KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA 1 KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA

n Dr. Mrs. Sunanda Y. Shastri Dept. of Sanskrit, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad.

heory of Karma is very important concept in all Indian schools of thought, except that of TC~rv~ka i.e. Materialism (Foundations of Hinduism, p. 140). It is law of merits and demerits of actions. It states that every individual soul must reap the fruits of his own actions, good or bad, right or wrong. It follows logically from the law of universal causation, which means that every cause must produce its effect and every effect must be produced by its cause. `Karma' word denotes actions and its fruit us well. It also denotes performance of rituals. It is voluntary or willed action. According to fruit yielding stage, the Karma can be said of three kinds, viz., Pr~rabdha (past Karma which has started yielding fruit), sañdrcita (accumulated) and Sañciyam~ba (Karma being accumulated presently). Karma is performed in three modes, i.e. K~yika (physical), V~cika (Verbal) and M~nasika (Mental). With this general idea about K~rma, it would be interesting to see the source of Karma. V~llabha system believes that `God is everything' and God becomes everything ({… Æ˙h…®…i…‰ EÚ…™……«EڅƉ˙h… * + ¥…EfiÚi…®…‰¥… {… Æ˙h…®…i…‰, ∫…÷¥…h…» ∫…¥……« h… + {… i…ËV…∫…… x… * Anu. 1.4.26). The question therefore arises, that if God is everything, God is (™…l……I…“Æ∆˙ EÚi……«Æ˙®…x…{…‰I™… n˘ v…¶…¥…x…∫…®…™…‰ n˘ v…¶…¥… i… B¥…®…‰¥… •…¿… n˘ EÚ…™…«∫…®…™…‰ ∫¥…™…®…‰¥… ∫…¥…» ¶…¥… i… * Anu 2-1-24) God is individual Souls (J§va) and God is the world, then, who is there to commit the deeds and where is the question of committing good and bad deeds producing fruits accordingly. Anubh~sya has described the source of Karma. Jiva basically is the part (AmÑa) of the God, and still j§va does not have all the qualities of God, like omnipotence, omnipresence etc. Why so ? It is 1 because, j§va's six lordly qualities are concealed, when j§va separates from the God. (+∆∂…∂S……™…®… * EÚl…®…∫™… n÷˘& J…i¥…®…¬ * +∫™… V…“¥…∫™… B‰∑…™……« n˘ i…Æ˙…‰ Ω˛i…®…¬ * i…j… Ω‰˛i…÷& {…Æ˙… ¶…v™……x……i…¬ * {…Æ˙∫™… 2 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ¶…M…¥…i……‰% ¶…i……‰ v™……x…∆ ∫¥…∫™… Bi…∫™… S… ∫…¥…«i……‰ ¶……‰M…‰SUÙ… * i…∫®……n˘“∑…Ɖ˙SUÙ™…… V…“¥…∫™… ¶…M…¥…r˘®…« i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥…& * Anu. 3.2.5) It is God's and J§va's will to enjoy the sense objects. This enjoyment is not possible if the J§va is in its pure form of Bliss. Therefore, six lordly qualities of j§va are concealed by the will of God. J§va in relation to world is `enjoyer' (¶……‰Ci……), and relation to the God, J§va is `enjoyed' (¶……‰M™…), and God is enjoyer. It is like mother-child relation. When mother feeds child, the child is enjoyer in the first place. Seeing the child contented, mother becomes happy, though she has not eaten anything herself. Here, in relation to food, child is enjoyer and in relation to child, mother is `enjoyer' and child is `enjoyed' (¶……‰M™…). Mother is the enjoyer (¶……‰Ci……) of happiness through child. Similarly, j§va enjoys in the world and is enjoyer (¶……‰Ci……) and in turn J§va is `enjoyed' (¶……‰M™…) also, because the God enjoys the j§va through j§va's enjoyment. These six ordly qualities are - B‰∑…™…« (Lordlyiness); ¥…“™…« (power), ™…∂… (fame), ∏…“ (grace), Y……x… (knowledge) and ¥…ËÆ˙…M™… (detachment). Concealment of each of these qualities degrades j§va more to the Worldly level. concealment Of B‰∑…™…« (lordliness) leads J§va to helplessness and dependence. Concealment of ¥…“™…« (Power/ Vigour) makes J§va to endure all kinds of Sorrows. Concealment of ™…∂… (Fame) makes J§va inferior or illfamed. Concealment of ∏…“ (grace) invites the calamities like birth and death. Concealment of Knowledge creates notion "I" regarding the body and j§va starts thinking otherwise, that world is real and there is not such thing as Brahman. Concealment of ¥…ËÆ˙…M™… (detachment) Makes j§va attached to the Sense objects. (B‰∑…™……«i…‰Æ˙…‰¶……¥…… q˘ x…i¥…®…¬ * ¥…“™…« i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……i…¬ ∫…¥…«n÷˘&J…∫…Ω˛x…®…¬ * ™…∂……Œ∫i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……i…¬ ∫…¥…«Ω˛“x…i¥…®…¬ * ∏…“ i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……i…¬ V…x®…… n˘ ∫…¥……«{…n¬˘ ¥…π…™…i¥…®…¬ * Y……x… i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……n¬˘ n‰˘Ω˛… n˘π…÷ +Ω˛®§…÷ r˘&, ∫…¥…« ¥…{… Æ˙i…Y……x…\S… +{…∫®……Æ˙∫… Ω˛i…∫™…‰¥… * ¥…ËÆ˙…M™…… i…Æ˙…‰¶……¥……n¬ ˘ ¥…π…™……∫… Ci…& * Anu. 3.2.5.) When this concealment of divine qualities cease and they become revealed, then j§va attains it's true nature of pure Bliss. J§va becomes J§va in the first place, because 'Biliss ' aspect is concealed (+…x…n˘…∆∂…∫i…÷ {…⁄¥…«®…‰¥… i…Æ˙…‰ Ω˛i……‰ ™…‰x… V…“¥…¶……¥…& * Anu. 3.2.5) and that is why j§va has desires (+i… B¥… EÚ…®…®…™…& * (Anu. 3.2.5.). Bliss does not have any desires (+EÚ…®…∞¸{…i¥……n˘…x…xn˘∫™… Anu 3.2.5.). The original and innermost hidden nature of j§va, i.e. `Bliss' cannot be revealed due to the concealment of six lordly qualities. J§va's activities - Karma - cannot be - called totally - independent or `Leela' (exalted sport). J§va becomes dependent of causes of sorrow, like fear, actions, ego and mineness. Thereby, j§va becomes helpess and strives to be tree from fear like those who are afraid, strives to fulfil the desires and becomes proud due to ego. Thus, j§va becomes dependent and that is why scriptures instruct the means of liberation (Patr~valambana. P.259). Scriptures can only speak about ¥… v…- x…π…‰v… (dos and don'ts), but c~nnot make j§va to follow it. Only the God who is present within as `Antary~m§ (inner soul) can do it. Until the individual soul cannot become one with the God, j§va cannot experience the Bliss, and until the Bliss is experienced, the six lordly qualities also are not revealed. Thus, the bondage of good and bad Karma becomes unbreakable ({…j……¥…±…∆§…x…, P 261). J§va has no hope of liberation, if the bondage of Karma becomes unbreakable. There has to be some solution to this problem, The solution is, apart from, j§va being part of the God and all the diving qualities having concealed, j§va is not totally dependent or bonded. J§va is partially independent. J§va is doer of all the actions he KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA 3 performs as an agent. Scriptures declare j§va so. (EÚi……« ∂……∫j……l…«¥…k¥……i…¬ and EÚi……« V…“¥… B¥… * (Anu. 2-3-33). J§va is not puppet in destiny's hands. All the 'dos-and-don'ts' ( ¥… v… x…π…‰v…) prescribed in the scriptures are for j§va, since, j§va has to attain its lost state of pure Bliss. Scriptures show him right way to help j§va in his endeavor. These rules are clearly not for Brahman, which is beyond every blemish and they cannot also be for the unconscious "V…b˜' world, since it cannot follow or Understand them. ( V…“¥…®…‰¥…… v…EfiÚi™… ¥…‰n‰˘ +¶™…÷n˘™… x…&∏…‰™…∫…°Ú±……l…» ∫…¥……« h… EÚ®……« h… ¥… Ω˛i…… x… * •…¿…‰x…÷{…™……‰M……i…¬ * V…b˜∫™……∂…C™…i¥……i…¬ * Anu 2-3-33). V~llabhas believe that, Karma, JZ~na (Knowledge) and Bhakti (devotion), these three are the means to achieve four Purus~rthas, Viz., v…®…«, +l…« and ®……‰I…. These means are to be followed by the three kinds of eligible (+… v…EÚ… Æ˙) persons, Viz., lowest, middle and the best. The lowest usually follow Karmam~rga. The middle ones follow & Y……x…®……M…«- path of knowledge and the best ones follow Bhaktim~rga - path of devotion. (∏…÷ i…ÃΩ˛ EÚ®…«Y……x…¶… Ci…& ∫……I……i{…Æ˙®{…Æ˙…¶…‰n‰˘x… {…÷Ø˚π……l…«∫……v…x…i¥…‰x… Ω˛“x…®…v™…®……‰k…®… + v…EÚ… Æ˙h…& |… i… EÚi…«¥™…i¥…‰x… |… i…{……n˘™… i… * Anu 4-1-1). The best fruit of liberation can be attained only through the path of Knowledge and path of Bhakti, therefore, whatever is to be performed, should be in that direction only. Karma and its fruit can be carried forward from one birth to another, if the rebirth is there. In the third chapter of Anubh~sya, five divine oblations are discussed. When a person dies, his soul goes through five stages before he attains the next body useful for his further spiritual progress. leading to liberation. (i…j… |…l…®…‰ {……n‰˘ V…“¥…∫™… •…¿Y……x……Ë{… ™…EÚ V…x®… ¥…S……™…«i…‰ * i…j… {…⁄¥…«V…x®… x… x…&EÚ…®…™…Y…EÚi…÷«& Y……x…Æ˙ Ω˛i…∫™… ®…h…‰ Y……x……¶……¥…‰x… ™…Y…… n˘¥™…Ci™…¶……¥……n¬˘ ¶…⁄i…∫…∆∫EÚ…Æ˙EÚ B¥… ™…Y……‰ V……i… < i… x…&EÚ…®…i¥……SS… i…n˘… v…EÚ… Æ˙n‰˘¥…… v…x……x™…‰¥… ¶…⁄i……x…“ i… i…‰ n‰˘¥……∫i…j… i…j… Ω÷˛i¥…… i…∫™… ∂…Æ˙“Æ∆˙ ∫…®{……n˘™…xi…“ i…, "{…\S…®™……Ω÷˛i……¥……{…& {…÷Ø˚π…¥…S…∫……‰ ¶…¥…Œxi…' < i… ∏…÷ i…& (UÙ…-5-3-3) Anu 3-1-1). The one, who has performed good Karma like Sacrifices desirelessly, but not obtained the Supreme Knowledge before death - his sacrifices do not bear the fruit of liberation immediately after death. But, notetheless, the j§va is eligible (+ v…EÚ… Æ˙) to obtain proper body in order to attain Supreme Knowledge. The Soul being desireless, i.e., soul doesn't even have the desire for liberation, the gods help him to obtain the proper body. In this process, soul has to travel by v…⁄®…®……M…« - path of smoke. He attains Candraloka. After the fruit of good Karma remains a little, gods put his oblation in the fire called rain. J§va returns in form of rain, eventually transforms into food, etc. and finally is born again with proper body useful in attaining the Knowledge. These divine oblations are discussed, at length in Ch~ndogya Upanisad. Endorsement to this Ch~ndogya view in Anubh~sya clearly indicate that `Karma' has a definite place in the V~llabha ved~nta, Obtaining a proper body useful in attaining Knowledge is the fruit of desireless `Karma' in the past, Thus, the fruit of Karma path, is rebirth, and that also many times over. This also indicates that V~llabhas have accepted Pr~rabdha, SaZcita and SaZciyamana Karma. Otherwise, rebirth cannot be explained. To Support their view about rebirth in the path of karma, Anubh~sya has quoted number of Ðruti Sentences. (∏…÷i……Ë EÚ®…«®……M…Ê {…÷x…V…«x®… +∫…EfiÚn÷˘{… n˘∂™…i…‰) (Anu 4-1-1). The Ðruti sentences are as follows -- 4 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 (1) B¥…®…‰¥……™…∆ ∂……Æ˙“Æ˙ +…i®…¶™……‰%R¬ÛM…‰¶™…& ∫…®|…®…÷S™… {…÷x…& |… i…x™……™…∆ |… i…™……‰x™……p˘¥… i… |……h……™…Ë¥… * §…fiΩ˛ (3-3-36). Thus this infinite entity, completely Separating itself from the parts of body, again hastens back in the same way (as before) to particular bodies for the special manifestation of vital force. (2) ∫i…‰x…Ë¥… |…t…‰i…‰x…Ëπ… +…i®…… x…πGÚ…®… i… * (§…fi 4-4-2) By the help of that light this self departs. (3) i…∆ ¥…t…EÚ®…«h…“ ∫…®…x¥……Æ˙¶…‰i…‰ {…⁄¥…«|…Y…… S… * (4-4-2 §…fi. =.) Meditation, work and previous impressions follow it. (4) i…n¬˘ ™…l…… i…fih…V…±……™…÷E‰Ú... BEÚ®…‰¥……™…∆ {…÷∞¸π…

n Dr. Dilip Charan Lecturer : Department of Philosophy, Gujarat university, Ahmedabad.

he reformation that began in India under the influence of the Western renaissance, Tcould not be widely accepted and the chiefest reason for the objection was that it was against the Indian religious mind. Instead of this, there began a novel religion based social movement in the country. In Gujarat, Anandshankar Dhruva (1869-1942) firmly believed in this ideology of Manibhai Nabhubhai Dwivedi. Anandshankar’s prime concern has been to rethink and re-establish the Indian spiritual heritage. According to him, philosophy is : “... the intellectual thought on the fundamental philosophical form beyond the apparent form of the thing.” (Shukla : 1998 : Dharmavichar, 17) Manifesting this definition of philosophy, Anandshankar accepts it as a cluster of ethics and aesthetics. He further enumerates the form and field of philosophy in the following terms : “Philosophy is an eye to observe the world, and as it is with the “gyani” it is also necessary for all. It is doubtful to coin that philosophy is a branch of knowledge just like the other fields. In fact, philosophy enters every sphere of knowledge because it is in the foundation 2 of everything... philosophy is present even in the roots and the meanings of history and science also.” [Sahityavichar : 78] 8 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 So by receiving philosophy in a wider perspective, Anandshankar clearly brings forward its relationship with the life in general. In one of his essays, “Apanun Tatvagyan” Anandshankar signifies the Indian philosophy by maintaining that the Indian philosophy is one of her major prides. His analysis of the Indian philosophy with the help of the historical methods ontologically proves that ours is the living philosophy, full of ‘chaitanya’ and it is capable of playing major role in the philosophical growth of the universe. Anandshankar is a staunch believer of the idea that Indian philosophy is not a static one, but it is ever changing and growing. He puts this idea as : “The philosophy of India is not a suddenly found old skeleton, but a constant “vedkalin” living identity, full of “chaitanya” which has been growing perpetually. Therefore, instead of praising its body merely, the emergence of its soul should be more concerntrated upon.” [Dharmavichar : 439] Thus, our philosophy according to Anandshankar, is not a shattered knowledge but a perpetual thing which can withstand and support the modern Western philosophy also. Such an Indian tradition peculiarly involves religion, philosophy and literature in its body itself. A group of Western philosophers opines that this tradition is somewhat faulty because of its permanent, deep attachment with religion. But Anandshankar more convincing replies that the fusion of religion and philosophy is quite natural as the content of these both is singular in nature. According to him : It is philosophy’s prime function to examine and realise the religious truth, while religion shows and implements in life the view that the universe is based ‘{ë’ [“dhruv”] upon the philosophical truth. So, the real success is there where they coalesce naturally. [Dharmavichar : 20] Further, Anandshankar emphasises to have religion and philosophy as divergent aspects in the West has historical background rather than philosophical. He provides strong historical supports to this statement by mentioning that Europe took its religion from Palestine while its philosophy was taken from Greece. As a result, these both remained alienated from each other. However, the initial principles of the Christianity were formulated under the impact of Greek philosophy only. Even, during the Middle Ages also the Christian missionaries were under the powerful influence of Aristotle. But as Anandshankar postulates, gradually the principles of Christianity lost their grip over the philosophical base and the reciprocal oppositions began to appear. At that particular juncture, some religious THE FORM AND THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 9 authorities parted religion and philosophy to prevent their mutual conflict. Anandshankar is firmly against this partition which he calls as “krutrim” and “mithya”. By analysing both the Indian and Occidental origin of philosophy in this manner, Anandshankar establishes the apparent non-opposite aspects of Indian philosophy as the natural and unavoidable ones. From the veda/ upanishad era to the Renaissance, literature has been performing as the medium in imparting knowledge in the fields of religion and philosophy. Anandshankar states : ... Indian philosophy ... is reflected in the oldest vedpurana books’ poetic talents. This is philosophy’s bhushan-not a dushan. [Dharmvichar : 24] Anandshankar is a staunch critic of the Western concept where a very limited epistemological understanding prevails : the method as knowledge. This concept had been in practice during the Middle Ages since the Aristotelian era and in the modern times also the same limited epistemological understanding persists under the influence of Kant. Anandshankar maintains that this obstinacy regarding the dependence of knowledge on method is altogether improper if the very form of the knowledge is taken into consideration. For him, the knowledge is a living phenomenon and it can grow only under restrainless full-freedom. Not only this, almost all the major epistemological results have emerged not through the strict methodological thinking, but through a natural divyadarshan. Such a divyadarshan includes in itself the poetic genius as one of its forms. Thus, philosophy is not attainable (sadhya) merely to the philosophers, but to the poets as well. W.B. Yeats, an Irish poet, is of the same opinion when he propounds : “Whatever of philosophy has been made, poetry alone is permanent.” [Dharmavichar : 21] Or, to quote DEAN INGE, the renowned modern English philosopher : Have not the profoundest institution of faith been often wrapped up in poetical myths and symbols ... ? ... And have not the greatest philosopher been more than half poets ? We values Spinoza not for his geometrical metaphysics but for the flashes of vision in which the amor intellectualist make him a “God drunken man”. Plato is for ever unintelligible till we read him as a prophet and prose- poet and cease to hunt for a system in his writings. [Dharmavichar : 21]

Apart form this Western connotations, Anandshankar exemplifies the emergence of philosophy in Indian poetic genius also. He mentioned the 10 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 term udgith of upanishad where udgith stand for “the spoken”. To him, it is more beautiful, gorgeous and meaningful to imagine the maker of the universe as a poet or musician rather than a potter or watch repairer.

So, the expression of the philosophical truth is not restricted by any static system. It is, on the country independent to get itself expressed. This very thought is the essential peculiarity of the Indian philosophy.

