadressen in Istanbul und Ankara, wo ich mich während des Sommersemesters 2003 aufhielt. Für die Einführung ins Archivmaterial im französischen Außenministerium und für unzählige wertvolle Hinweise, gilt mein Dank Frau Agnès Pouillon. In Istanbul, wo der größte Teil des für diese Arbeit benötigten Arbeitsmaterials gesammelt wurde, möchte ich allen Institutsvorständen danken, die mir bei der Bewältigung bürokratischer Schwierigkeiten und der Beschaffung schwer zugänglicher Dokumente halfen. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu und Herrn Ahmad Lajimi im Research center for islamic history, art and culture (IRCICA); Dr. Mustafa Hakkı Ertan, Archivar im Department Presidency of Ottoman Archives; Dr. Ahmet Kavas, Forscher im Centre for Islamic Studies (ISAM) und Dr. Nevzat Kaya, Direktor der Süleymaniye Bibliothek. Ferner ist es mir ein Bedürfnis allen Beamten im Archiv des Außenministeriums (Başbakanlık Arşivi), für ihre große Geduld und ihr freundliches Entgegenkommen zu danken, die sie mir bei der Benutzung und Beschaffung von Handschriften angedeihen ließen. Für wertvolle Ratschläge und für die Überlassung von Fotokopien ist die Verfasserin den Professoren Halil Sahillioğlu, Kemal Beydilli, Mehmet Genç und Mehmet Ali İpşirli zu großem Dank verpflichtet. Ganz besonders möchte ich meinen Freunden: Tareg Nour, Youssef Albaran Aydın, Özgür Kolcak, Özgür Oral und Taher Sevinç danken, die mich während meiner Recherchen mit sehr viel Engagement und großem Interesse begleitet haben. In Tunis, möchte ich Prof. Dr. Abdeljelil Temimi, dem Direktor der Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l’Information, meinen aufrichtigen Dank für all die Unterhaltungen und die gewinnbringenden Diskussionen aussprechen, die zur Entwicklung dieser Arbeit entscheidend beitrugen. Mein tiefer Dank gilt ebenfalls Dr. Abdelhamid Henia, Direktor des Nationalarchivs, und Dr. Ahmed Qasim für die unermüdliche und freundliche Unterstützung sowie für die Kopien der fatÁwa ibn ÝAÛÛÙm’s, die er in seiner Studie ‚AwÃÁÝ iyÁlat TÙnus al-Ýu×mÁniyya ÝalÁ ÃawÞ fatÁwa ibn ÝAÛÛÙm’ verwertet hat. Prof. Moncef Ben Abdeljelil (Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations, Ağa Khan University- London) möchte ich für seine väterliche Betreuung und Ermutigung besonders danken. Auch Dr. Bassam Fattouh (School of Oriental and African Studies) widme ich an dieser Stelle einen herzlichen Dank für die freundliche Unterstützung. Anschließend sei all den Freunden und Kommilitonen gedankt, die durch Korrekturlesen und kritische Diskussion an der Entstehung der Arbeit Anteil hatten. Für noch verbleibende Fehler ist selbstverständlich die Verfasserin allein verantwortlich. 4 ‚Die Quellen aber, zumal solche, die von großen Männern herrühren, sind unerschöpflich, sodass jeder die tausendmal ausgebeuteten Bücher wieder lesen muss, weil sie jedem Leser und jedem Jahrhundert ein besonderes Antlitz weisen und auch jeder Altersstufe des Einzelnen‘1. Jacob Burckhardt. ‚Die Geschichte der türkischen und türkisch beeinflussten Länder wird von außen betrachtet, nach den Depeschen aus der Levante rekonstruiert, die von Agenten in Konstantinopel geschrieben wurden ... Doch wissen wir als Historiker aus Erfahrung, dass es einen großen Unterschied geben kann zwischen der Geschichte eines Landes von außen ... und der Geschichte dieses selben Landes von innen. Es gibt daher im historischen Wissen über die türkischen Länder eine klaffende Lücke ... Ein weiterer Grund auch, die Historiker der Türkei, der Balkanländer, Syriens, Ägyptens, Nordafrikas aufzufordern, diese Lücke füllen zu helfen und uns bei dieser Aufgabe zu unterstützen ...’. F. Braudel2 1 Jacob Burckhardt, Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, hg. von Albert Oeri u. Emil Dürr (Jacob-Burckhardt- Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 7), Berlin, 1929, S. 15f. 2 Fernand Braudel, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen, Bd. II, Paris, 1966. 