Some Western philosophers disagree with the Indian concepts of the Absolute where its form is taken up as nirakar and shabdatit. They also call this as a major drawback in the Indian philosophy. However, according to Anandshankar, the form of the Absolute itself and limitations of the human epistemology necessitate to have such a concept. So, Anandshankar notes :

Whenever there is a religious vision in accepting the Absolute whether of this world or the other - there will be no way out except achintya. And form this achintya it self. neti-neti is originated. [Dharmavichar : 452] Thus, Anandshankar precisely proves the very subtlest form of the Absolute by exemplifying at a great length, and it is because of this subtlety that there are differences in describing the Absolute. The human intellect, because of its limitations, fails to understand the whole of the Absolute. Therefore, the Indian philosophers have sought for neti-neti to avoid the conflicts in understanding the form of the Absolute. As the Absolute is an object of experience rather than of intellect, any description regarding it would end in singularity. Anandshankar, moreover, does not approve of the Western philosophical concept that philosophy should be taken up according to the historical chronologies. For him, the thought can be arranged without the application of any imaginative historical structure. So he outrightly rejects the Hegelian formula of historical method in philosophy. Instead of this, Anandshankar examines the Indian philosophy without such fixed formula. Then he shows the growth of the different thought-flows which, according to him, ultimately mingle in Shakracharya’s kevaladvaita. It is quite clear through a variety of examples that Anandshankar prominently emerges as a forerunner of the Indian philosophical truth. His ontological dealing with the fundamental concepts like the Indian Renaissance, the Absolute, the system of neti-neti, chaitanya, kevaladvaita etc. are extremely minute and precise. Further his interpretation of the Indian and the ontological concept of philosophy establish him as an unrivalled interpreter of such conflicting issues. His very idea, that religion THE FORM AND THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY 11 and philosophy are a sweet fusion instead of a confusion, speaks out in a nut-shell the clarity of his vision. Again when he propounds the possibilities that the philosophical truth can well be expressed through the poetic genius, he almost succeeds in answering the perpetual conflict between philosophy and poetry. Anandshankar’s defence of the Indian concept of neti-neti in defining the Absolute is a gem of his thinking. He humbly strengthens the idea that the limitations of the human brain hurdle and possible universal meaning of the Absolute. Anandshankar thus firmly maintains that the complete flow of the Indian philosophical thought ultimately meets the greater flow of Shree Shankaracharya’s kevaladvaita. Notes : 1) The present paper is based on the two presidential lectures delivered by Acharya Shree Anandshankar Dhruva at “The Indian Philosophical Congress” in 1926 [Banares] and 1928 [Madaras] respectively. Bibliogrphy Anandshankar Dhruva, 1959, Dharmvarnan, 3rd Edition, Vadodara : Oriential Institute. Anandshankar Dhruva, 1969, Hindu Dharma ni Balapothi, 4th Edition, Mumbai : Sastu Sahitya Vardhak Karyalaya. Anandshankar Dhruva, 1960, Hindu Ved Dharma, 1st Edition, Vadodara : Oriental Institute. Pathak, Ramnarayan V. eds. 1966, Anandshankar Dhruva - Sahityavichar, Ahmedabad : Gurjar Grantha Ratna Karyalaya. Shukla, Yaswant. eds. 1998, An Anandshankar Dhruva Shreni - Dharmavichar - 1 & 2, Gandhinagar : Gujarat Sahitya Akademi ❑ 12 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE AND CONCEPTUALIZATION*

n Dr. Amrut J. Bharvad Lecturer, Dept. of Education, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

ABSTRACT : All educational institutions have certain people in the leadership positions. Only few of the them are privileged to have leaders in leadership positions. Other have either administratiors or managers. Administrators manage rules, regulations and protocols. Managers manage tasks and people. Leaders manage dreams and visions. Leaders create much large work space with their own dreams and visions., Leaders inspire and influence people in the organization to cherish dream, construct adn move into the future. ``Leaders create and change cultures.' Managers live with them. Leaders are also people who have the capacity to motivate and inspire others to think beyond their current framework to what is desirable, necessary and possible. Leaders in leadership positions can be by design or default. The corporate world and even private enterprises in education choose persons with leadership skills and qualities for leadership positions. One of the commonly known typologies classifeis leadership into theree categories, namely the authoritarian, the democratic and the laize - fair. Organizational leadership is function of official position and personal skills, official position makes one a designated `leader' through placement in the organizational hierarchy, couples with financial and administrative powers. There is a fairly large body of Indian research literature on 3 leadership in general and in education in particular. Almost all research studies and assessment of leadership skills and styles are influenced by the west. EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE 13 Experimental College of Education Prantij (Affiliated to Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan) & Rajasthan Council for Educational Administration & Management (RCEAM) International Conference on `Educational Leadership in Pluralistic Society' (12-13 November-, 2005, Prantij) Educational Leadership - Nature and conceptualization By Amrut J. Bharvad Lecturer, Dept. of Education, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad INTRODUCTION All educational institutions have certain people in the leadership positions. Only few of them are privileged to have leaders in leadership positions. Others have either administrators or managers. Administrators manage rules, regulations and protocols. Managers manage tasks and people. Leaders manage dreams and visions.

Leaders Manage Vision and dreams

Managers Manage tasks and People

Administrator Manage rules regulations protocols

Workspace of administrators, managers and leaders. Administrators operate within the small circle tied down by rules, regulations and protocols. Managers operate in larger work space; they subsume administration with primary concern for tasks and people in the organization as they exist. Leaders create much large work space with their own dreams and visions; they subsume both

* A research paper presented at International Conference on “Educational Leadership in Pluralistic Society” at Experimental College of Education, Prantij on12th & 13th November 2005. 14 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 administrators and managers as much as they contribute to realization of their dreams and visions of the organizations. Leaders inspire and influence people in the organiza- tion to cherish dream, construct and move into the future “Leaders create and change cultures” (Schein, 1992); managers live with them “Leaders are also people who have the capacity to motivate and inspire others to think beyond their current frameworks to what is desirable, necessary and possible. They enjoy the spirit and energy, creat- ing optimal environment for information, quality and enterprise. They change mind- sets and practice and gain co-operation and commitment, even in an environment initially characterized by low trust and low morale. They redefine and reform organiza- tions”. (Latcham and Hanna 2001). ‘Robbins and Finley (1997) credit organizational change to talented leadership’, whether in the top levels of the organization or the team levels. CHOICES FOR LEADERSHIP POSITIONS Leaders in leadership positions can be by design or default. The corporate world and even private enterprises in education choose persons with leadership skills and qualities for leadership positions. The choice of leaders for leadership positions in such cases is by design. This is not so in case of state-funded and state controlled institutions. The selection and placement of people in leadership positions in the state managed schools, colleges and universities do not take into account leardership skills as a requirement. Exceptions apart, the appointments, in schools and colleges, to the position of headmaster or principal is by and large according to seniority. ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE AND LEADERSHIP Leadership (effectiveness) is also related to the stage of development of an organization. Organizations are conceptualized and established, they grow, stabilize and decay; they redefine goals, tasks and processes, and being a new journey. Clark classified organizational life into four periods. Formative Period – the founding vision is present; however, there are no formal definitions. Experimentation and innovation usually take place during this time. Rapid Growth Period – Growth and gains are sustained through direction and co- ordination. Change is centered on the purpose of the organization and other main stream business. Mature Period – Growth levels are off during this period. Changes are needed to maintain what has been established and to assure the maximum gains are achieved. Declining Period – This period includes though objectives and compassionate imple- mentation. The goal is to get out of the old and move into something new. LEADERSHIP TYPOLOGIES One of the commonly known typologies classifies leadership into three categories, namely the authoritarian, the democratic and the laize-faire. The first category of heads of institutions decide what to do, when to do, how to do, etc. all by themselves and instruct others to carry out. The second category of heads of institutions pose problems to others in the organization, ask their views, seek solution ideas, EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE 15 formulate solutions on the basis of their views and get them revalidated; they also seek others’ View on how to do when to do and even who would do. The third category of heads of institutions leave things to happen. Baddaracco and Ellsworth (1989) offer another typology for understanding leadership roles. Leadership roles are guided by one of the three philosophies namely political, attractive and values driven: Ø The political leader is a strategist; he adjusts his vision o the future and mutually defines goals with the inherent resistance to change within the organization; he is aware and conscious of such resistances. Ø The directive leader directs the organization towards a well – defined goal based on SWOT, that is assessment of organizational strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; he takes key-decisions personally. He relies upon structure and system to control decision while challenging the conventional wisdom. Ø The values driven leader is a pace – setter, leading by example, through walking the talk. He demonstrates values for the followers, emphasizing on overall organizational purpose rather then one’s own self – interest. Accordingly, they identified four style, namely directive (high concern for task but low concern for relationship), coaching (high concern for task and high concern for relationship), supporting or participating (high concern for relationship but low con- cern for task) and delegating style (low concern for both task and relationship). Ø In the directive style, the leader tends to dictate. Ø In the coaching style, he or she primarily acts as a coach to ensure accomplishment of goals. This is an important style for the heads of the institution while introducing innovation and change. Ø In the participating style, the leader involves himself or herself along with the followers in actually carrying out the tasks with the main objective of keeping the people happy. Ø In the delegating style, the leader trusts his/her followers, and al- lows members to take responsibility along with rights to innovate, change and redefine their roles. The emotional intelligence guru, Daniel Goleman (2002) made a refreshing contribution in the understanding of leadership and the dynamics of the relationship between the leader and his/her follower in his books, Primal Leadership and The New Leaders. His basic thrust is on leading with emotional intelligence’ by generating resonance with the followers. Accordingly, he classified leadership styles into resonant and dissonant styles. Visionary Leadership style is the most positive as it moves people towards shared dreams when changes require a new vision and a clear direction. Ø Coaching Style is highly positive since it connects personal goals with organizational vision. Ø Affiliative Style makes positive impact by connecting people to each other. Ø Democratic Style also exerts positive impact since it values people’s 16 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 input and gets commitment through participation. In the Indian paradigm, human nature is governed by three qualities namely sattvik, rajasik and tamasik. According to this theory, every individual has all the three qualities but in different proportions; also for the same individual at some point of time one quality may be dominant over the other two. Ø Sattuik quality stands for knowledge, illumination, sense of duty without attachment, Ø Rajasik quality stands for action, high energy, urge to dominate others and material possession, etc. Ø Tamosik quality implies lethargy, inertia, ignorance, lack of interest, etc. The dominance of the rajasik quality is likely to make one an authoritarian leader; the tamasik quality is likely to make a person laize-faire, and sattvik quality is likely to make a person democratic and the delegative. The Western theories of power and authority fit into the Indian paradigm very well. CONCLUSION There is a fairly large body of Indian research literature on leadership, in general and in education in particular. Almost all research studies and assessments of leadership skills and styles arc based on the use of tools made in the west like LBDQ and LEAD Questionnaires. Just as the FPS system cannot generate data in centimeters and grams, the leadership measurement tools developed in the western world have only helped measuring Indian leaders against western norms. Indian leaders have been measured against ‘initiating structure’ and ‘consideration’ in LBDQ or in terms of the four styles proposed by Hersey and Blanchard. Such measurements do not represent 6thos, culture and intricacies of Indian leadership in Indian institutions. Deriving strength from the western researches, it is important and necessary to carry out qualitative analysis of leadership behavior of the Indian leaders in education to understand what leadership attributes and styles works in building Indian institutions. REFERENCE Baddaracco, J. L. and Ellasworth, R.R:. (1989), Leadership and quest for Integrity, Harvard Business School press, Boston, MA. Bhatnagar R. P.; Bhatnagar A. B. and Agrawal Vidhya: (1995), Educational Administration, Surya publication, Meerut Buch Piloo, Sharma M. and Rai Kamal : (1973), Diagnosing School Personality, Center of Advanced Study in Education, Baroda. Hughes J. M.: (1957), Human Relations in Educational Organizations, Harper and Brothers, New York. Mukhopadhyay, Marmar: (2001), Total Quality Management in Education, NIEPA, New Delhi. Mukhopadhyay, Marmar: (2004), Leadership for Institution Building in Education, Society for educational Research and Development, Baroda. Shuster A. H. and Westizer : (1958) Leadership in School Administration and Supervision, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND... 17 STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC PERSONS

n Mukesh S. Prajapati Lecturer, S. V. College, Ahmedabad

n Dr. Ashwin B. Jansari Head & Reader, Dept. Psychology, Guj. Uni., Ahmedabad.

ABSTRACT : An attempt is made to study the relation of alcoholic non-alcoholic persons with personality factors. The sample consisted of 60 persons in Ahmedabad of which 30 where alcoholic and 30 were non-alcoholic. Personality traits of persons were measured by using Bhargav's Dimension Personality inventory. The data was analysed by using `t' test technique. The study revealed that there was significant relationship between alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons and their personality traits. Alcoholic persons showed more suspiciousness then non-alcoholic persons. INTRODUCTION : Physicians regard alcoholism as a disease brought on by some problem inside the body such as a genetic defect. Psychologist attribute alcoholism to the alcoholic personality, which includes being antisocial, being dependant on others, and being tough and aggressive. To sociologist, alcoholism develops from a social situation where psychologically, vulnerable individuals are pressured by drinking companions to drink heavity, or from a culture that encourages people to use alcohol to alleviate personal problems. Most psychologists, psychoanalysts and 4 psychiatrists attribute alcoholism to one or more negative personality traits. A large number of these traits have been identified. They include being antisocial, 18 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 manipulative, attention - seeking, rebellious, impulsive, egocentric, gregarious, hyperactive, passive-dependant, depressed, anxious, hysterical, hypochondria-cal, ambivalent and hostile. Alcoholic are also assumed to have weak ego, poor self-concept, low frustration tolerance, the illusion of omnipotence, castration, anxiety, neurotic guilt, schizoid withdrawal, or sexual immaturity. These are only a faw personality deficits that have supposedly been found in alcoholics. (Thio, 1987). Rangaswamy (1983) concluded that the positive relationships between life stress and consumption of alcohol and other drugs. Dubey (1994) results imply that alcoholics faced major life stress and daily minor pressures, problems and difficulties to a greater extent as compared to the recovering and non-alcoholics. Gunthey (1997) have found that adjustment problems in the area of health, social emotional would be more sevene in drug users. Tomasson (2004) showed that women with problem of alcohol abuse working in nursing homes have significant medical problems and psycho-social morbidity that was not reflected in their sick leave. Chandra (2004) have observed alcohol dependants scored significantly high in temperament, dimension of novelty seeking harm avoidance and character dimension of self-transcendence and low in self-directedness and cooperativeness. Rao (2004) reported that the psychological distress was a distinctive function of excessive alcohol consumption and that it would disappedar with abstinence from alcohol consumption. However, there seems to be hardly any systematic research on personality traits of alcohol and non-alcoholic persons. Hence, the present investigation attempts to examine these aspects. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY : The objective of study is to find out the relationships between personality traits of alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons. HYPOTHESIS : There is no significant mean difference in personality traits of alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons. METHOD Sample : The Sample sonsisted of 60 males - 30 alcoholic and 30 Non-alcoholic residing in the city of Ahmedabad of Gujarat. The age range was 18 to 50. Tool : The dimensional personality Inventory (D.P.I.) HIndi developed by Bhargav (1998). It consists of 60 statements which measures six personality dimensions. Each personality traits is measured by 10 items through three response alternatives - yes, undecided and no. it measures personality dimensions of the adult persons. AVerage test - retest reliability STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND... 19 have been obtained 0.68 for six dimensions. The validity of D.P.I. with Sen's PTI is 0.93. Also found satisfactory validity of DPI with Kapoor's 16 P.F. questionnaire form A. Procedure : Male alcoholic and non-alcoholic who are residing in Ahmedabad were randomly selected and administered Bhargav's DPI. The ob- tained data from respondents has been analysed with the help of `t' test (Levin, 1986) to sutdy the effect of variables. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION : Table 1 Mean, S.D, and `t' value of personality traits of Alcoholic and non-alcoholic male. No. Personality Factors Alcoholic Non- `t` Level of Alcohlic Value significant Mean & Mean & SD SD 1. Activity-Passivity 15.53 15.73 0.29 Non Signi. 2.56 2.74 2. Enthusiastic-non 12.97 13.70 0.72 Non Signi. enthusiastic 4.00 3.88 3. Assertive- 11.00 11.23 0.27 Non Signi. Submissive 3.19 3.54 4. Suspicious-trusting 10.40 7.03 2.48 Significant* 5.99 4.49 5. Depressive non- 12.00 11.70 0.33 Non Signi. depressive 3.87 3.22 6. Emotional instability 11.27 10.60 0.49 Non Signi. and emotional 5.53 5.04 stability * 0.05 level TAble - 1 showed no significant effects of Activity - Passivity Enthusiastic - non enthusiastic, Assertive - Submissive, Depressive non-depressive and Emotional instability and emotional stability on alcoholic and non-alcoholic persons. But there is significant effect of Suspicaious trusting personality traits on alcoholic and non- alcoholic persons. The `t' value 2.48 has been found significant at 0.05 level. From table it could be observed that the mean scores for alcoholic and non-alcoholic were 10.40 and 7.03 respectively. The difference between two mean is 3.37. The results thus further showe that the alcoholic person showed more suspiciousness than non alcoholic persons. The reasons for more suspiciousness in alcoholic persons probably is due to addiiction. Modern life is full of stress and strains. The Alcoholic get very little opportunity of enjoyment, satisfaction, peace and happiness in their life. They are also emotionally unstable as compared to non-alcoholic. Alcoholic adjusts 20 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 unsatisfactorily towards their home surrounding.5 They also show unsatisfactory social adjustment. So they become more suspicious. High score shows the paranoid tendency of the individual which is reflected in his suspicious nature about others, apprehensive, no faith in others, blaming others for his all failures and non achievement feeling misconception of people about himself. REFERENCES ● Bhargav, M. (1998) Dimensional Personality Inventory, Agra Nandani Enterprises. ● Chandra, A. and Khess, C.R.T. (2004) Personality Dimensions Of Patients with Alcohol Dependence. A study Using TCL. India, Journal of Social Psychiatry 20 (1-4) 59-62 ● Dubey, S.N. and G. Vijya Kumar (1994) Environmental Stress and Alcoholism. Indian Journal of Applied Psycology 31 (1) 39-43 ● Gunthey, R.K. and Jain Manisha (1997) Family environmental and Adjustment Problem of drug users Prachi Journal of Psycho-Cultural Dimensions. 13 (2) 91-95.1 ● Levin, R.I. (1986) Statistics for management New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India. ● Rangaswamy, K. (1983) Personality, life events and Alcoholism Indian Journal of Clinical psychology. 10 (1) 179-182 ● Rao, M.C., Shivkumar, K. and Kaljaperumw, V.G. (2004) The relationship between the psychological Distress and Alcohol dependance. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry 2 (1-4) 54 - 58 ● Thio Alex (1987) Deviant Behaviour New York, Harper and Row publishers. ● Tomasson, K., Gurmarsdoffir, H. and Rafrudothip, G (2004) Correlations of probable Alcohol Abuse among women working in nursing homes. Journal of Public Health. 32 (1) 47 - 52. ❑ CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS 21 CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS

n Dr. Jagdish S. Joshi Reader, Academic Staff College, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

resent paper is a part of my presentation at U.G.C. sponsored two day seminar on P‘Teaching of English in Tribal Areas”, organised by The Arts college, Shamlaji. The subject needs attention. There are various challenges to Teaching of English in Tribal Areas.

Ø The first challenge is not teaching of English but teaching or literacy itself. I would like to draw your attention to some facts about literacy rates of India. The present chart shows data about literacy rate of India in 2001. Persons Males Females

Total 359,284,417 229,531,935 129,752,482

Literacy Rate 52.21% 64.13% 39.29%

Rural 226,144,087 151,216,579 74,927,508

Literacy Rate 44.69% 57.87% 30.62%

Urban 133,140,330 78,315,356 54,824,974

Literacy Rate 73.08% 81.09% 64.05% 5 The difference between literacy rates of Urban and Rural areas is remarkable. Let’s have a look at literacy rate of tribal areas. Tribal Education in India: Report by National Institute 22 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 of Education (India), Tribal Education Unit - Tribal Education Unit, Dept. of Adult Education (Page 68) reads: “Literacy rate of tribal areas is only 8.54 per cent as against the general literacy rate of 24 per cent.” And, “According to the census figures, the gap between the general population including the Scheduled Tribes and the Scheduled Tribes was 18.15% in 1971, 19.88% in 1981 and 22.61% in 1991. Since the Scheduled Tribes, who constituted about 8.1% of the total populations according to 1991 census, are also included in the general population, in actual terms, the gap in the literacy rate is much higher.” (http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2004/30-04.htm) It is evident form the above mentioned data that literacy rate of the Tribal Areas is very low compared to other areas. Ø The drop out rate is also very high in tribal areas compared to other areas. The drop out rate is apparently high in the higher education. Because the problems of adjustments grow, the drop out rate increases with the student’s growth. The capacity to earn grows and opportunity to learn is snatched. Ø They are very poor in the language of the state: Gujarati language. The people of tribal areas have their special dialect or in some way their special language. Some of them are not able to converse in Gujarati. There is a need to teach Gujarati and then we can talk about teaching of other languages. Ø They have to learn three to four languages: 1. Mother tongue, 2. Gujarati 3. Hindi, and 4. English People living in non-tribal areas learn Hindi as their second language but the people living in tribal areas learn Gujarati as second language. English is generally third language for the people in areas other than tribal but it is not the case with the people of tribal areas. As the present paper is focused on challenges to teaching of English in tribal areas, let’s talk about it precisely. Challenges: The challenges may broadly be divided into four groups: Learner English Language Government / Policy maker Teacher Learner Ø Do they feel need to learn English? Why should they learn English? Ø In most of the cases it is made compulsory. But at what level it is compulsory. Most probably at graduation level. CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS 23 Ø They do not have to use English in day to day work. Ø No awareness Ø Lack of interest. Ø No Motivation. English Language Ø Spelling and pronunciation Ø Structure of language is different than mother tongue Ø Atmosphere Government / Policy maker Ø Infrastructure (College building, library, language laboratory, audio-visual aids, online help, internet etc.) Ø The biggest challenge: teacher is not available in some cases Ø Similar syllabus even for tribal areas Ø Larger group of learners Ø Tribal areas are treated same as other areas as far as teaching of English is concerned Teacher Ø Sometimes teacher makes English more difficult. Ø Teaching approaches / methods Ø Exam orientated attitude Ø Giving ready notes or guides Ø Students feed back Ø B-stream (In some of the cases teacher has to teach A B C D in first year class of college) Ø Not familiar with the local language, problem of communication Ø Poor attendance of students Ø About 80% of the population migrate in near by areas for short time in particular seasons for work. Ø They want to earn not to learn Suggestions: ü They do not feel that they should learn English because they do not know importance of English. Teacher’s role is very crucial here. He has to be motivator. He has to make them aware about importance of English. He should make them realise what English can do for them. He has to prepare them to learn English. ü Tribal People have the knowledge for which people may spend millions of rupees. They can utilize the knowledge and earn from the world only if they have English. ü English as a key to world market. ü They can recognise Ayurved (Herbal) products, give them scientific knowledge about it. Teach them to market them. ü People have interest in tribal living and social life of tribal people. They can spread and promote it through English language. 24 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ü There are many things which should be registered under Patent, we should give them knowledge about it. English is useful in it. ü They are near to nature. There are many places of tourist attraction in tribal areas of India. Tribal people can become better Tourist Guide: e.g. About fifty tribal people are prepared to work as tourist guides from nearby area of Kevadiya Colony. They earning fairly well. ü Bambu Articles and such other articles and their marketing through internet can be taught. ü English is compulsory at college level. They have freedom to leave English till 12th Standard but it becomes compulsory in college. So they get frightened. If we want to teach them English it should be introduced from the very first standard. ü It is true that they do not use English in day to day work. But with the spread of technology, it will come. I know that they do not have access to many of our domestic articles. New inventions and domestic articles should be introduced to them. New English words will go to them with T.V., Computer etc. ü We should create interest, motivation and awareness. We should identify their needs and accordingly can suggest how English can be helpful to them in fulfilling their needs. ü Unlearning is not a problem for them because they do not have any learning about it. It is easier to teach when they have not learnt wrong. ü English teacher in the class says, “English is very difficult language”. I ask for whom? Teacher or student. What is your role? To make what you teach difficult or easy? The person who can help better is teacher. You can make it easy or difficult. ü Teacher should use such an approach or method where balance can be maintained between all the necessary skills for learning language: Listening, Speaking, Writing and Reading. methods like Modified-communicative approach should be used to teach English. Do not be rigid to one approach but modify it according to local needs. Do not hesitate to invite suggestions from students and try experiments. ü Attitude in language teaching must not be exam oriented. It should be learner oriented. It should be practiced for teaching something not passing exams. Exam oriented attitude can give us only marks not skills. The present era demands skills not only mark sheet. ü Specially designed syllabus. ü Teacher should learn local language. ü They should be taught in small groups or on a one-to-one basis ü Materials should be designed to extend individual abilities ü Planning and delivering inclusive lessons. ü Equip teachers with appropriate strategies (teaching materials, on-line support, etc), on a subject basis, enabling them to make necessary provisions for CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS 25 students to increase their confidence and competence in these areas ü Enable students to take fuller advantage of class based lessons to bring them to the point where they can take fuller advantage of class based lessons ü Provide foundation courses in English ü Communication gap between English teacher and student must be lessened. ü Vocational trainings ü Complexes must be removed ü Use of latest IT equipments In nutshell “Sarva Gunam Kanchanam Aasti”, if one feels that he will get something he will work. If we can prove that English is a key to their goal, they will learn. I never mean to say that we should give them subsidies, free education, free boarding, free lodging or something like that. This free policy stops them from working or growing. I remember the story of “Sargava Ni Singo” The guest who cut the tree. We should show them the way to be competent through learning English. ❑ 26 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

n Prof. Dhananjay R. Betai* Dept . of English, Shri Sahajananda College, Ahmedabad.

irish Karnad has been unanimously recognized and acclaimed as one of the foremost playwrights Gof the modern Indian theatre. If one notes that his career as a man of the theatre spans over forty years, he may be regarded as a moderately prolific writer with only eleven plays to his credit. Though not many in number, the plays are extremely rich in the ever-seething volcanic eruptions of the most fundamental and naked human impulses and their multifaceted and perpetual clashes which defy easy conclusions. But they are contained within well-knit limits of rigorously controlled and delicately balanced dramatic structures. The source of Karnad’s tremendous creative energy lies in this unique synthesis of feeling and form as will be indicated by the following analysis. Karnad utilizes in his plays, materials borrowed from folktales, myths and history. Yayati (1961) and The Fire and the Rain (1994) utilize myths. Hayavadana (1971) and Nagmandala (1989) and Bali: The Sacrifice (2004) are based on folktales. Tughlaq, (1964) Tale-Danda (1990) and The Dreams of Tipu Sultan (1997) have historical material for their plot-structure. Karnad’s only play with a social setting and contemporary story is Anjumallige (1978). His more recent plays cast in the form of the monologue are Flowers (2004) and Broken Images (2004). The first monologue has a theme from folklore. The second monologue concretizes the problems of the writers in regional languages. Tughlaq, published in 1964 is Karnad’s second play. It has been very successful on the stage in Kannada, Bengali, Marathi and English productions. Commenting on its hypnotic 6 appeal Samartha Vasshishta notes: “In its canvas and treatment, Tughlaq is both huge and contemporary. It is a TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 27 tale of the crumbling to ashes of the dreams and aspirations of an overambitious, yet considerably virtuous king. Contemporary, in the sense, that one can see flashes of Tughlaqi (almost a proverb now in Hindi) attitude-callous yet well-meaning- in contemporary political structures too. It was long after I had read Tughlaq that I realized it was more than what I was taking it to be. More than a great plot, gripping characters, beautiful speeches and a pinch of history. Despite the foolishness of deciding to shift the capital of India from Delhi to Daultabad to ‘centralize administration’; despite the high-headedness of making copper coins equal in value to silver dinars; despite the shamelessness of designing a conspiracy to kill his own brother and father at prayer hour; what is remarkable and relatively unknown, in the much-infamous character of Tughlaq is the willingness to work for his people and to ensure their happiness; the courage to take initiative in the direction of communal-equality; and a keenly observing and ever-diligent mind. The disappointment at the end when he is not understood by his people and followers is obvious. And Karnad captures it all beautifully in his inimitable style.” Karnad borrowed from history his material for this play. The basic historical facts of the life of Muhammad Tughlaq are as under. Muhammad who came to power in 1325 was a diligent ruler. He attempted to systematize and regulate the revenue and expenditure of the provinces of his kingdom. His next step was the creation of the department of agriculture. Its chief objective was to bring uncultivated land under cultivation. * Lecturer Shri Sahajanand College, Ahmedabad An important political experiment of Muhammad Tughlaq was the transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri which he renamed Daultabad. Having decided the measure, he ordered the transfer of the capital and also the people of Delhi to Daultabad with all their belongings. He made commendable arrangements for the comfort of the people during their journey form Delhi to Daultabad. It is said, temporary huts were set up along the seven hundred mile road and free food and drink were supplied. Shady trees were also said to have been planted; but these could have hardly afforded any shelter to the travellers, for they could not have grown up in such a short time. The people suffered tremendously from fatigue, privation and mental agony. Many of them died on the way and many more on reaching their destination. The scheme was a complete failure, not because the transfer of the capital was undesirable and without precedent and should not have been undertaken, but because the Sultan failed to see that the only desirable thing to do was to shift the court. Courtiers, officers, and big merchants and traders would themselves have sooner or later accompanied the court to Daultabad. The Sultan did not realize that people would not abandon their homes and hearth except in extreme and unavoidable circumstances. The people of Delhi, who loved their city as their ancestral abode, were no exception to this rule. Thirdly, the Muslim population of Delhi was unwilling to live in Hindu surroundings in the 28 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 South. Fourthly, Delhi was without doubt, a better place for the capital of Indian than Daultabad, which could not have successfully controlled distant provinces like Bengal or Punjab. Above all, it was very difficult, if not impossible for the government to resist the Mongols from Daultabad and protect the northwestern frontier of the country from their attacks. In fairness to the Sultan it must be added that as soon as he saw that the scheme had failed, he ordered the people to return from Daultabad to their homes in Delhi. But Daultabad now became a deserted town, while Delhi was only partially populated. It did not regain its former prosperity for years to come. Muhammad Tughlaq experimented in the field of coinage too. He promulgated an order making copper coins the legal tender and putting these coins on par in value with gold and silver coins. He ordered that the people should use these coins in all transactions just like gold and silver coins. But he took no steps to make the mint the monopoly of the State. So there was counterfeiting on a massive scale. The result was a great confusion and the Sultan was bewildered to see his scheme crumbling down. He was compelled to withdraw the coins and to order the people to take from the royal treasury gold and silver pieces in exchange. There were many rebellions during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq. One of the most formidable was that of Ain-ul-Mulk, the governor of Awadh. He had held important offices since the time of Ala-ud-din- Khilji and played a prominent role in the history of his time. He was a highly learned scholar and was well versed in theology and jurisprudence. He subsequently wrote a book, entitled Munshat-I-Mahru or Insha- I-Mahru, which gives a good account of the administration of Tughlaq. He was one of the important men who could wield their sword and pen with equal felicity. Muhammad transferred him from Awadh to Daultabad in 1340-41.Ain-ul-Mulk was made to believe that his transfer was a preliminary step towards his destruction. So he revolted. But he was defeated and taken a prisoner. He was dismissed and subjected to indignities. But as the Sultan was convinced that he was a half-hearted rebel, he spared his life. This then is the basic material explored in the play. The playwright presents only the rebellion of Ain-ul-Mulk in some details. The rest are only hinted at to indicate the chaos, which is one of the central motifs of the play. The most important element of the play is Karnad’s concentration on the chaos within the inner universe of his protagonist. Karnad dispenses with the traditional division of the play into acts. He presents in a breathless and gripping succession of thirteen scenes, only seven years of Tughlaq’s tempestuous reign. He takes considerable freedom in shifting the scenes according to the pressure exerted by the immediate situations and mutually conflicting characters. The first impressive scene of the exposition establishes Karnad as a master craftsman of the theatre commanding its subtlest elements. The opening action is very firmly kept on the hard earth because the place is “the yard in front of the Chief Court of Justice in Delhi”. There crowd there symbolizes the common humanity, which is consistently ignored by the protagonist and his enemies alike. Here one encounters an Old Man and a Young Man. The difference in their age is obvious and so is the difference in their points of view about the Sultan whose entry is TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 29 delayed for some time. Young Man points out in simple but extremely hard-hitting words the strange way in which prayer and violence are intertwined. He says,” now you pray five times a day because that’s the law and if you break it, you will have officers on your neck” It is ironic that prayer is imposed under a threat of violence. Such prayer can never be heart-felt and spontaneous and it will not have any efficacy. At this point the idea of religious harmony propounded by Sultan is mocked at with an exchange of sardonic words between Hindu and Old Man. Hindu has perhaps traditionally led a life of agony under oppressive Sultans. That motivates him to say that he does not need tax-exemption. He says, “Look, when a Sultan kicks me in the teeth and says, ‘Pay up you Hindu dog,’ I’m happy. I know I’m safe. But the moment a man comes along and says, ‘I know you are a Hindu, but you are also human being’-well that makes me nervous.”(Scene One, Page 6)

The reaction from the Old Man is equally hard hitting. He says,

“Beware of the Hindu who embraces you. Before you know what, he’ll turn Islam into another caste and call the Prophet an incarnation of his god.” (Scene One, Page 6) Here is obviously a world in which religious identities are confused in an unanalysable manner. An announcer’s entry and declaration about Vishnu Prasad, a Brahmin winning a case against the Sultan sound absolutely absurd against that lack of religious harmony. Then appears Sultan, the protagonist of the play. In a pompous speech, packed with high-sounding words devoid of any real meaning he talks of justice and equality. He presents his idea in an image of fire: “May this moment burn bright and light up our path towards greater justice, equality, progress and peace.”(Scene One, Page 7) At this moment he declares his order of shifting the capital from Delhi to Daultabad. He also gives a hint of the forces of disintegration gathering around his kingdom: “Delhi is too near the border and as you well know its peace is never free from the fear of invaders.” (Scene One, Page 8) In his continuing pomposity he says that Daultabad, the city of Hindus will stand as the symbol of unity of Muslims and Hindus. Having declared that the Sultan goes away from the form the scene leaving behind the people in a stunned condition. Then follows a crucial revelation about the Sultan. He had fabricated an accident in which his father died. It was time for prayer when the violent deed was done. So Sultan’s very accession to the throne was an outcome of bloodshed. It was also allied to pollution of prayer. These facts are revealed through partly hushed, 30 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 partly satiric dialogue among the common people with whom the opening scene has opened. At their matter-of-fact level they continue to explore violence and its multiple dimensions. As the Third Man says, Sheikh Imam –Ud-Din, a saint, mentioned in one of his meetings in Kanpur, the violent deeds of Sultan. He says, “the audience went wild and burnt down half of Kanpur.” This is an open and complete endorsement of violence. He also mentions that Sheikh has certain resemblance with Sultan. This subtle detail is significant. It is reflective of Sultan’s religious self with which he continues to grapple with till the end of the play. The crowd disperses. Then one encounters Aazam and Aziz, the comic pair whose actions are going to run parallel to those of the Sultan. The meeting of these friends is sudden. Soon after the preliminaries of greetings Aazam tells Aziz to hide his dagger: “Listen, Brahmins don’t carry daggers around like that.” It implies that others do. Through an apparently simple statement which creates light comic effect the playwright reiterates the fundamental violence that governs the world of his play. Aziz is in the disguise of a Brahmin. He calls himself Vishnu Prasad. He bought a piece of confiscated land through a backdated contract and then filed a case against the officers of the Sultan. He won the case. The backdated contract went undetected or perhaps it was duly registered by the corrupt administration of the Sultan. The playwright has given only the basic details. But these implications sound logical. They point out the corruption at the roots of the imaginative world being concretized in front of the audience. Aziz is proud of what he has achieved through deceit. He even mocks at basically sincere idea of religious equality: “A Muslim plaintiff against a Muslim king? I mean where is then question of justice there? Where is the equality between Hindus and Muslims?” (Scene One, Page 12) Aziz promises his friend more in the coming days. This comic pair is a traditional device of the Kannada theatre. But Karnad integrates it into his imaginative world with the obvious ease of a master artist. Scene Two takes the action to the higher level, the palace. Here one encounters the Sultan and his Step Mother. He is bent over a chessboard. His keen interest in chess is indicative of his superlative intelligence. It also hints that he is going to play the political chess on a massive scale. The forces of violence are shown as gathering momentum. The Sultan informs his mother: “You see, my dear friend Ain-ul-Mulk, the companion of my childhood, my fellow champion in chess, is at this very moment marching on Delhi.” As an astute politician the Sultan is clear that the odds are heavily weighed against him because he has an army of only six thousand soldiers against an army of thirty thousand commanded by his opponent. Here is the ruthless world of politics in which personal relationships are butchered in the game of survival and supremacy. Even when facing a critical situation the Sultan continues to be pompous while expressing his ideas about the welfare of the people: TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 31 “Come, my people, I am waiting for you. Confide in me your worries. Let me share your joys. Let us laugh and cry together and then let us pray. Let us pray till our bodies melt and flow and our bloods turn into air.” (Scene Two, Page 15-16)

The image in the last sentence is suggestive of fire and burning. Such images though simple in the immediate contexts are to assume wider ramifications in the total structure of the play. They imply forces of disintegration which are inherent in the basic situations explored so far. Then follow a few very tense moments when the Sultan refers to the rumours about his act of killing his own father. He commits a crime and then and enjoys the self-torture resulting from it. The coming of Barani, a historian and Vizier Muhammad Najib opens up further dimensions of the political chess and violence associated with them. Step Mother suggests that the Sultan ought to tell them about his game of chess. The reply though given in perfectly normal way conveys in an absolutely well modulated manner, several motifs of the play: “Barani is a historian-he is only interested in playing with the shadows of the dead. And Najib is a politician—he wants pawns of flesh and blood.” (Scene One, Page 17) The motifs revealed are bloodshed, killing and death. The contrast between Najib and Barani soon becomes obvious. Najib is a politician interested only in the stability of the Sultan’s rule. Barani on the other hand is an idealist. This establishes both the characters. It also reflects two sides of the Sultan’s complex personality— the fantastically idealistic and the ruthlessly realistic. In the forward movement of action Sultan reiterates that he has committed the crimes of parricide and fratricide. His enjoyment of guilt is established as something that is ongoing: “I’ve just found that even this step-mother of mine thinks that I am a murderer.” The immediate political problems are the invasion of Ain-ul-Mulk and the increasing popularity of Sheikh Imam-Ud-Din. Najib once again projecting a realistic point of view suggests that they must get rid of the saint without making him a martyr. On the other hand Ain-ul-Mulk must be liquidated. As he puts it succinctly and hard- hittingly, “a traitor is a traitor, friend or saint, and he must be crushed.” He clarifies that his job is to be suspicious. That is an integral part of the political game he is playing. He points out the resemblance between the Sultan and Sheikh. The Sultan has to recognize his tremendous craftiness, which he has been consistently developing as a professional statesman: “you are a devil, Najib!” It is decided that the army will march on the next day because the Sultan “must play the game his own way.” In the closing part of the scene, Step Mother talks to Barani and offers compact analysis of the Sultan’s character: “But he is so impulsive-and when he gets into one of his moods I don’t know what he will do next.” (Scene Two, Page 22) 32 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 They also talk about the evil influence of Najib on the Sultan. Step Mother’s statement, charged with sharp dramatic irony brings the scene to its conclusion. She says, “If he goes on like this, I won’t wish his fate even on a dog.” Scene Three shows the Sultan intensely pitted against his toughest adversary, Sheikh-Imam-Ud-Din. The public meeting organized by the Sultan and to be addressed by Sheikh flops since nobody turns up. In the multiple contexts of the immediate situation they analyze religion, politics, peace and war. Sheikh recognizes the Sultan as a scholar of eminence. He has to admit that he has “power, learning, intelligence.” The Sultan on the other hand offers vivid glimpse of his existential alienation and its tremendous pressure on his inner universe. He says he needs the word of god when the surrounding void pushes into his soul and starts putting out every burning light there. He and Sheikh are also aware of the lethal mixture of religion and politics getting more lethal with each passing moment. Sheikh says it will rip the Sultan into two. It is not that the Sultan is unaware of this: “And my kingdom too is what I am-torn into pieces by visions whose validity I can’t deny.” In the further movement of action the Sultan continues to play the political game on his own conditions. In the name of Islam he is able to convince Sheikh to act as his peace envoy to met Ain-ul-Mulk. He has kept Sheikh’s robes of honour ready. It suggests that he has been all along sure of trapping Sheikh. Scene Four opens with Shiab-Ud-Din trying to tell Step Mother not to worry much about the Sultan. He has been looking after the state in the Sultan’s absence. Soon Ratansingh, an important officer of the Sultan, appears on the scene and tells them about the death of Sheikh Imam-Ud-Din. They learn that “he was killed in the battle.” The Sultan himself appears and gives his reaction to the death of the saint: “It was a terrible sight. They brought his body into my tent and I felt - as though it was I who was lying dead there and that he was standing above me, looking at me. I should have been there-in his place.” (Scene Four, Page 34) The playwright generates a sense of shock when he conveys that he let go Ain-ul-Mulk because he was able to find a fault with one of the solutions of a problem in chess that he had worked out. Najib, the down to earth politician gives a realistic evolution of the Sultan’s apparently illogical step: “but that would be really tossing another torch into the chaos at Avadh.” This is one more iterative image of fire that hints at potential of total destruction. Then Ratansingh and Shiab-ud-Din are left alone. The conversation between them reveals the darker and sinister side of the Sultan’s political game. Ratansingh was with the Sultan on the front. While Sheikh was about to meet Ain-ul-Mulk, the Sultan’s army hiding in the hills close by gave a trumpet sound for charging. Instead of a talk of peace a terrible battle ensued. That led to instantaneous death of Sheikh: “Arrows poured into him within minutes he looked a gory human porcupine.” As Ratansingh rightly puts it,” Sheikh Imam-ud-Din was murdered you know. In cold blood!” At this stage of action Sultan has an upper hand in his political chess. He survives on his own conditions. TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 33 Scene Five opens some further dimensions of the lethal combination of religion and politics already mentioned. Here one comes across a group of Amirs, Sayyids and others opposed to the idea of transferring the capital to Daultabad. Shiab-Ud-Din and Ratansingh are also present in the meeting. The issues discussed are Hindu- Muslim opposition, taxes on gambling, jumbling of religion and politics, prayer and its sanctity. Those present in the meeting agree that they must do away with the Sultan. Ratansingh gives a stunningly simple but effective idea-the Sultan must be killed at the prayer time. The idea of not polluting the prayer is placed. But it is roughly and sardonically rejected. Thereby the polluted world of the play is further sullied:

Sheikh: You can’t pollute the time of prayer. It’s a sacred time. We can’t stain it with the blood of a Mussulman. Amir II: Oh come, we can always make up later. Do penance for it. (Scene Five, Page 44-45) This is the condition of prayer in Muhammad’s kingdom. Its pollution and penance are treated with indifference, even total callousness. Then the conspiracy gets its final shape. Even after that, Shiab-Ud-Din is haunted by uncertainty: “Must we do this, Ratan? Must we?” This is indeed a point of tremendously tantalizing suspense in the breathless continuity of play. The reader, a willing captive of the author is pushed further into the blood-dripping world created with ferocious intensity. Scene Six is crucial in a number of ways. It projects how the Sultan escapes from a major conspiracy that could have led to his death. It also establishes more fully that now onwards the Sultan can survive only by butchering his enemies. In the opining of the scene the Sultan welcomes the Amirs in a matter of fact way. He reiterates his intention of shifting the capital to Daultabad. He says a saint named Ghiyaas-Ud-Din is to come to Daultabad to bless him and his people. The more shocking declaration is that the state is going to have copper currency. Sultan continues with his usual high-flown rhetoric and declares, “I have hopes of building a new future for India.” Soon it is the prayer time. For a few minutes it is felt that Sultan is close to his death. He begins to pray in an absolutely self-confident manner. Hindu soldiers overpower his opponents. The Amirs are frozen with total fear. Sultan has once again played his political chess in an adroit manner. He finishes his prayer and then faces Shiab-Ud-Din, the leader of the conspirators. He declares with cold cruelty that Ratansingh had exposed the conspiracy and was then put to death by him. Shiab- Ud-Din is in a condition of ultimate desperation. Sultan’s wrath reaches its climax, the ultimate frenzy in which he stabs his enemy with terrible ferocity. But a few moments after that he questions the contradictions inherent in this extremely complex situation: “Tell me Barani, will my reign be nothing more than a tortured 34 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 scream which will stab the night and melt away in silence?” (Scene Six, Page 52) Even at this critical moment he soon regains his composure and begins to attend to the situation in a matter of fact way. He passes an order that will have far- reaching effects, apart from concluding the immediate problem: “Najib, see that every man involved in this is caught and beheaded.” He goes a step further and says that everyone present on the scene, including the Hindu soldiers who saved Sultan must be beheaded to keep the matter secret. But he is absolutely callous about it: “It does mean more corpses. But then that will make the show more impressive.” (Scene Six, Page 53) The scene closes on a grim note when Sultan bans the prayer in his kingdom. The scene had the potential of becoming sensational melodrama. But the playwright has maintained the artistic equilibrium and explored violence as it cuts in countless directions. Here is a situation diametrically opposite to the high ideals Sultan had expressed in Scene I. That is the irony of Sultan’s fate and that of his fast disintegrating kingdom. In Scene Seven, maintaining the dramatic flexibility, the action is set at a camp on the Delhi-Daultabad route. There are corpses everywhere indicating the haunting presence of death in the play. Aziz and Aazam appear on the scene again, talking of death in a very light hearted and humorous way. They encounter a man from Delhi who has seven children without getting married. He describes the job he has been holding- the job of guarding the dead bodies in the palace yard. Here death is presented in the most gruesome and nauseating manner. Aziz describes that man as a real stoic. At this moment of the most sardonic dark comedy, Aziz declares his intention of joining politics. As he puts it: “It’s a beautiful world-wealth, success, position, and power-and yet it’s full of brainless people with not an idea in their head.” He declares by the end of the scene that he will counterfeit copper coins and that emphasizes one more dimension of the disintegration of Tughlaq’s kingdom. When Scene Eight begins, there is a passage of five years. The capital of Sultan’s kingdom is now Daultabad. It is night symbolizing the darkness now prevailing in the kingdom. We encounter an Old Man and a Young Man acting as sentries. Their matter of fact talk has many references to death, an obsessive presence in the play. The road from Daultabad to Delhi is “a snake that bit a whole city to death.” The Old Man’s father “died of a broken heart.” His son died when he was six years old. The moment of his death is caught in a vivid visual image: “The fine dust that hung in the air, as fine as silk, it covered him like a silken shroud.” The Old Man describes the frightening passage within the fort. His description presents a haunting image of death that gobbles everything: “Yes, it’s a long passage, a big passage, coiled like an enormous hollow inside the belly of the fort. And we shall be far, far happier when that python breaks out and swallows everything in sight-every man, woman, TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 35 child and beast.” (Scene Eight, Page 62) Here it is hinted that for the people in the imaginative world of the play, life is so full of horror that death is preferable to it. Then Sultan appears on the scene. In spite of his apparent, external composure he is confused and broken inside as his long speech indicates. Having travelled along the blazing path of violence he is compelled to admit: “But in the last four years I have seen only the woods clinging to the earth, heard only the howl of wild wolves and answering bay of street dogs.” (Scene Eight, Page 64) He finds it impossible to communicate with others. He suffers from self-pity. He suffers from a honeycomb of diseases. He wants “to give up this futile see-saw” of the political game, describing himself as a patient beyond any possibility of cure: “Don’t you see-this patient racked by fever and crazed by the fear of the enveloping vultures, can’t be separated from me? Don’t you see that the only way I can abdicate is by killing myself? I could have crawled forward on my knees and elbows. But what can you do when every moment you expect a beak to dig into you and tear a muscle out?” (Scene Eight, Page 66) This man is totally different from the one whom the reader or the audience encountered at the beginning of the play. Earlier he was upright, idealistic, talking of doing great things for his kingdom. At the present moment he is totally disintegrated and he knows it. The scene closes with the news that, “Vizier Muhammad Najib is dead.” Scene Nine again introduces Aazam and Aziz and their violent antics. They talk about crimes in their usual sardonic manner. In their verbal acrobatics death is present. At one point Aziz projects what may be termed as his philosophy of crimes: “One should be able to rob a man and then stay there to punish him for getting robbed. That’s called ‘class’-that’s being a real king!” (Scene Nine, Page 69) That is an incisively cutting remark against the crimes of the Sultan himself. Then Ghiyaas-Ud-Din is brought on to the stage. He boasts of his holy ancestry and tries to dominate over both Aziz and Aazam. However, Aziz is intelligent enough to see that the miserable man in front of him is a dummy being brought by the Sultan to consolidate his position once again. He has a sudden idea and that makes him decide to kill Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. The man tries in vain to run away. Aziz kills Ghiyaas- Ud-Din offstage and that makes Aazam cry. The response given by Aziz applies to the total world of the play in general and to the deeds of the Sultan in particular: “You have seen enough corpses to last you seven lives. You have stuffed them with straw, practiced obscenities on them.” (Scene Nine, Page 73) He takes a robe, puts it on because he intends to go to Daultabad in place of Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. His singing and dancing at the end of the scene reiterate the ultimate absurdity of violence so graphically portrayed in the play. 36 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Scene Ten shows the Sultan with Step Mother. His words contain many contradictions, which reflect his inner disintegration getting worse every moment. His order of dumping copper coins in the rose garden has annihilated it completely. In the face of this specific destruction and overall disintegration so apparent in his kingdom, he talks of his unrealized and unrealizable dreams: “Now I don’t need a rose garden. I built it to be a poem. I wanted every thorn in it to prick and quicken the senses. But I don’t need these airy trappings now; a funeral has no need for a separate symbol.” (Scene Ten, Page 76) Here a reference to funeral once again re-emphasizes the shadow of death looming large over the entire play. The exchange between the Sultan and Step Mother examines countless dimensions of killing and their outcome. She condemns Najib in the severest words and in a momentary excitement declares, “I had him poisoned.” The Sultan refuses to believe her. But she is adamant and compels him to believe her. The task turns out to be easy because the Sultan is at the highest point of his tension. So he says that the murders he committed were not futile: “They gave me what I wanted-power, strength to shape my thoughts, strength to act,, strength to recognize myself.” (Scene Ten, Page 78) Soon he orders her to be stoned to death and thereby the central violence in the play becomes more gruesome. After she is dragged away by the soldiers he confesses to himself the futility of violence and that shows his realization of the absolute meaninglessness of bloodshed and the doom it leads to: “God, God in Heaven, please help me. Please don’t let go my hand. My skin drips with blood and I don’t know how much of it is mine and how much of others. I started in Your path, Lord, why am I wandering naked in this desert now? I started in search of You. Why am I become a pig rolling in the mud? Raise me. Clean me. Cover me with Your Infinite Mercy.” (Scene Ten, Page 79-80) The Sultan has been playing havoc with prayer and now it loses its meaning and efficacy at one of the most critical moments of his life. The coming of Barani closes the scene with the Sultan’s admission that he knows he is “teetering on the brink of madness.” He has also realized that his mother’s death is futile. There is an announcement before Scene Eleven commences. It says that prayers will recommence with the coming of a saviour, Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. All the citizens are enjoined to pray five times everyday. Then the action is taken back to the level of the common man. There is a crowd of citizens outside the palace. They vehemently reject the idea of prayer. They want food. Every common man has a tale of misery to narrate. There are nauseating references to what people eat just in order to survive. The “people are eating barks of trees.” Then it is said, crowding near a butcher’s shop they “catch the blood spurting from the slaughtered beasts and drink it!” The Sultan’s dream about a fine kingdom is now reduced to nothing. Then he himself enters TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL 37 accompanied by Aziz dressed as Ghiyaas-Ud-Din. He continues to be pompous while referring to prayer. He addresses the disguised man and says, “We have waited long, Your Holiness, and our sins have become shadows that entwine round our feet. They have dumbness and deprived us of prayer.” (Scene Eleven, Page 84) But the idea of praying under the leadership of the supposed saviour fails. The Hindu Woman of Scene VII recognizes Aziz. But she does not attract any attention in the crowd of hungry people. Soon riots break out complicating further the all-pervading chaos prevailing in the kingdom. Scene Twelve shows a brief exchange between Aziz and Aazam. Aziz continues to be calm and confident. He enjoys the comforts being offered to him. The irony of the situation is that this supposed saviour is himself a sinner as the audience knows. This has a reflection on the Sultan. In the beginning he made tall claims that amounted to declaring that he would be the saviour of his people. But he has emerged as the cruellest sinner. Aziz clearly starts emerging as the Sultan’s parallel. Since Aazam has heard stories of violence going on, he is extremely terrified. He has bribed two servants of the palace to bring two horses so that they might be able to escape. Aziz completely rejects the idea of escaping. He is not bothered even by the fact that the mad Sultan goes to the heaps of the copper coins every night and takes them into his fists and then lets them trickle. It is implied that all the dreams of the Sultan have trickled out of his fingers. Aazam, terrified out of his wits leaves the palace in the face of grave danger. Scene Thirteen opens with an exchange between Barani and the Sultan. Barani is about to leave to attend the funeral of his mother. The Sultan tortures him by saying that she died in riots when his soldiers butchered everyone. His insistent obsession with death grows more intense with each new word he utters. Barani is rendered helpless against this grossly naked admission and endorsement of violence. A soldier enters and says that Aazam, the friend of Ghiyaas-ud-Din is murdered. The Sultan becomes the crooked, astute politician once against and suspects something beyond a foul play. He tells the soldier to keep the news secret. He asks Barani to wait for some time: “You wanted to see history formed in front of your eyes, didn’t you? Just wait a few moments, and you’ll see not just the form but the coiled intestines of it.” (Scene Thirteen, Page 91) He refers to Najib, the ruthless politician too: “Oh! Najib should have been here now. He would have loved this farce.” Aziz appears and after very brief preliminaries, the Sultan challenges him about his “masquerade.” However, Aziz is not at all afraid of him. He traces his entire career and convincingly establishes that he has been following in the footsteps of the Sultan himself. Thereby he is able to establish that the Sultan’s reign has been absolutely corrupt and perpetually haunted by death. He says he and Aazam joined the Sultan’s officers as servants. He describes the job 38 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 they had: “We had to shift the corpses of all the rebels executed by the state and hang them up for exhibition. Such famous kings, warriors and leaders of men passed through our hands then! Beautiful strong bodies and bodies eaten-up by corruption-all, all were stuffed with straw and went to the top of the poles. One day, suddenly I had a revelation. This was all human skin!” (Scene Thirteen, Page 94) This is certainly true of the life of the people in the Sultan’s kingdom. Aziz continues to be audacious and says flatly that he has “spent five years of his life fitting every act, deed and thought” to the Sultan’s words. Here both the parallel actions converge. Remaining true to the pattern of absurdity, the Sultan appoints Aziz as an officer in Khusru Malik’s army. But it is decided that Aziz will lead the prayer continuing his masquerade as Ghiyaas-ud-Din. A sinner leading prayer implies its further pollution. Soon Muhammad declares that he would get his people back to Delhi. Barani, the historian is utterly confused. Even the Sultan knows that he is “pursuing a mirage or a fleeting shadow.” He also knows that he is not sane any more and that his kingdom in on the brink of total disintegration. He sits on his throne and is soon asleep. The prayer, which is polluted in countless ways, closes the action. The chess symbolism is already mentioned while analyzing the text in detail. It permeates all the major action of Muhammad. The political game is viewed in terms of chess. Both are marked by crookedness and cruelty of the ultimate extremes. After undergoing tremendously deep agony Muhammad realizes that it is an absurd game in every way. But he is not able to fly away from it and that is the irony of his fate. His complex character is enhanced by a number of other characters that reflect and reinforce several aspects of his character either directly or indirectly. Sheikh Imam-Ud-Din is the one who reflects Muhammad’s longing to understand religion, prayer and their efficacy in political life. Najib reflects the most ruthless politician in Muhammad. But the tracing of this patterning must not be carried too far. Muhammad initiates countless actions, which have their roots exclusively in his own personality. These have disastrous consequences both for him and his kingdom. Similarly, death, bloodshed and killing are the motifs that find iterative expression through countless actions, which are both literal and symbolic as already pointed out. One more reason for the appeal of this play lies in its contemporariness. At the time of its first publication and staging it reflected the disorder in the political system of the Nehruvian era. Even today it sounds relevant for it can serve as a sardonic comment on any political leader with terrible contradictions, which in turn crush the common people with absolute callousness. The play as whole possesses the dignity and intensity of major drama. With this play Karnad takes a giant leap, which is to lead him to a deeper exploration of the most fundamental aspects of human character and condition. The page numbers refer to Collected Plays (2005) by Girish Karnad. ❑ PARTY SYSTEM, PARTY POLITICS AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA 39 PARTY SYSTEM, PARTY POLITICS AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA

n Prof. Saraman V. Zala Dept. of Political Science, School of Social Sciences Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-09.