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung S. 3 Vorwort S. 7 Einleitung S. 11 Kapitel 1: Quellenbericht: S. 15 1. Das Archivmaterial S. 16 1.1. Ba¢bakanlık Ar¢ivi – Istanbul (B.A.I) S. 16 1.1.1. Die mühimme defteri (MD) S. 16 1.1.2. Die zeyli mühimme defteri (ZMD) S. 18 1.1.3. Die ÎaÔÔ-i hümÁyÙn belgeler (HH) S. 18 1.1.4. Die Cevdet belgeler (CH, CB, CA) S. 18 1.1.5. Die Ali Emiri belgeler (AE) S. 19 1.2. Archivmaterialien in Frankreich S. 19 1.3. Das Nationalarchiv in Tunis S. 20 2. Die Quellen S. 22 2.1. Die osmanischen Quellen S. 22 2.2. Die arabischen Quellen S. 22 2.2.1. Al-MuÞnis von Ibn AbÐ DÐnÁr S. 23 2.2.2. Al-Barq al-yamÁnÐ fÐ l-fatÎ al-Ýu×mÁnÐ von QuÔb ad-DÐn MuÎammad ibn AÎmad an-NahrawÁlÐ al-MakkÐ S. 26 2.2.3. Al-Íulal as-sundusÐya von as-SarrÁÊ S. 28 2.2.4. Åail BašÁÞir ahl al-ÐmÁn von Íusain ËÙºa S. 30 2.3. Die europäischen Quellen S. 31 2.3.1. Sopra la desolatione della Goletta e forte di Tunisi von Bartholomeo Ruffino S. 32 2.3.2. Der Reisebericht von Lanfreducci und Bosio S. 33 2.3.3. Salvagos Bericht ‚Africa overo Barbaria‘ S. 34 2.3.4. Der Reisebericht von De Brèves S. 35 2.3.5. Quellen zur Geschichte der Muraditen S. 38 3. Dokumente über einzelne Aspekte S. 40 Kapitel 2: Die Osmanen und der ÊihÁd: S. 43 1. Wandel im Verständnis des ÊihÁd S. 43 2. Die Osmanen und der ÊihÁd S. 45 3. Die Legitimitätsfrage im Laufe der islamischen Geschichte bis zur osmanischen Herrschaft S. 52 6 Kapitel 3: Die Grenzen des osmanischen Tunesiens: S. 61 Kapitel 4: Osmanisch-habsburgischer Kampf um die Macht in Tunesien: S. 79 1. Kampf bis zur osmanischen Eroberung im Jahr 1574 S. 79 2. Exkurs zur Geschichte von La Goulette und La nova arx S. 106 2.1. La Goulette S. 106 2.2. La nova arx S. 108 Kapitel 5: Die Osmanische Politik in der Provinz Tunesien während der democratia militare: S. 114 1. Die Osmanische Politik während der democratia militare S. 114 2. Die Revolte gegen die bölük ba¢ı im Jahr 1591 S. 154 Kapitel 6: Die Herrschaft der Days während des ‚‚governo despotico’: S. 165 Kapitel 7: Die Osmanische Politik in der Provinz Tunesien während der Herrschaft der Muraditen: Verfall der osmanischen Macht in Nordafrika? S. 197 1. Die Muraditen-Beys – ein historischer Abriss S. 197 2. Die Funktionen des Beys S. 203 3. Gründe und Charakter der Autonomietendenzen unter den Muraditen S. 204 Exkurs: Die Andalusier unter der osmanischen Herrschaft in Tunesien S. 211 1. Die Auswanderungswellen der Morisken nach Tunesien S. 211 2. Die politische und wirtschaftliche Rolle der Morisken in Tunesien und das Verhältnis zu den Machthabern S. 213 Schlusswort S. 219 Anhang S. 222 Archivverzeichnis S. 223 Quellenverzeichnis S. 235 Literaturverzeichnis S. 237 Namensregister S. 257 Ortregister S. 260 Abbildungen S. 263 7 Vorwort Die Publikationen zur Geschichte Tunesiens unter osmanischer Herrschaft sowie während der französischen Kolonisation haben in den letzten vierzig Jahren zugenommen, und es gab ernsthafte Bemühungen, Primärquellen zu bearbeiten und zu veröffentlichen, einschließlich al- MuÞnis oder al-Íulal, über die im Laufe der Arbeit Auskunft gegeben wird, da sie zu den wichtigsten arabischen Quellen über das frühe osmanische Tunesien zählen. Trotz dieser Bemühungen und dem Erscheinen neuer Studien bleibt die Periode des frühen osmanischen Tunesiens eine der am wenigsten erforschten Phasen in der Geschichte des Landes. In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, eine zusammenhängende Deutung der beiden ersten hundert Jahre osmanischer Herrschaft in Tunis und seiner Provinz zu verfassen. Sicherlich ist es ein politischer und historischer Anachronismus, hier die Bezeichnung Tunesien
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