he Indian party system has undergone a dramatic transformation in the last one and T half decade. There has been an ideological shift in party politics in the wake of new economic policy of liberalization and globalization social bases of political parties have shaken after the emergence of new soical and political forces, because of two reasons (1) Fragmentation of Indian society (2) Churning process of democratization of Indian society. A quick out line of major trend in the party system in the last one and half decade must include the following developments :1 (1) The single-most important development in this period has been the decline of the congress for long the inevitable model reference point of both political practice and theoretical reflection on Indian politics. It is true that the congress has, in purely electoral terms shown that it is capable of rebounding successfully - witness the results of a number of Assembly elections and also again retain of congress in power at the centre of course in a coalition government But it has been definitively dislodged from the position of the centre around which all political calculations must of necessity revolve. (2) The trend towards federalization of the party system, a trend already strong in the 1980s has been substantially deepened. It made its presence felt at the centre for the first time with the national front government in 1989, and has become a trend that shows every sign of enduring consequently, despite coalition and/or minority governments and related cabinet instability at the centre, the state level has seen the maturing of bipolar party systems in a majority of states. 7 (3) This decade saw a sharp rise in political mobilization on the basis of social cleavages based on a discriptive identities, in pariticular of religion and caste. 40 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 (4) Central to parliamentary government is the process of government formation and the constitution of the cabinet. In this decade this process resulted in, Variously, majority coalition, minority coalition, minority coalition and single-party minority governments In addition by rational anticipation of the verdict of a hung parliament, a number of parties have veered towards what can well be labelled an alliance culture; Alliances have become part of the accepted rules of the game, rather than something to be restored to in exceptional moments. However, the state level tells a significantly different story. The pattern revealed by state assembly election results is as follows : (I) In a number of staes, the decline of the congress was caused by the growth of one or other party, resulting in a two-party system in which both congress and the other party have been able to form governments on their own. This is the case in M. P. Rajasthan, H. P., Gujarat, A. P. Orrissa and Assam. (II) yet another set of states reveal a pattern that is not quite a two party system, but analogous to it in the sense that there exist two poles in the party system, with one or more parties clustered at each pole. This bipolar pattern occurred in Maharas- tra, Haryana, Tamilnadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. The last named three states have evolved a stable bipolar system comprising of a left front coalition opposed by a congress or congress coalition some change in this pattern has occurred in Bengal by the breaking away of Mamata Banerjee's Trinmul congress form the congress and her subsequent aligning at the national level with the B.J.P. but the consequent weakening of the congress has left the party system in the state essentially unaltered as a bipolar structure. (III) A Multiparty system without a clear bipolar party system exists in U.P., Karnataka, Jharkhand and Bihar. Of course Karnataka after weakening of the Janta Dal In Karnataka and two-party pattern seems likely to be established there as well. The term ``Coalition as it is generally used in political science2, is a direct descendant of the exiencies of a multi-party system in a democratic set-up. It is a phenomenon of a multiparty government where a number of minority parties join hands for the purpose of running the government, which is otherwise not possible in a democracy based on a one-party system. A coalition is formed when many splinter groups in a house agree to join hands on a common platform by sinking their broad differences and form a majority in the house. It is an astonishing chorus of discords. Meaning and nature of coalition Politics The term ``Coalition'' is derived from the Latin word ""Coalition'' Which is the verbal substantive of coalescere-co, which means together and aleceere, which means to go or to grow to gether. According to the dictionary meaning coalition means an act of coalescing, or uniting into one body, a union of persons, states or an alliance. It is a combination of a body or parts into one whole. In the strict political sense the word ""Coalition'' is used for an alliance or temporary for joint action of various powers or states and also of the union into a single government of distince parties or members of disctinct parties. According to ogg... ""the term coalition as employed in a political scense, commonly denotes a co-operative arrangement under which distinct political parties, or at all events members of such parties unite to form a government or ministry.'' PARTY SYSTEM, PARTY POLITICS AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA 41 The system of coalitions has certain important implications firstly coalitions are forms for the sake of some reward, material or psychic. Secondly , a coalition implies the existence of at least two partners. Thirdly, the underlying principle of a coalition system stands on the simple fact of temporary conjunction of specific affair as coalition players and groups dissolve, and form new ones lastly, the purpose of a coalition adjustment is to seize power, it may seek to stake its claim for formation of a ministry or for pulling a ministry down. In continental countries where there is multi-party system, coalitions are the rule, not the exception There have usually been coalitions in France, Switzerland atnd in Scandinavian Countries. There are multiplicity of parties which range from six to seven in France and Germany and in these countries coalition provides a workable means where by the machinery of the state is efficaciously run. Coalition Government Coalition government are quite common in India. It is shown that they arise as a result of the electoral system and are subject to the sociopolitical conditions prevalent in the country. Apparently it seems that coalition governments at the centre are likely to continue in view of the diversity of our polity and the nature of the electoral system in India. Our experience of multi-party governments until now is not happy one But this interpretation is highly ad-hoc and simplistic and onesided. If there is ideological cohesion and unanimity regarding programmes between coalition partners (parties) then these governments will be stable and strong striking examples we find are at state level states like West Bengal and Kerala have ruled by left parties by democratic fronts. Coalition culture should be evolved3 As India has entered in the era of coalition governments since late eighties (1989) at the centre questions have been raised over the stability and smooth governance of the coalitions with alliances coming to stay in the wake of fractured verdicts political parties would evolve a ""Coalition Culture'' by learning to ""accommodate'' and be ""Flexible' towards their partners to ensure a complete run of their government. The instances of stable coalitions in west Bengal and Kerala for over two decades are before us. Now we should develop a coalition culture at the national level. In an alliance of parties with opposing ideologies, the partners should be able to accommodate and modify their programmes to arrive at decisions to move forward because perfor- mance is important as stability. Political parties will have to behave responsible in running coalitions. Coalition politics can be made successful if : 1. The Leaders of various Parties develop a culture of running coalition. 2. The alliance partners are accommodative to the programmes and ideologies. 3. The largest party of the coalition provide leadership, views and interest of smaller groups. 4. All allies participate in government. 5. If it is no possible, then support should be to a large group from a small group outside for more stable government. 42 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 6. All the parties in a coalition should be part of the government, the idea of any one party giving outside support is not advisable coalition partners should have common programme in order to provide stability to the government. 7. There should be transperancy of Policy decisions. 8. There should be a concensus leader as a prime minister. 9. Coalition government should seek unconditional support from alliance partners. 10. To moniter the coalition government there must be a high power committee to check mat the indisciplined leaders and parties. Two conditions have to be met for a coalition government to be effective : Coalitional partners must lose their hard ideological edge in order to be able to work with other parties and they must lose some of their internal cohesion if the party is to take a view at the centre that on occasion goes against the interest of the party in the state. Fairly important dimentions of coalition government are conflict4 management and conflict resolution among coalition partners opinion leaders are to have a tight rope walk to build up consensus while taking intricate policy decisions. When ideological distances are not wide or partners are nearer policy formulations are easier. But in actual situations in the process of coalition bargaining leaders are often seen to be manipulative. In a multi party coalition situation be it at political level or governmen- tal fold, political actors devise shrewd strategies to maximize benefits and the distribution of the same. The coalition with the largest participation of parties ensure wider representation also. But political parties as they are, almost always vie with each other for office. The party or parties extending support to the incoming coalition structure seek every possible opportunity to influence policy formulation processes of the coalition government. In view of coalition situations for the past fifteen years in India and in several of its constituent states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharastra, Karnataka, Bihar, Kerala and West Bangal since late seventies the politicians across the national and state parties as also the political analysis are crying hoarse that this trend of coalition government building is irreversible and as we have finally entered into a totality of coalition era. It is time that the system would ultimately result in the institutionalising of coalition government at the centre and the states. The systemic dynamics is delicate. The Process of coalition politics is seminal both in societal and political levels. Even political parties are to make coalition of interest and strategies pursuing their games of power grabbing and policy making as an alternative. Coalition politics is not necessarily reflected in coalition government building Indian society has now been totally fractured in caste, communal linguistic and ethnic lines. The delicate unity that existed before has been torn a part by sectarian state politician for their individual or party interests very often in most circumstances objective, ideological, or universal policy considerations are of marginal significance. They try to mobilize caste, communal and ethnic groups and their sentiments and attempt to forge a simple political coalition to form the government at the state levels and aspire for larger payoffs in the central government. It is a two way bargaining process to PARTY SYSTEM, PARTY POLITICS AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA 43 share largest possible gains at the central government and taking the opportunity to maintain the freedom at the state level. The government formed on the baiss of political coalition that have their roots in genuine social coalition is never a weak formation even if it is of a shorter tenure. But except in West Bengal and kerala to an extent, this is hardly a proposition in states having coalition governments resulting from post poll coalition to grab office only. The examples at hand are Karnataka and Bihar (Before this present Nitishkumar government) as at present. Indian experience in government making is unique and variegated. NOw since 1989 it has been a recurrent phenomenon, minority coalition government surviving from outside support of political parties not joining the government. Strictly speaking a coalition government is formed when a number of parties like two three or more all participating in, as found in Turkey, Israel, Malaysia etc,. in the East or European countries on the west, It is almost a regular feature there. In India this is few and far between and found only twicc in 1977 the Janata party regime and in 1998 and 1999 the NDA regimes. All other formations are minority coalition governments supported by other parties from outside formally or informally for reasons of their own political interests. In 1979 Charan Singh's Janata party faction with a few others ruled for a few months without facing parliament on the manipulative support of the Indira congress. In 1989 Viswanath Pratap Singh with only 131 Janata Dal MPs formed a minority government with outside support by the BJP on the one side and CPI, CPM and other left parties on the other. Such was Chandra Sekhar's government in 1991. In 1991 election the Congress party with 224 seats under the leadership of Narsimha Rao came to power and stayed in office for the full term because none of 40 odd parties opposed the government and ultimately Mr. Rao manipulateda tenuous majority in the Lok Sabha. Both Devegowda and Inder Gujaral survived with outside support of the congress. In these two minority governments CPI participated, with willing support the CPM and other left parties remained out side the government. Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1999 with 24 parties formed a genuine coalition government, Telugu Desam party a member of the NDA though, without sharing the ministerial office extended its support all through. As indicated above, none of the coalition governments at the centre5 (except the last one NDA) right from the Janata government in 1977 have lasted their full term in fact the average of these has been only about 12 months. As a result of this, the country was forced to have premature elections in 1980, 1991, 1998 and 1999. These governments have been unstable, mainly due to opportunistic politics, absence of any common policy or programme and parties trying to jockey for longterm electoral advantage in the next elections. The last Vajpayee government lasted its full term because Vajpayee and the NDA government had learnt the dynamics of coalition politics by trying to accommodate regional aspirations and demands with a national agenda for governance. In the process, some of BJP's own items on their agenda (Building of a Ram Mandir in Ayodhya and a common Civil code) had been put in the background or altogether sidelined. The present congress coalition of 18 parties having a total of 224 seats in parliament as a minority government has been playing a strong number games, the 44 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 left parties with their 61 members, in exchange for considerations are supporting from outside not participating in united progressive alliance(UPA) although accepted the most important post of the speaker as did the TDP earlier in NDA regime. The post of the speaker, as observed during these days in many a state legislature in situation of party split and politics of defections, appears to be important. In political crisis situation the speaker of the house may play a decisive role. The CPM is trying to push its agenda and make the congress party sometimes irritatingly accept its policy perspective in a big way. Though the congress and its allies are a minority government, yet it is the strongest during the past two and a half decades. With the post election support of Mulayam Singh from outside with his 36 MPs Manmohan Singh's minority government will survive even if the left parities withdraw support a rare possibility though particularly when mayawati and her BSP with 19 MPs, not opposing this government. This is really a unique experiment in contemporary Indian Politics, political observers have been confronting with. Be it a real coalition government or a minority coalition government as at present the facts that are to be objectively considered are (1) the size of winning coalitions (2) the basis on which coalitions or minority coalition governments are formed (3) the distributions of offices among the winning members and duration of the formation (The social Science Encyclopedia). Upon a sound- calculation and strategy and even manipulation the tenure of the Manmohan Singh's government is supposed to survive its full term. In the ongoing process of fighting BJP and to experiment with present version of Indian consensual politics the Manmohan Singh minority coalition possible may achieve the status of a genuine coalition government. Indian political system is quite resilient and as observed during the last three decades, the systemicethos is expected to absorb coalition culture of a different variety because of the unique ground realities in a sub-continental dimension. Notes :- 1. Anindya Saha ``The Indian Party system 1989-99 seminar August 1999 issue no 480 p-21, 22. 2. Babulal Fadia ``Coalition politics in the indian states'' State politics in India volume I, Rawat Publication, New Delhi, 1984, P.401, 402. 3. Meenu Roy-Indian Democracy at 50 in edited by Zenab Banu Decline and fall of Indian politics Kanish Publisher-New Delhi, 1999 P.184, 185. 4. Amiya K. Chaudhuri - Minority Government : Coalition politics Indian experiements P.407, 408, 410. The Indian Journal of political science, vol. LXVI, No.2, April- June, 2005 5. Ravi P. Bhatia - Structural Basis of coalition Governments, P.149. The Indian Journal of political Science, Vol.64, No.1-2, Jan-June-2003.

Paper was presented in a National Seminar on ``Structure and Dynamics of Indian politics'', organized by the Dept. of Political Science, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, held on 16, 17 January 2006. ❑ VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 45 VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS : STYLE VERSUS CONTENT (A CASE STUDY)

n DR. H. C. SARDAR S. D. School of Commerce Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009.

SUMMARY he increasing trend in voluntary disclosures has become apparent during the past few Tyears. Many reasons can be attributed to this phenomenon. The investigation of differences between mandatory disclosures and voluntary disclosures was taken up as the first objective of this paper. These two were found and hence voluntary disclosures were considered to be fulfilling a complementary role. In order to check the actual practice of voluntary disclosures, CONTENT ANALYSIS of annual corporate reports of Wipro Limited for the years 1996-97 to 2000-01 was done. This comprised of the second objective of this paper. It was found that while the size of the reports doubled during these years, the space allocated for voluntary disclosures increased five fold. Both textual and non-textual means of communications were found to be used for voluntary disclosures. A lot of innovation was observed in the report of 2000-01. The analysis of the contents indicate that this company used the path of voluntary disclosures to take full advantage of this means of communication for transferring information from its private domain to the Public domain. The third objective of this paper was to examine the future of voluntary disclosures for Indian Corporate Sector. A 8 comparison of the case of Wipro with that of Infosys displayed two extreme poles of voluntary disclosures. Infosys gave a lot of additional accounting information such as inflation 46 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 accounting, value added etc. Wipro tended to use the voluntary disclosures more in the advertising mode. A company of the stature of Wipro could easily have disclosed more accounting information to fulfill its commitments and to cover the gaps in mandatory ones. Yet it chose not to do so while Infosys utilized this opportunity to the fullest extent. Voluntary disclosures would mean more effort in preparation of the reports as well as larger expenditure. The two extreme provide a lot ot scope for other companies to follow. It would be advisable to employ a judicious mixture of both. A more humane approach coupled with wider disclosure of accounting mixture of both. A more humane approach coupled with wiser disclosure of accounting information would enable the companies to retain the flexibility of voluntary disclosures or else they would be under the threat to be brought under the purview of mandatory requirements. 1. INTRODUCTION With the industrial revolution came the change in the business organization. Its ownership shifted from individuals to a corporate body, which has a distinct identity, separate from its owners. This change also extended the interest in the business from individual level to more public domain. Be it a small business or a conglomerate, a partnership firm or a public sector enterprise, a manufacturing business or a service sector industry, all the parties who had direct or indirect interest in any business needed information about the business. Keeping in view the interest of society at large and the rights of the people directly related with a business, governmental imposition regarding revelation of information about a business enterprise evolved as far back as the Babylonian empire (Kapadia, 2000)1. We must also not forget that the writings of Kautilya also point to the existence of quite a well- -developed system of state level accounting in India. (Ibid) Even before the change in the organization of business on modern lines, financial records were systematically maintained for business activities. It was in the nineteenth century that this took up a more formalized form and later developed into a specialized profession. With the promulgation of the Indian Companies’ Act, the public dissemination of financial information of a business enterprise became the right of the government and the society. Disclosure of financial information about business enterprises developed into the formalized form of annual reports the world over. The Annual Reports of a company became the first reference documents available in the public domain for all interested parties such as government and other regulatory bodies, competitors and collaborators; shareholders and employees of the company, stock exchanges, stock brokers and allied professionals, academicians and the public at large. Even for the company itself they provided valuable historical record of progress, of success and of failures. During the last 25 years a lot of changes have slowly crept up in the way business activities are performed. The world has almost become a global village with the proliferation of multinational enterprises, expansion and integration of markets and dispersion of manufacturing activities. Consequently, the financial reporting system of corporate entities has also undergone considerable changes. It is now not only compulsory under different regulations, but also the companies themselves see it as a way of building up their business. The most recent development in the area of financial reporting is the inclusion of additional information beyond the legal and regulatory requirements. This information VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 47 is clubbed under ‘VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES’ to distinguish it from other disclosures in the annual reports of a company. Since this is a recent phenomenon and it is more significant as the companies are not under any compulsion to declare any voluntary information, an attempt is made in this paper to study ‘VOLUNTARY DISCLOURES IN THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF INDIAN COMPANIES’. 2. OBJECTIVES Voluntary disclosures cover a more heterogeneous area than mandatory disclosures in the Annul Reports. There is no strict format available for this part. In view of these facts and the increasing importance of voluntary disclosures, the objectives of this paper are as follows : Analysis of differences between mandatory disclosures and voluntary disclosures in terms of objectives, method of reporting, items in the report, its significance, the uses of the disclosures etc. The second objective is to undertake a case analysis of voluntary disclosures by a company. To investigate the future of voluntary disclosure in the Indian context. Secondary reference material, in the form of books, journals, newspapers and annual reports of companies were used to garner information about voluntary disclosures. WIPRO was the company chosen for case study. Its annual reports from 1996-97 to 2000-01 were used for the case study. CONTENT ANALYSIS method was used to analyse the voluntary part of the annual reports.

3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES AND MANDATORY DISCLOSURES. When information about the business is transferred by a corporate body from the private domain to the public domain, it is called “disclosure” (Kohler, 1979)2; American Accounting Association, 1972, 1977)3. The history of financial disclosures in a formalized form dates back to the nineteenth century. Over the years the mandatory disclosures have obtained universal acceptance so much so that now wherever corporate bodies have legally registered existence, there also exist norms for mandatory financial disclosures. During the last twenty-five years, a lot of changes have taken place in the rules for mandatory disclosures due to several reasons, which are : The changes in the business organization The closer interaction between corporate bodies and the government The growing stakes of the public in business Changes in corporate responsibilities, which now include social responsibilities apart from its usual ones. Another major change, which occurred in corporate financial reporting, was that now additional information-over and above the mandatory requirements – was being disclosed by the companies. This new phenomenon was called “VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES” to distinguish it from the mandatory part. Some of the objectives of this Voluntary Disclosure were the same as those the Mandatory Disclosures, but others were quite different as there was no compulsion for Voluntary Disclosures. Besides the manner of Voluntary Disclosures is quite different from the Mandatory ones. A comprehensive comparison of the two categories of disclosures revealed the following major differences : 48 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 1. Mandatory disclosures are obligatory under law whereas no such obligation exists for voluntary disclosures. 2. All registered corporate bodies must disclosure mandatory information whereas voluntary disclosures would not cover 100% of the corporate sector. 3. The main objective of the Mandatory Disclosures is to meet legal requirements. This is not the case for the Voluntary ones. 4. The main users of information contained in Mandatory disclosures are the Government, regulatory bodies, shareholders, employees of the company, researchers and academicians and potential business partners, etc. The same group of users would be there for Voluntary Disclosures also. 5. The uses to which these two types of Disclosures are put would be different. Voluntary Disclosures would first be evaluated on the basis of readiness of the company to share information and to be more open. It would be an image building exercise rather than a penalty evading exercise. Therefore, voluntary disclosures would be put to more positive uses than mandatory disclosures. Mandatory Disclosures are evaluated on the basis of their adherence to prescribed norms. This would reflect whether the company is toeing the required line or not. Voluntary Disclosures on the other hand would be the indicators of progressive management and how public oriented the company is. 6. Mandatory disclosures have to follow the prescribed format by and large. No such standard format is available for Voluntary ones. 7. Mandatory Disclosures contain a lot of quantitative factual information, whereas Voluntary Disclosures are more qualitative in nature. 8. Mandatory Disclosures have to be published periodically, as per the requirements of the various regulatory bodies voluntary disclosure are generally published along with mandatory ones but there is no regulatory or legal time schedule fixed for them. It is also not necessary that Voluntary Disclosure once given on a particular aspect be repeated periodically by company. 9. Mandatory disclosures contain both qualitative and quantitative data. Both these types of information also form part of Voluntary Disclosures. There is a lot of difference in the items which is contained in to two types of Disclosures. Further there is generally no repetition of information in the two types of disclosures. By and large, the Voluntary part contains information in addition to the information contained in the Mandatory part. Photographic and statistical information generally form part of the Voluntary disclosures only and not mandatory ones. 10. These two types of disclosures differ from each other considerably on the basis of their significance also. Mandatory disclosures form the right of the shareholders to be acquainted with the position of the business at specific intervals on the ground that the capital of the company comes from the shareholders. A company is also responsible for providing information to VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 49 supervisors, since all business activities are supervised to a certain extent by the rules and regulations of the government and other bodies. Voluntary Disclosures, on the other hand, have a more social significance. The mere fact that a company reveals some information about itself on a voluntary basis indicates the presence of awareness of social responsibilities. It is also possible to highlight the achievements, future plans and other specific features through Voluntary Disclosures. These also provide a more humane element to the technical annual financial reports. 11. Several awards have been instituted to evaluate the efficacy of financial reporting of the companies. Judgment is based on both Mandatory and voluntary information. For Mandatory information the adherence to the prescribed norms forms the basis of the judgment. This process is more subjective for Voluntary Disclosures. 12. Mandatory Disclosures by themselves are enough. Voluntary Disclosures are supplementary to the Mandatory information and can never substitute for it. The above analysis shows that Voluntary Disclosures are quite different from Mandatory Disclosures. The increase in Voluntary disclosures is also a recent phenomenon and therefore needs closer investigation. A review of how Voluntary Disclosures have been changing in the recent times is done in the following sections, using information about WIPRO Ltd., with the help of content analysis.

4. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES BY WIPRO LIMITED : Wipro Limited, with Mr. Azim Premji at its helm since 1968, has traveled a long way to become the topmost Infotech Company from India with a global presence. It also has a long history of diversification in the areas of health care, lighting, consumer care etc. With the expectation that such a company would keep abreast of the latest trend in disclosure practices, it was taken up for the case study. CONTENT ANALYSIS is a tool mostly used to analyze documentary material, when such material is in structured form. The aim of this analysis is to investigate the messages contained in the document. Therefore, content analysis is qualitative in nature (Kothari, 2001)4. In this paper both simple and subtle methods of content analysis were used. The simple method was used to work out the probable objective behind the disclosure of various items given in voluntary disclosures. For the content analysis, Annual Reports of Wipro Limited from the year 1996-97 to 2000-01 were studied. The contents of the Voluntary Disclosures in these reports were investigated on the following four points : a) Allocation of space in the reports b) Features of the cover Page and back cover c) Utilization of means of communication other than text and d) Highlights of Executive Summary and/or Chairman’s Letter a) Allocation of Space in the Reports : Disclosures aim at transferring information from the private domain of the company to the public domain. Naturally, more the space devoted to Voluntary Disclosures, larger would the disclosures. But, this also has to be evaluated on a 50 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 comparative basis, i.e. what percentage of the total space of the annual report has been devoted to the Voluntary part. The front and the back covers were excluded from this count as they were analysed separately. Table 1 below gives the details of the space allocation. The annual reports of the company doubled in size during the five years under consideration but the portion devoted to voluntary disclosures increased five folds, from five in 1996-97 to 27 in 2000-01. One remarkable point to be observed is that in 1999-2000, the actual numbers of total pages in the report were reduced by nearly 24% (from 84 to 64) over the previous year, the reduction in the number of pages allocated to V.D. was only 16% (from 12 to 10). In 1998-99, 12 pages were kept for V.D., which was the same in the previous year. But since this report had more pages than the previous year, the allocation in percentage terms shows a decline.

TABLE 1 SPACE ALLOCATION FOR VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN ANNUAL REPORTS OF WIPRO LIMITED YEAR NO.OFPAGES NO. OF PAGES PERCENTAGE ALLOCATION TOTAL FOR V.D. FOR V.D.+

1996-97 55 05 9.09% 1997-98 75 12 16 % 1998-99 84 12 14.28% 1999-2000 64 10 15.63% 2000-01 121* 27 22.31% * The total number of pages in this report was 208. By this time this company was listed in the US also. Therefore, this report contained Mandatory financial information as required under the US laws from pages 122-208. This has been excluded to maintain uniformity over the years for comparison. +V.D.-Voluntary Disclosures. The size of the report remained constant throughout these years, except for the increase in number of pages. b) Features of the Cover Page and back cover : The cover page is of maximum strategic importance where V.D. is concerned. The significant features of the cover page and the back covers of the annual reports under investigation are described below, year wise. 1996-97 The color was gray with a panel of a different hue in between and the name of the company with its simple logo was given on the right hand side bottom. The inside of the front cover contained important information about the address of the various corporate offices of the organization and the names of the members of its executive council. Both sides of the back cover were blank. 1997-98 In contrast to the previous year, the front cover of this report was very colorful VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 51 with the background in rainbow colors. The logo of the company was made of a sunflower with the repeat of the rainbow colors in diagonal stripes. A different font was used to print the name of the company. More significant was the fact that the caption “applying thought” was inserted just under the name of the company in a prominent manner. The theme of “applying thought” was later emphasized throughout the report, giving full indication of the special efforts of the company. The inside of the front cover carried the same information as the previous year but with some important addition. Apart from repeating the logo of the company and the accompanying caption, four more areas of activities were highlighted using smaller logos. These were: Human value, Integrity, Innovative Solutions and Value for Money. A most effective way to transmit USP of the company. The same thing was repeated, in bolder print on the last page of the report to catch the eye. The inside back cover carried the four logos and the explanation of the four logos in very attractive language, explaining the promise of the company represented by the four logos. The back cover was also very colorful with the rainbow colors being repeated in diagonal stripes. When compared with the last year the cover pages indicate the crucial change in the image of the company in its own conception as well as a strong attempt to build up a new image in the minds of the people. 1998-99 This year the cover page was more sober compared to last year. The theme of rainbow color was continued but instead of the whole page, they inserted in the form of a panel on a white background. The logo and motto of the company were given at the center of the bottom part and in smaller print than the last year. The inside of the cover page was blank and the information given on it during the previous years was given on the opening page of the report. The inside of the back cover remained the same as the previous year. The back cover was also very somber with the logo, motto and the address of the company being given at the bottom end. 1999-2000 There was no change in both the cover pages from the last year. 2000-01 This year the cover pages underwent a metamorphosis. The logo and motto of the company was placed on the right hand top corner in a white circle. The over all background was of blackish gray with depiction of earth’s silhouette in blackish blue and several spheres in different colors depicting planets. More important was the caption “MIND ACROSS BORDERS” printed in very bold letters to indicate the expansion of the activities of the company at global level. The cover page had a double fold and the inside part of the cover page had a very interesting presentation of the contents. The inside folds of the cover page the summary of financial information in an easily understood format. It presented segment-wise business performance for the financial year. The highlights were presented using one line graph, five bar diagrams, one three-dimensional diagram and one pie diagram. The first page of the report was almost a continuation of the cover page in the sense that along with the photograph of the first page it also carried a brief statement about the aims, goals, commitments and prospects of the company. The addresses of the registered offices were given on the inside part of the back cover, which was a uniform black. For the first time the name of the printers was mentioned on the back cover. 52 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 c) Utilization of Means of Communication Other than Text : Since V.D. need not follow a fixed format like that of mandatory Disclosures, a lot of scope exists for communicating information about the company for it. The ideal output should be such that the information appeals to the user, is user friendly, manages to convey the message of the company in the most effective manner, does not give rise to doubts and gives proof of how the company has kept its promises. The company would also need to take care that the information thus disclosed does not jeopardize it in any way. V.Ds. would automatically involve a lot of textual information. In this section, the analysis is limited to means of communication other than text. Table 2 below gives the details of the items of communication used in these reports. TABLE 2 USE OF NON-TEXTUAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE ANNUAL REPORTS ITEM/YEAR 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001 TABLES 1131 0+ BAR CHARTS 4000 0 LINE GRAPHS 0444 STRUCTURAL DIAGRAMS 0012 7 PHOTOGRAPHS (PRODUCTS) 4 5 3* 2 0 PHOTOGRAPHS (PREMISES) 2103 5 PHOTOGRAPHS (EMPLOYEES & 0111 19 EXECUTIVES) RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 0000 3 * One photograph includes 12 products another shows 11 products. + The table and bar charts for this year were given on the inside part of the front cover. Moreover, since this has already been mentioned during the discussion about the cover page, it is not being included here. d) Highlights of Executive Summary/Chairman’s Letter : The Chairman’s Report formed the main part of the textual content of the voluntary disclosures in the reports. In 1996-97 the main achievements of the company were highlighted in the form of Executive Summary. From next year onwards this Executive Summary was given as the concluding part of the Chairman’s letter addressed to the interested parties. In 1997-98 this letter was addressed to the “Stakeholders”, to the “Customers, Employees and Shareholders” in 1998-99, and thereafter again to the “stakeholders” in the last two years. Every year the letter carried the signature of Mr. Premji except in 2000-01. Apart from this letter, separate information about the various subsidiary companies was also given. The space allocation for the various subsidiary companies was also given. The space allocation for the various years on these items is given in Table 3 below: VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 53 TABLE 3 SPACE ALLOCAITON FOR TEXTUAL INFORMATION ITEMS/YEARS 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 Chairman’s Letter+13424 Corporate 10002 Profile Technologies 21136 Infotech 13324 Consumer Care 11125 + And/or Executive Summary It would be relevant to mention here that in 2000-01 a lot of charts, diagrams and photographs were used along with the text for the various components of the group. Appendix 1, 2 and 3 give the year wise items, which were mentioned in the Executive summary, Chairman’s letter for Wipro Infotech. This exercise was not carried out for the other subsidiaries as the areas covered were almost the same as those for Infotech and such minute details were not able to throw more light on the voluntary disclosures. The picture which emerge from this analysis is : • This company has not given any additional accounting information about itself in the form of voluntary disclosures. Appendix 4 lists the possible accounting information, which could be disclosed on a voluntary basis. The items listed there give a better insight into the financial health of the company. Some of these items relate to the social responsibility of the company. One really wonders why an outstanding company like Wipro did not give any accounting information on voluntary basis during all these years. • Wipro had also given financial information according to the US GAAP in 2000-01. This was because by that time it was listed in the USA too. • Visually the report had improved tremendously during these years. The presentation of information was innovative and easily comprehensible, even by a layperson. The layout was well planned and the photographs strategically placed to attract the reader. This increasing emphasis was on six sigma through out these reports amply brings out the fact that this is the unique strength of the company where quality assurance is concerned. The focus of people and employees brings out the social spirit of the company. 5. FUTURE OF VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IIN INDIAN CONTEXT : The case of Wipro cannot be taken as the role model for the entire corporate sector for investigating the future of voluntary disclosures. To over come the bias in a case study a small investigation of another company belonging to the same area – Infosys was taken up. Apart from many textual and non-textual items (similar to those disclosed by Wipro), this company gave information as listed in Table-4 below. It can be seen from this table that Infosys has been reporting approximately 13 items out of the possible 29 items of voluntary accounting disclosures listed in Appendix 4. 54 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Further the practice adopted in 1996-97 was continued on a fairly consistent basis throughout the years. No doubt Infosys has been winning best awards for financial reporting during these years. TABLE 4 VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE ITEMS OF INFOSYS ITEM / YEAR 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 Inflation Accounting 00001 Human Resource Accounting 11111 Value added statement 11111 Economic Value Added 11111 Social Accounting 11000 Significant Ratios 11111 Shareholder Information 11111 Geographical Segment 11111 Share holding Pattern 11111 Brand Valuation 11111 Management Structure 11111 Intangible assets Score sheet 11111 Note 1 indicates the information was given and 0 indicates the information was not given. The example of Infosys presents quite a contrast to that of Wipro. Both these companies belong to the same sector. Wipro is more diversified in its activities than Infosys but their core business is the same. Both have a good reputation and are brand leaders. Now it becomes even more imperative to find out the possible reasons why Wipro chose not to declare additional accounting information. Some of the possible reasons are : It might not have felt it necessary to disclose the information, as it was not mandatorily required. It might have felt that this information will not be utilized much compared to other textual and non-textual information. It might not have wanted to spend time and money to provide this information. It might not have wanted to follow the example of Infosys, as it is a near rival. There may be some other reasons not directly traceable from the second hand information of the reports. With these two extreme examples one can now investigate the future of voluntary disclosures in Indian context. The conclusions, which have been drawn by me are : 1) The first point is to determine whether some voluntary disclosure should become essential part of the annual corporate or not. For this our recommendation is that all companies must strive to disclose as much information on voluntary basis as possible without jeopardizing their business in any manner. This needs to be done in view of the changing concept of a business organization from a purely commercial one to one with a lot of social responsibilities. VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS 55 2) The second recommendation is about the additional accounting information. It is quite crucial that companies should now start providing information on significant aspects such as inflation accounting etc. They would be quite useful for all categories of users of the annual reports. 3) The companies must start providing more and more accounting information on voluntary basis, as they will manage to retain the flexibility of the voluntary aspect. In case they do not take this step now, it is quite likely that these may sooner or later be imposed on them in the form of mandatory disclosures. 4) Next the question comes whether come lessons can be learnt from the Case of Wipro also. By the increase in the coverage of voluntary disclosures, in terms of allocation of space and use of techniques, it is obvious that Wipro considered these items of high utility. The same would apply for any Indian company and therefore it is recommended that every company can gain by presenting more information about the company. 5) The emphases on six sigma by Wipro clearly bring out this as its strength. Other companies can emulate this example too. 6) The quality of printing, layout, selection and placing of photographs, various graphs, diagrams and charts were found to be unique features of the reports of Wipro. Another companies to improve the visual and contextual contents of their reports can use this example. 7) The formal institutions, such as ICAI etc. can work towards developing some methodology for evolving uniformity in voluntary disclosures also. It would go a long way in helping the smaller companies to improve their reporting system as they may not have the capacity to disclose information in the most advantageous manner which Wipro and Infosys have. VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES is still an uncharted area where more investigation is required. This is necessary not only from the point of view of research but to provide guidelines to the companies in general. The main objective of this paper was to bring the focus of this august community to the area of Voluntary disclosures. References : 1 Kapadia, G.P., 2000, History of Accountancy Profession in India, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, New Delhi, p18 2 Kohler Eric, L.A., 1979, Dictionary for Accountants, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, p 180. 3 American Accounting Association, 1972, Report of the Committee on Basic Auditing Concept, Supplement to the Accounting Review, p 23. American Accounting Association, 1977, Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting, Elements of financial statements and their Mea- surement, June, p 19. 4 Kothari, C.R., 2001, Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi 56 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 SCORES ALLOCATED : 1= MENIONED, 0= NOT MENTIONED APPENDIX 1 ITEMS HIGHLIGHTED IN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF ANNUAL REPORTS OF WIPRO LTD. ITEM / YEAR 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 SALES 1 1 1 PROFIT AFTER TAX 1 1 1 SOFTWARE EXPORT 1 1 1 PRODUCT/ACTIVITY WISE RANKING OF VARIOUS UNITS 1 1 1 R & D COST 1 1 1 GROWTH RATE 1 1 1 AWARDS 1 1 1 BELIEFS 1 0 0 SIX SIGMA 1 1 1 VISION FOR YR2000/ 5 YR PLAN 1 1 1 ISO 9002 CERT. 0 1 0 SEI CERTIFICATE 0 1 1 PROMISES 0 1 1 FUTURE 0 1 0 FUTURE STRATEGY 0 1 1 CURRENT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT 0 0 1 APPENDIX 2 SALIENT FEATURES OF CHAIRMAN’S LETTER IN ANNUAL REPORTS OF WIPRO LTD. ITEM/YEAR 1999-2000 2000-2001 ACHIEVEMENT OF GOAL OF PAT 1 1 EMPHASIS ON QUALITY, PEOPLE & STRATEGIC DIRECTION1 1 SIX SIGMA 1 1 SEI CERTIFICATE 1 1 BLACK BELT TECHNICAL EXPERTS 1 1 ISO CERTIFICATE 1 0 EMPLOYEES 1 1 THANKS TO CONTRIBUTORS FOR SUCCESS 1 1 CUSTOMERS PROMISE 1 1 GROWTH RATE 0 1 VISION 0 1 BUSINESS LEADERSHIP 0 1 CUSTOMER LEADERSHIP 0 1 PEOPLE LEADERSHIP 0 1 BRAND LEADERSHIP 0 1 AWARDS 0 1 E CULTURE 0 1 INNOVATION 0 1 FUTURE❑ 0 1 A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH 57 A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH

n Solanki H. A. 1, Patel J. M. 2, Majethiya H.V. 2 1Department of Botany, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-9 2Department of Geology, R. R. Lalan College, Bhuj, Kachchh-370001 Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT :

achchh is a significant area of Mesozoic sedimentation in India. It has varied Klithostratigrphy, depositional environments, tectonic history and faunal-floral fossil assemblage. In Kachchh Mesozoic sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Bathonian to Aptian are beautifully exposed and extended along east-west in almost the whole length of Mainland Kachchh. The Mesozoic rocks are the good source of megaflora study as varied plant mega fossils are well preserved in these rocks. Considerable work has been done by the scientists and research students on biostratigraphy but yet much to explore. Key Words: Mesozoic, Stratigraphy, Formation, Megaflora Introduction The sedimentary basin of Kachchh is an east-west oriented pericratonic rift basin at the westernmost periphery of the Indian craton (Biswas 1978, Biswas,2002) between Latitude 22o30’ and 24o30’ N and Longitude 68o and 72o E. The basin is a fossil rift at the southern end of the Indus shelf and is bordered on the north by the fossil rifts of Thar and Southern Indus basins. The basin is filled up with 5000 to 8000 ft. of Mesozoic sediments ranging in age from Middle Jurassic to Lower 9 Cretaceous are exposed in the following six disconnected areas which are major uplift zones and form highlands (i) Kachchh Mainland (ii) Pachcham Island (iii) Khadir Island (iv) Bela Island 58 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 (v) Chorar Island (vi) Wagad. These outcrop areas are separated by great and little Ranns of Kachchh and Banni Plain. The total area of Kachchh sedimentary basin is about 16,500 sq. miles of which outcrop areas include only 5000 sq. miles. Stratigraphy of the Area and Megaflora The stratigraphy of Kachchh consists of Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary formations (Kar - 1985, Bijal Prasad - 2002 and Biswas - 2002)(Table – 1). The Mesozoic formation comprise Late Triassic (Rhaetian) to Early Jurassic (Lias) continental, middle to late Jurassic Marine and Late Jurassic to Early cretaceous, Fluvio-deltaic sediments. The earliest rocks are not exposed. They are present in the subsurface of Banni. Sub basin Mesozoic sediments are the rift fill sediments and constitute the major part of the basin fill. The tertiary sediments are mostly shallow marine shelf sediments in the peripheral and intervening structural lows bordering Mesozoic uplift areas. The quaternary consist of wide variety of sediments ranging from marine to fluvial lacustrine and eolian. Maximum stratigraphic succession is exposed in Kachchh mainland. In the Northern and Eastern highlands only the lower part of the Mesozoic sequence bordered by late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments outcrops (Table 1). The stratigraphic sequence of mainland is divided into four formations named as Jhurio, Jumara, Jhuran and Bhuj formations in ascending order. The Bhuj formation is overlain by basic lower flows of Deccan Trap formation (Biswas, 1977) on the South while the base of Jhurio formation is unexposed. Jhurio formation Jhurio formation is a thick sequence of limestone and shale with bands of “golden oolites” in the lower part of the mainland and has been named after type section in Jhurio (Jhura) Hill in North Central mainland. Common fossils in this formation are Rhynchonella, Terebratula, Ostrea, Astarte, Trigonia, Belemnites and Macrocephalites (Invertebrate fossils of Phylum Mollusca). Jumara formation This is a thick argillaceous sequence characterized by shales with thin red bands alternating limestone and occasional sandstone interbeds, has been named after its type section in Jumara Hill near the Rann. This formation is the richest of all in fossil content. The type section and Keera dome are rich in varieties of Ammonites, Belemnites, Brachiopods, Pelecypods, Corals and Gastropods. Jhuran formation A thick sequence of alternating bands of sandstone and shale, exposed along the stream by the ruined Jhuran village between Lothia Dam and Roha hill, has been designated as the type section for the lower and middle members. Common fossils include Ammonites, Belemnites, Pelecypods, Gastropods, Corals and Echinoid. The formation is richly fossiliferous in the western mainland and becomes less and less fossiliferous towards the east. A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH 59 Bhuj Formation This formation is the youngest formation of Mesozoic of Kachchh, named after its type locality around Bhuj and is a huge thickness of non marine sandstones of uniform characters. This formation is defined by the marine beds of Jhuran formation below and Deccan trap lava flows above. It thickens as we move from east to west. Bhuj formation is enormously thick in the west and is divided into three informal members such as (i) Ghuneri, (ii) Ukra and (iii) the Upper members. The common fossils in Ukra member are ammonites and pelecypods. It is rich in macro and micro plant fossils in the shales of Ghuneri lower and upper members. Important plant beds are seen near Lakhapar, Darsadi, Jakh, Kukadbhit, Kurbai, Nangor and Manjal. The flora is typically upper Gondwana Ptilophyllum flora. Common forms are the species of Ptilophyllum, Williamsonia, Brachyphyllum, Pecopteris, Aurocarites, Taeneopteris, Cladophlebis, Equisetum, Elatocladus etc. Besides leaf impressions, large chunks of fossil wood and fossilized logs are seen in red ironstone bands of Ukra member (Map2).

Pachcham Island Formation The “Pachcham” series of old classification was described from Jhumara dome of the mainland which is included in the Jhurio formation. The Pachcham rocks are divided into lower Kaladonger formation and upper Goradunger formation. Kaladonger formation is a thick sequence of conglomerates, sandstone and shale fully developed in the Kaladonger Range of Pachcham Island – comprises the oldest stratigraphic unit. The section exposed in the lofty scarp facing the Rann below the highest Babia peak (1520 ft) and along the stream west of Narewari wandh. The lowest beds are exposed in Dingy Hill. Common fossils are Pelecypods, and gastropods. Petrified tree trunks are seen in conglomerate and sandstones. Goradunger formation is a sequence of limestone, shale and sandstone exposed above Kaladonger formation. The main reference section is exposed in the Gadaputa hill, east of Khavda. Common fossils are Pelecypods, Gastropods, Crinoid stems, plates and occasional Starfish (Indiaster Krishna, Rao, 1957).

Eastern Kachchh Formation The stratigraphy of this region is represented by interrelated rock units exposed in unconnected outcrops of Wagad, Khadir, Bela and Chorar. There, three map-able rock units have been recognized viz. the Khadir formation, Washtawa formation and Wagad formation. The Khadir formation includes the oldest beds of the sequence. The Washtawa formation appears to be equivalent of the uppermost part of the Khadir formation. The Wagad formation overlies both Khadir and Washtawa formation and its top is not exposed. Compared to mainland formations, these formations are dominantly aranaceous. Khadir formation: The rocks exposed in Khadir island have been included in this formation hence the name. The main reference section passing through Gadhada from the Northern most point at Cheriya bet to the Southern tip of the Island. The 60 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 basement is exposed in Meruda Hill, about 17 miles north of Khadir (Biswas, 1978). Common fossils are Corbula, Gervillia, Gastropods, Corals, Rhynchonells and Fossilwood. Washtawa formation: This formation occurs below the Wagad sandstone, named after its designated type section in Washtawa dome. It is consist of thickly bedded brown and red sandstones with intercalation of gypseous shales. Common fossils are pelecypods, gastropods, fossilwood and starfish. Wagad Sandstone: The sandstones overlying the Khadir and Washtawa formation in Northern and Central Wagad respectively, named after Wagad. Astarte, Trigonia, Ostrea, Modiola and Graphea are the common forms of Pelecypods occur besides ammonites, Belemnites and pieces of fossilwood. Impressions of ptilophyllum are occasionally found in Shaly beds of Gamdau member. The environment of deposition of the units indicates that Bathonian to Oxfordian (represented by the Kaladonger, Goradonger, Khadir, Washtawa , Jhurio and Jumara formations) was the period of transgression when the environment changed from Littoral to Neritic; and Post Oxfordian to Lower Cretaceous (represented by Wagad sandstone, Jhuran and Bhuj formations) was the period of regression, shifting the environment from neritic to fluvio-deltaic as the depositional centre moved out westward. Panandhro Lignite Field Formation The lignite seams and associated sediments of Panandhro formation have yielded a variety of pollen and spores, algae and phytoplanktons. Pteridophytic spores in the assemblages are referable to families Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodium-sporites), Schizeaceae (Lygodiumsporites) and Matoniaceae (Dandotiaspora). Recovered significant angiospermous pollen belong to families Alangiaceae, Apiaceae, Arecaceae (Proxapertites, Arengapollenites, Spinomonosulcites, Spinizonocolpites) Bombacaceae (Lakiapollis), Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Lecythidaceae (Barringtonia) Liliaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, Polygalaceae, Thymeliaceae and Rhizophoraceae. Very little megafossil information is available from the area (Lakhanpal and Guleria 1981and 1983). The taxa recorded include Terminalia (Combretaceae), Cinnamonum (Lauranceae) Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae), Ficus (Moraceae), Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and Pandanus (Pandanaceae). The Panandhro mega fossil assemblage is based only on leaf impressions and is almost devoid of carbonised woods (Lakhanpal and Guleria 1981 and 1983, Lakhanpal et al. 1984). It consists of 9 species, out of which 6 have been identified with 6 modern genera (Table -2 & 3). The remaining is decidedly dicotyledonous, and has been placed under the form genus Dicotylophyllum saporta. Plant Fossils through Geological Time The oldest record of microfossils, probably of cynobacterial affinity, is from the warrawoona group (Ca 3500 Ma) of Western Australia and Fig Tree Group of South Africa (Ca 3500-3000 Ma). Acritarchs, Filamentous algae, and colonial algae are common in Meso and Neoproterozoic rocks. The lower Silurian was the most A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH 61 significant time in the earth’s history when the terrestrial land plants came into existence from the aquatic ones having differentiation of micro-and megaspores. The land plants developed in a number of floras characterising Baragnawathia flora during Silurian, Sigillaria flora (Devonian), Lepidodendron Flora (Carboniferous), Glossopteris Flora (Permian), Dicroidium Flora (Triassic) and Ptilophyllum Flora (Jurassic and Early cretaceous period). Later on angiosperms came into existence in lower cretaceous and ruling the vegetation till date. Mega plant fossils of Kachchh The Jurassic-Lower cretaceous plant mega fossils of Kachchh are well preserved, varied and diversified; mainly belong to bryophytes, pteridophytes, ferns and gymnosperms with dominant occurrence of Ptilophyllum. The Middle Jurassic- Lower cretaceous plant fossils of Kachchh, Gondwana basins (Rajmahal, South Rewa, Satpura, Jabalpur) and non-Gondwanic sedimentary basin (Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery) are represented by plant fossil of Ptilophyllum. For this reason, the middle Jurassic- Lower cretaceous megafloras of these areas are referred to as the “Ptilophyllum Flora” in India. Morris (1840), Feistmantel (1876), Seward and Sahni (1920), Bose and Kasat (1972) and Lakhanpal et.al (1984) made valuable contributions to the plant megafossil studies of Kachchh basin (Biswas,2002). Bose and Banerjee (1984) made a detailed palaeobotanical studies on Mesozoic plant mega fossils of Kachchh from the various sites representing Jhuran and Bhuj formations. The recovered Mesozoic plant megafossils of Kachchh are given herewith: List of Mega Plant Fossils of Kachchh v Hipatophyta: Hipaticeae – Thallites, Hepaticites v Pteridophyta: v Lycophyta: Lycopsida – Isoetites, Selaginellites v Arthophyta: Sphenopsida – Equisetites, Neocalamites, Sphenopteris v Pteropsida: Dipteridaceae – Hausmannia, Dictyophyllum Marattiaceae – Marattiopsis, Danaeopsis Matoniaceae – Phlebopteris, Matonidium Osmundaceae – Todites Gleicheniaceae – Gleichenia, Coniopteris, Gleichenites Wiichseliaceae – Weichselia v Unclassified ferns: Cladophlebis, Sphenopteris, Dictyophyllum v Gymnosperms: Corystospermales – Pachypteris, Thinfeldia, Catonia Bennettitales – Pterophyllum, Dictyozamites, Ctenozamites, Pseudoctenis, Otozamites, Onomozomites, Zamites 62 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Pentaxylales – Taeniopteris Podocarpaceae – Taxites, Elatocladus, Indophyllum, Pagiophyllum, Brachyphyllum Araucariaceae – Araucarites v Gymnosperms with uncertain affinity: Linguifolium, Trambaua, Lorumformophyllum, Allocladus. The plant megafossil assemblage of Jhuran formation is characterized by dominance of ferns species (Cladophlebis) and gymnosperms (Pachypteris and Pagiophyllum) on the other hand mega flora of Bhuj formation is rich and diversified and represented by all the above listed plant megafossils and dominated by species of Ptilophyllum.

From the general survey of the megaflora Kachchh, it is seen that out of known modern comparable taxa, only Ficus is represented in the present day flora of Kachchh that too is protected at limited places.

REFERENCES Biswas, S. K. (1977) Mesozoic Rock Stratigraphy of Kutch, Quart. Jour. Geol. Min. Met. Soc. India., V. 49 (3&4), pp. 1-52 Biswas, S. K. (1978) On the status of the Bhuj and Umia series of Kutch, W. India. Proc. 7th Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology and stratigraphy, Madras. Biswas, S. K. (2002) Mesozoic Rock Stratigraphy structure tectonics and mesozoic stratigraphy of Kutch. Bose, M. N. and Banerjee, J. (1984) Cycadophytic leaves from Jurassic- Lower Cretaceous rocks of India. Palaeobotanist, V. (28-29), pp. 218-300. Bijai Prasad (2002) Mesozoic Palynostratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics and Mesozoic stratigraphy of Kutch. DST Contact Programme. Guleria J. S. and Lakhanpal R. N. (1984) On the occurrence of Pandanus from the Eocene of Kutch, Western India. Kar R. K. (1985) The fossil floras of Kutch Tertiary Palynostratigraphy. Palaeobotanist 34: 1-280 Lakhanpal R. N. and Guleria J. S. (1981) Leaf impression from Eocene of Kutch, Western India, Palaeobotanist, 28-29: 353-373. Lakhanpal R. N. and Guleria J. S. (1983) A preliminary appraisal of the Tertiary mega flora of Kutch district, Gujarat, Western India. Geophytology 13(1): 46-54. Lakhanpal R.N., Guleria J.S. and Awasthi N. (1984), The fossil floras of Kutch III – Tertiary megafossils, Palaeobotanist 33: 228-319. A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH 63 64 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH 65 66 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM 67 BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

n V. H. Gandhi Department of Physics Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 9

ABSTRACT : Metal Plates lie Parallel to the Xz Plane, one at y = 0 and the second one is at Y = *. At x = 0 both the plates ae closed off with an infinite strip insulated from the two plates and maintained at a specific potential V0 (y) = V0 The potential inside this `slot' has been derived. INTRODUCTION he Scalar potential is independent of z, so this is really a two dimensional problem. Here we have Tto solve laplace's equation in two dimension ∂∂22VV +=0 ...... (1) ∂∂xy22

with the boundary condition (1) V (x, y) = 0 When Y = 0 (2) V (x, y) = 0 when y = p (3) V = V0(y) = V0 when x = 0 (4) V (x, y) ® 0 as x ® ¥ The figure of the problem is as follows 10 68 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM : One of the solution of the problem is given by David J Griffith (1991) is as follows

=41Vo −kx Vxy( , )∑ e sin ky ...... (2) π k =1,3,5,... k

I will try to show that the same potential can be expressed in the following form.

2sinVo−  y Vxy(, )= tan1  π sin h x ...... (3)

Now the expansion of the

1+zzz35 log= 2 z + + + −−− 135−z  ...... (4)

Here if z = r cosq + ir sinq) then log (1 + z) = log (1 + r cos* + ir sin*)

1sin−rθ =+++log (1 2rri cosθ21 ) tan  21cos+rθ ...... (5) in a same way log (1 - z) = log (1 - r cosq - ir sinq)

1sin−rθ =+++log (1 2rri cosθ21 ) tan  21cos+rθ ...... (6)

From equation (5) and (6) log (1 + z) - log (1 - z)

2  1 1++ 2rr cosθθθ −− r sin r sin =++logi tan11 tan 2  ...... (7) 2 1−+ 2rr cosθθθ 1 + r cos 1 − r cos BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM 69

rrsinθθ sin + 2 +−θθ 1112cos2+++zrθ −1cos1cosrr ∴=log log +i tan 1  1212cos−−+zrrθ2 r22sin θ 1 − 1cos−r22θ

2 1112cos+++zrrrθθ−  2sin  ∴=log log +i tan 1   1212cos−−+−zrrrθ22  1 ...... (7)

Now from the equation (4)

1+zrr35 ∴log = 2reie + re3 ie + 5 iθ +−−− 135−z 

Rewriting the above equation

1+zrr35 rr 35  ∴log = 2rir cosθθθ + cos3 + cos5 + −−− + sin θθθ + sin 3 + sin 5 + −−−  135−z 35 ...... (8) In above equation (7) and (8) left hand side is same so the right hand must also be same so comparing right hand side.

2 112cos2++rrθθ− 2sin log+i tan 1  212cos2−+rrθ22 1 −

rr35 rr 35 =+++−−−++++−−−2rir cosθθθ cos3 cos5 sin θθθ sin 3 sin 5 35 35

...... (9) Equation (9) has two parts on both side, so comparing real and imaginary part

112cos++rrθ235 r r  log= 2r cosθθθ + cos3 + cos5 +−−−  212cos−+rrθ2 3 5 

...... (10 - a)

35 −2sinrrrθ tan1=r sinθθθ + sin 3 + sin 5 +−−− 135−r2

...... (10 - b) 70 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 In order to obtain the required expression I use equation (10-b)

35 12sin−rrrθ tan1=r sinθθθ + sin 3 sin 5 +−−− 21−r2 35

...... (11) Equation (11) is valid for all values of * and r < 1. Now replace r = e -x and q = yin equation (11)

−−−xxx35 12sin−−ey e e tan13=eyx sin + sin 3 y + sin 5 y +−−− 21−e−2x 3 5

...... (12) Now from equation (2)

−−35xx 4V−ee Vxy( , )=o ex sin y + sin 3 y + sin 5 y +−−− π 35

...... (13) Use equation (12) in above equation (13)

−x 4v12sin− ey Vxy(, )=0 g tan1  π 21−e−2x

  2v−1sin y Vxy(, )=0g tan π eexx−−  2

2v − sin y Vxy(, )=0g tan1 π sinh x

...... (14) Conclusion : The required expression of the pothential in the describe slot in given by equation (14). This is the second possible form of the potential. Reference : David J Griffith (1991) Second edition, Introduction to electrodynamics 127-131. INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN... 71 INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATES OF CICER ARIETINUM.

n Neelam Tank and Dr. Meenu Saraf* Department of Microbiology, School of sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad - 380 009, Gujarat, India.

* Coauthor Keywords : PGPR's, Phosphate Solublization, IAA Production.

ABSTRACT :

ifferent sixteen rhizobacteria, isolated from Cicer arietinum D rhizosphere, were screened for their phosphate solubilization (TCP) and IAA production ability. Out of them, 11 showed significant phosphate solubilization both on solid and in liqium medium along with considerable pH reduction. Phosphate solubilized 320 ppm/ml to a maximum of 440 ppm/ ml after 14d of incubation. lsolate CP11 Solubilized 320 ppm/ ml phosphate in liquid medium with 5.3 pH and 18mm of solubilization zone on solid medium. IAA production. using Salkowsky's reagent method, ranged between 1 ug/ml 22.2 ug/ml. CP11 once again showed a maximum of 22.2 ug/ml IAA production after 10d of incubation. Results reveal that CP 11 has a capacity of being a potential biofertilizers. Introduction : 11 The use of soil microorganisms as biofertilizers is one of the most promising biotechnologies to improve primary production with low inputs of fertilizers (Lucas et al, 2000). 72 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Direct use of microorganisms to promote plant growth continues to be an area of crop is an important trait for selection of any root associated bacteria as plant group of wortkers in China as yield increasing bacteria (YIB) (Thang, 1994). These rhiobacteria enhances plant growth in 2 ways; 1) Directly : by producing plant growth hormones (IAA), organic acids, siderophore, nitrogen fixation of solubilizing essential insoluble minerals like phosphate. (2) Indirctly by suppressing plant pathogenic microorganisms by releasing antibiotics and other biocontrol agents in root rhizosphere (Glick, 1995). Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth development and reproduction. In many soils phosphorus is the major limiting nutrient for agriculture. Chemically added phosphorus forms insoluble compounds with aluminum. Iron and organic for agriculture. Chemically added phosphorus forms insoluble compounds with aluminum, Iron and orgriculture. chemically added phosphorus forms insoluble forms of phosphatic compounds martinez et al, 2000). This solubilization occours in PGPR's through various mechanisms like mineralization, immobilization or acidification (Gaur, C., 1990) Phytohormones such as auxins and ethylene are involved in altering endogenous levels of hormones within plant tissues. They may metabolize precursors of hormone synthesis or they may produce and secrete similar phytohormones (Patten et al, 2000). PGPR bind to the surface of the plants and seeds and secrete IAA, stimulates the plant cell proliferation and cell elongation (Penrose and Glick, 2000). Nearly 80% of rhizosphere bacteria are estimated to produce plant growth hormones like IAA (Patten et al, 2000). Reports are there showing a vital role of phosphorus availability in IAA synthesis, transport and sensitivity resulting in to altered root structure (Lopez et al, 2000) The objective of this study is to isolate efficient PGPR that can efficiently solubilize phosphorus and produce significant amount of IAA. Materials and Methods : Isolation of PGPR's : 10gm of chickpea rhizosphere soil sample collected form the chickpea fields, was diluted in 90ml times. Rhizobacteria were isolated on N. Agar Plates. These plates were then incubated for 30 + 20 C for 24th. Next day various colonies showing different morphological characteristics were selected. 16 were further selected for the tests. Phosphorus Solubilization. All 16 isolates were first of all spot inoculated on solid Pikovskaya's medium was used. Test was done as described in Tank et al (Thank and Saraf, 2003). Simultaneous changes in pH were also noted down. INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN... 73 IAA Biosynthesis : Each isolate was incubated overnight is 10ml of basal medium enriched with 0.5% of Tryptophane and incubated at 300C on shaker. These cultures were added in 100ml of 0.5% tryptone added basal medium in 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks. These flasks were then incubated on orbital shaker at 30 + 20 C for 3days as described by Zimmer et al (1988). Estimation was carried out up to 12 days after each 24th using Salkowsky's reagent Method (Sarwer and Kremer, 1995, Tank and Saraf, 2003). The concentration of IAA in each culture was determined using standard IAA curve. Results and Discussion : Phosphate solubilization : Results show that out of 16 isolates, 9 isolates showed zone of phosphate solubilization on solid Pikovskyaya's medium after 3d of incubation at 30+20C. A maximum zone was observed in isolate CP11 (18mm). Significant zones were also seen in CP24 (440 ppm/ml) followed by CP5, CP8, CP10, CP7, CP9 and CP11 in descending order of solubilization. A noticeable result observed was that though CP11 showed maximum zone of solubilization on solid medium, CP4 and CP5 gave maximum solubilization liquid. On the contrary CP8 did not give any solubilization Zone on liquid medium but did show significant phosphate solubilization in liquid medium up to 400ppm/ml. The pH of the medium also showed a decrease from 6.5 to a maximum of 4.6 after 14d. From the observations it is clear that no correlation could be established between the degree of P-solubilization and final pH of the medium (Table). In many isolates tested here, the final pH was same but their respective P- solubilization was different. Similar results showing no correlation between P- solubilization and pH reduction are also published by many researchers (Wani et al, 1979). IAA Biosynthesis : No detectable IAA like substances were determined in un-inoculated control broths. Out of 16 isolates, 30% showed marginal production of IAA where as rest of them showed significant production of IAA. Though reports reveal that IAA production reaches maximum after 120h (5d) of incubation (Zimmer et al, 1988) many of our isolates did not followed this pattern and showed maximum IAA production even after 240h (10d). However reports of other researchers (Lee et al 1999; Bhattacharya et al, 1999) Showed that IAA production was not detected after 5d and 36h of incubation respectively. IAA production through Tryptophan involves Indole pyruvic Acid pathway.. diition of Trypthophan supplements shows drastic increase in IAA bosynthesis by IP pathway (Koga et al, 1991b) whereas Patten et al (2000) reports IAA production through other pathways and Smidt and Kosuge (1978) reports role of Tryptophan-L- monooxygenase in IAA production. maximum IAA production was detected in CP11 (22.2ug/ml) after 240h of 74 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 incubation whereas isolate CP5 showed 20ug/ml of IAA production (Table.2) Though it is reported that there is continuous decrese in IAA production after reaching the peak production, this pattern was not followed by our isolates. IAA production curves of our isolates showed continuous increase and decrease up to 12d. These types of curves are in agreement with the IAA production, this pattern was not followed by our isolates. IAA production curves of our isolates showed continuous increase and decrease up to 12d. These types of curves are in agreement with the IAA production curves reported by Maria (Maria et al, 2000). The reason for such fluctuction of IAA degrading enzymes enzymes by the cells which are inducible enzymes in presence of IAA (Bhattacharya et al, 1999). Conclusion : The isolates which showed substantial phosphate solubilization and IAA production were CP11, CP5 and CP4 and must be tested further for their biofertilizers potentials. Table. 1 : Phosphate solubilization in Pikovskyaya's solid and liquid medium.

Isolate Zone of Phosphate pH no. Solubilization Solubilization in Liquid Medium (ppm/ml) 24h 48h 72h 0d 7d 14d 0d 14d CP1 + + + 0 215 320 6.5 4.9 CP2 - - - 0 132 132 6.5 5.1 CP3 + + + 0 106 280 6.5 5.1 CP4 + + + 0 176 440 6.5 4.7 CP5 + + + 0 204 400 6.5 4.65 CP6 + + + 0 190 140 6.5 5.2 CP7 + + + 0 118 340 6.5 4.8 CP8 + + + 0 140 400 6.5 4.7 CP9 - - - 0 140 320 6.5 4.6 CP10 + + + 0 90 400 6.5 5.6 CP11 ++ ++ ++ 0 124 320 6.5 4.7 CP12 + + + 0 98 280 6.5 5.3 CP13 + + + 0 182 180 6.5 6.5 CP14 + + + 0 192 192 6.5 6.5 CP15 - + + 0 126 360 6.5 4.7 CP16 - - - 0 76 76 6.5 4.7 INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN... 75 Table 2 : IAA production by the Cicer arietnum isolates. isolate Concentration of IAA in ug/ml (d of incubation) no. od 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 8d 9d 10d 11 12d

CP1 0 9.5 10 6.8 6.8 5 6 8 5.5 6

CP2 0 4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2 2 3.5 3.5

CP3011988.8891175.5

CP4 0 14.5 15 10 11.6 10.2 12.2 12.5 10 8.8

CP5 0 22 20 19.6 20.5 20.6 18 19 14 16

CP6 0 18 17 14.8 18 12.4 18.8 16 14 16

CP7 0 8.8 8.8 7.2 5.6 5.2 6.6 7 7 6

CP80000000000

CP9 0 8.8 8.8 10.4 10.6 10.4 12 10 12.5 10

CP10 0 3.4 3.8 3.8 2 2.6 1.2 - - 2.8 1.6

CP11088616.2 19 20 22.2 20.9 19.2

CP12 0 2 3.4 3 2.8 3.9 4 3.2 3 4

CP13 0 3.4 3.4 4 3.4 4 4 5 4.4 6.5

CP14 0 1 2.8 2.6 3 1 4.8 3.2 3.2 4.8

CP15 0 7 10 6.2 4 5 6.5 7 5 8

CP16 0 1 1 2.4 4.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3 4 76 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 References : 1. Bhattacharya, R. N. and Pati, B. R. (1999) : Bioproduction of Indole acetic acid by Rhizobium sp. J Microb. World, 1 (1), 25-31 2. Chabot, R. A., Hani and Cescas, M. M. (1993) : stimulation do la croissance du'mais et de la latitulde romaine par des microorganisms disolvant le phosphore inorganique. Can J Microbiol : 39; 941-947. 3. Gaur, A. C. (1990) : Appendix IV : Mechanism of phosphate solubilization and mineralization. In : phosphate solubilizang Microorganisms as biofertilizers, Omega scientific publishers, 62-72. 4. Glick, B. R., Karaturovic, D. M. and Newell, P. C. (1995) : A novel procedure for rapid isolation of plant growth promotion pseudomodas. Can J Microbiol. 41 : 5330536. 5. Holford ICR (1997) : Soil Phosphorus : its measurements and its uptake by plants. Austra; ian J Soil Res 35 : 227-239 [ISI]. 6. Lopez-Bucio J., Hernandez-Abreu, Lenin Sanchez-Caldron, Maria Fernanda Nieto-Jacobo, June Simpson, and Luis Herrera-Estrella (2002) : Phosphate Availbility Alters Architecture and Causes Changes in hormone Sensitivity in the Arabidopsis Root System - Plant Physoil : 129, 244-256. 7. Kloepper, J W & Schroth, M. N. (1978) : Plant growth promoting rhiozobacteria on Radish. In Proc. 4th conference. Plant Pathogenic vegetate et phytobacteriologic (ed) INRN, ANGERS, 879-882. 8. Koga, J., Adachi, T., and Hidaka, H. (1991b) : IAA biosynthesis pathway from tryptophan via indole-3pyruvic acid in enterobacter cloacae. Agric. Biol. Chem. 55 : 701-706. 9. Lee, M., Breckenridge, C and Knowler, R. (1970) : Effect of some culture conditions on the productions of Indole 3-acetic acid and a gibberellin like substance by Azotobacter vinelandii. Can J. Microbiol. V 16, 1325-1330. 10. Lucas G., Probanza. J. A., Ruiz Palomina, Gutierrez M. and Manero, F. J. (2000) : Effect of inoculation with (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria workshop (PGPR), rgentina, 29th Oct-3 Nov. 11. Maria Guineth, Torres-Rubia, Sandra strid Valencia,-Plata, Jaime Bernal-Castillo*, Patricia Martinez-Nieto (2000) : Isolation of Enterobacter, Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp., producers of Indole-3-acetic acid and Siderophore, from Colombian rice rhizosphere. Revista Latinoamerican de Microbiologia, 42 : 171- 176 12. Martinez, S. Maria, M. (1), Maertinez G., and Alexandra (2000); Effects if Phosphate solubilizing bacteria during the rooting period of sugar cane (Saccharum offinarum), Venezuala 5171 Variety, on the grower's oasis substrate. Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th Variety, on the grower's oasis substrate. INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN... 77 Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobactyeria workshop (PGPR), Argentina, 29th Oct-2 nov. 13. Pal K. K. Dey R, Bhatt D M & Chuhan, S. M. (2000) : Plant Growth Promoting Flourescent Pseudomonads enhanced peanut growth yield and nutrient uptake. Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria workshop (PGPR), Argentina, 29th Oct-3 nov. 14. Patten, C. L. and Glick, B. R. (2000) : Isolation and characterization of Indole acetic acid biosynthesis genes form plant growth promoting bacteria. Newsletter (PGPR), Argentina, 29th Oct - 3 Nov. 15. Penrose, D. M. and Glick, B. R. (2000) : Quantification of 1 - Aminocyclopropane - 1 Carboxylic Acid (ACC) in canola seedlings treated with Plant growth Promoting bacteria. Newsletter (PGPR) Proceedings : 5th International Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria workshop (PGPR)_, Argentina, 29th oct - 3 nov. 16. Sarwer, M and Kremer, R. J. (1995) : Enhanced suppression of plant growth through production of L - Tryptophane derived compounds by deleterious rhizobacteria. Plant Soil, 172 : 261-269. 17. Smidt and kosuge (1978) : the role of indole-3-acetic acid accumulation on oleanders. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13 : 203-214. 18. Tang W. H. (1994) : Yield increasing bacteria (YIB) and biocontrol of Sheath blight of rice. In improving plant productivity with rhizosphere bacteria. M. H. Ryder, P. M. Stephens, and G. D. Bowen (eds) Csiro, Adelaide. Australia. Pp. 267-278. 19. Tank N. D. and Saraf M. S. (2003) : Phosphate solubilization, exopolysaccharide production and Indole-3-acetic acid secretion by rhizobacteria isolated form Trigonella foenum-graenum. Ind J Microbiol, V 43 (1), 37-40. 20. Wani P. V., More B. B. and Patil P. L. (1979) : Physiological studies on the activity of phosphorus solubilizing Microorganisms. Ind. J Microbiol V19, 1 : 23- 25. 21. Zimmer, W. and Bothe, H. (1988) : The phytohormonal interaction between Azospirillum and wheat. Plant and soil, 110, 239-247. ❑ 78 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO PARAMETERS

n Amish I. Patel G. B. SHAH COMMERCE COLLEGE, AHMEDABAD – 380 007, INDIA

ABSTRACT :

x A generalized power series distribution ax(l)q /f(q,l), xÎ T, T being a sub-set of the sets of non- negative integers, where the probabilities are affected under a situation called ‘inflated’ by a quantity a (0 < a < 1) is considered. A binomial distribution as a special case to be the distribution with two parameters is included. The parameters as well as the rate of inflation are estimated by maximum likelihood (ML) approach. Key word : Generalized power series distribution , inflation, maximum likelihood, binomial distribution, asymptotic distribution. Introduction : n certain experimental situations, it may happen that there exists excess of zeroes apposed to their values, thereby I increasing the proportion of zero and correspondingly reducing that of other values. This situation termed as inflation has been studied by a number of research workers : Cohen [1] and Singh [7] – the inflated Poisson distribution , Singh [6] – the inflated binomial distribution , Pathak [4] – the inflated power series distribution, Patel and Shah [3] – the generalized inflated power series distribution , Lingappaiah and Patel [2] – the modified and inflated discrete distribution of general type, etc. In all such cases the generating function f(q) is regarded as a function with one parameter q, and the constants a depending in x values only. Here we consider 12 x the inflation in relation to a generalized power series distribution (GPSD) with two parameters defined by Patil [5] as ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO... 79

x a(x ë)è (1) P(X = x) = p(x; q, l) = xÎT f(è,ë)

x where f(q, l) = å ax(l) q , the summation extending over T, a sub-set of sets of the non-negative integers, such that f(q,l) is positive, finite and differentiable for all admissible values of the two parameters q and l and the positive constants ax(l) depend on x and l. A distribution is said to be inflated GPSD with two parameters, if the resulting distribution is of the form:

1 - a + a ao(l) / f(q,l) for x = 0 (2) P(X = x) = x a ax(l) q / f(q,l) for x Î S where S = T – [0] , and a (0 < a < 1) is the proportion of population which follows GPSD. For a = 1, this distribution (2) gets reduced to the simple GPSD (1). The purpose of this note is to obtain the estimates of the parameters q and l along with the inflation parameter a and their standard errors by the maxmimum likemethod. A binomial distribution as a special case is considered to be the distribution with two parameters.

Estimation of the parameters :

In general a q and l are unknown and are estimated from a random sample. Let

X1, X2, ..., X n be a random sample of size n from the population (2). Then the log- likelihood function (L) can be given by

a()λθx ∑nlna x (3) ln L = no ln {1- a + a ao(l)/f(q,l)} + x xSε f(,θλ )

∑ = where n denotes the observed frequency in the x- cell so that nnx x ZTε

The ML estimates of a , q and l obtained by solving the likelihood equations :

dd lln,nLo== Lo dx dθ 80 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 are given by

d a [(n-n )/n] = and ln L = 0 (1- a (l)/f) 0 dλ o

(4)

1 q = [z/(n-n0)] [¦-a0(l)]/f and

dd d nf=+ nαλ n{()/} a f∑ nx n ( ax ()) λ λλllo λ l ddxs∈ d where f ´denotes the derivative of f(q,l) with respect to q, and Z = ∑ xS∈

Asymptotic distribution of the ML estimates : To obtain the asymptotic distribution of the estimates of a q¸ and l given by (4), we require the following results :

(a) Since X is a random variable with a distribution (2), we have

(5) E(X) = a q f ’/ f

(b) Further no and Z are regarded as random variables. Hence we note that

E(no) = n (1 – a + a ao(l) / f)

(6) E(Z) = n a q f ’ / f

E(n - no) = n a (1 – a ao(l)/ f) The elements of the covariance matrix turn out to be algebraically messy expressions in general though they reduce to compact forms in particular cases. As such we give below the elements of the inverse of the 2 2 2 covariance matrix with terms like – E(D a), – E(D al), etc with D aq ¸ = d 2 lnLand similarly for others. ddoα

2 −ξα They are : - ED()α = n (1 ) / Q

2 2 2 - ED()α = n a[f '/ fq+ f "/f - (f '/ f) - (1- a) z (f '/ f) / Q] ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO... 81

2 2 (7) - E(D l)= n a[1-z)(ln f)" + ± (z)' - (z)"] 2 - E [ånx{(ax(l))"/ ax(l) - (ln ax(l))' }] 2 +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì – E(D aq)= nz(f '/ f )/Q nz(f '/ f )/Q

2 +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì – E(D la) = - n(z)'/Q n(z)'/Q

and

2 – E(D lq )= na [(f '/f )' + (1-a) (f '/f ) (z)'/Q ] +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì na [(f '/f )' + (1-a) (f '/f ) (z)'/Q ]

with z = ao(l)/ f and Q = 1 - a + az , and f ', f " and (.)', (.)'' denote respectively the first and second derivatives of f(q,l) with respect to q and of (.) with respect to l. These results get reduced to those in [3] for a GPSD with one parameter. A particular case :

For the case of binomial distribution with two parameters, the inflated binomial distribution can be defined as

1- a + a / (1+ q)l x = 0

λ (8) P(x;aq,l) = x a l θ / (1+ q)l x = 1,2,.., l x

where f(q,l) = (l + q) λ q = p/(l-p) and l = n so that it belongs to the class (2)

The inflated binomial distribution has essentially three parameters a , p and l of which l is usually a known parameter , whereas the other two are to be estimated. However , in certain situation while experimenting with a radioactive substances,it is of interest to know the number (l) of atoms capable of disintegration for the substance in fixed intervals of time for some specified solid angle.

With the help of maximum likelihood method the estimates of the parameters a , p and l are found by

α l ˆ = [ (n - no)/n ] / ( 1 - q )

l (9) p = [ Z /( n - no) ]( 1 - q ) / λ and

x−1 ∑ l Tr+1/ (l -r) + (n - no) (ln q) /(1-q ) = 0 r = 0 82 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006

where Tr+1 = å nx and Z = å xnx r, x=1, r>x x=0

Nothing here that

l E(no) = n (1 - a + aq ) E(Z) = napl

» E(n-no) = na(1 - q ), the asymptotic variance -covariance matrix of (αλˆˆ,,pˆ ) is obtained by inverting the matrix whose elements are negatives of expected values of the second-order derivatives of L (the likelihood function) given below :

2 l (11 a) Dá = - n (1 - q )/Ra

1+2p2−−2pnnoλ() 2 l-2 l + (11 b) D = - n alq , (l - l - a q /R) - Z 22 p [](pcl−− p1 p) x-1

x-1 1 2 ∑ l 2 (11 c) Dá = - å nx = 2 + naq ( l nq) r =0 (ë-r) 2 l-1 (11 d) D pa = - n lq /R

2 l (11 e) D ad = n q ( l nq)/R and 2 l l (11 f) D lp= -na[1+ l ( l nq)q {1-aq /R}]/q with R = 1 - a + a ql . It may be interesting to note that for l to be known and with one parameter generating function f(q) = q -l , the end results for the inflated binomial distribution due to Singh [6] agree with those expressions obtained above in (11 a , 11 b , 11 d). A separate paper shall include data fittings of various types of distributions and their comparison in near future. Acknowledgement : The author wishes to thank his father Professor I. D. Patel (Rtrd), Professor of Statistics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad for suggesting the problem and for his valuable comments. References : [1] Cohen, A.C. (1960) : Estimating the parameters of a modified Poisson distribution. J.Amer.Stat.Assoc., 55 , 139-143 [2] Lingappaiah, G.S. and Patel, I.D. (1979) : On modified and inflated discrete distribution of general type. Guj. Stati. Review, VI (2) , 50-60 ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO... 83 [3] Patel, I.D. and Shah, Y.K. (1969) : On generalized inflated power series distribution with its application to Poisson distribution. J Ind. Stat. Assoc. 7 No. 1, 20-25 [4] Pathak, K.B. (1966) : On inflated power series distribution. Seminar in Statistics (BHU), 53-58. [5] Patil, G.P. (1963) : Estimation for the generalized power series distribution with two parameters and its application to binomial distribution. C. R. Rao (Ed) - Contributions to Statistics, 335-344. [6] Singh, M.P. (1966) : Inflated binomial distribution. J. Sci. Res. (BHU), XVI(1), 87-90. [7] Singh, S.N. (1963) : A note on inflated Poisson distribution. J. Ind. Stat. Assoc. 1, 140-144.

* * * * * 84 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 RESPONSE IN FLOWERING & YIELD OF ZINNIA ELEGANS TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GA&3 & MH

n Goral Jani & *Archana Mankad Department of Botany, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380 009, Gujarat.

ABSTRACT : The experiment was conducted to study the effect of GA & MH on flowering and yield of Zinnia elegans. Foliar spray was given every 7 days and growth data was also taken. Number of flowers, fresh weight of flower and dry weight of flowers were significantly influenced by GA-100 ppm solution. MH enhanced the number of buds, fresh weight and dry weight of buds. MH showed delay in flowering. Yield of control and MH-100 ppm treated plants was found to be equal and better than the GA-treated plants. Key words : GA+3, maleic Hydrazide (MH), flowering, yield, Zinnia. Introduction iinnia is an important horticultural plant and a popular garden flower. The flowers and solitary, Zshowy (ranging from white, yellow, orange to crimson red) and terminating the branches. These are cultivated fro beautiful garden display, home decoration, cut flowers, bedding and other useful purposes. Nau (1991) reported that Zinnia elegans is grown as a bedding plant and summer specialty cut flower. Many plant growth regulators are known to manipulate a variety of growth and developmental phenomena 13 in many of the ornamental pants. Thus the present investigation was undertaken with the view to study the effect of GA+3, & MH on flowering and yield of Zinnia elegans. Response in flowering & yield of Zinnia elegans To foliar application of Ga&3 & MH 85 Materials & methods The seeds of the selected material i.e. Zinnia elegans were obtained from Gujarat Agricutlural University, Anand. The experiments were conducted at the Botanical Garden of the Department, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad during he period 2004-2005. The seeds of Zinnia elegans were first grown in a bed of soil enriched wieht organic manure. After 30 days the saplings were transplanted in experimental plots with a spacing of 20 x 20 cm and were watered immediately. After 30 DAS, Zinnia were given first spray of different solutions. Spraying was done using a hand sprayer. DW sprayed plants were taken as control while GA+3,-100 ppm solution and MH-100 ppm solution sprayed plants as treated. These solutions were sprayed at ain interval of 7 days. Before each spray, growth data was recorded. This was done to obtain the comparative data of- DW-sprayed plants and GA+3-100 ppm sprayed plants. DW-sprayed plants and MH-100 ppm sprayed plants. GA+3-sprayed plants and MH-100 ppm sprayed plants. Ten plants were taken randomly from each of the plots of DW sprayed, GA+3- 100 ppm sprayed and MH-100 ppm sprayed after every 7 days. The plants were uprooted in the morning and placed immediately in the beackers filled with water to avoid drying. The roots were washed properly under running tap water to remove the soil completely. These were thein dried with blotting paper and various growth parameters were recorded. Then their mena values were calculated from which the standard error was computed. The fresh weight of flowers and buds of the plants was noted sprarately by a single pan balance and kept in an onven at 80C for drying till attainment of constant dry weight. Mean value and standard error was clculated for both fresh weight as well as dry weight, such readings were taken every week for 2 months. Results & Discussion Number of buds/plant : Buds appeared in all the three treatments just after 7 days of transplantation (DAT). However, the number of buds were more in GA treated plants as compared to DW & MH-100 ppm treated plants. But after 14 DAT when the spraying was stopped the number of buds were found to be higher in MH-100 ppm treated plants. Md. Shahidur Rahman et. al. (2004) studied the influence of GA & MH and their time of spray on morphology, yield contributing characters and yield of soyabean and reported that GA was more effective then MH. However, in the present case, MH was found to be good as far as the numbe of buds in concerned. (Table-1). Number of flowers/plant : Flowering first appeared in plants treated with GA solution suggesting promotion of flowering by GA. The number of flowers per plant were found to be higher in plants 86 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 treated with GA solution as compared to plants sprayed with DW and MH-100 ppm even after the sprays were stopped (Table-1). It can also be seen that even thought the plants had buds, the flowering was delayed in MH-100 ppm. Tukey (1954) reported that the application of MH during later reprouctive stages results in a dealy of flowering. Kumar and Kumar (2004) observed maximum number of days taken to first flower bud opening under high concentration of MH. This was also reported by Syamal et. al. (1990) and Narayana Gowda and Jayanthi (1991). Similar type of result was also found in the present case. Fresh weight of Buds : The plants sprayed with Mh-100 ppm solution showed increase in bud fresh weight as compared to DW and GA-100 ppm (Table-2). Thus, it can be seen that MH increases bud fresh weight. Fresh weight of Flowers : In the present case, plants sprayed with GA-100 ppm solution mostly showed better flower fresh weight as compared to DW and Mh-100 ppm (Table-2). The control plants also showed good flower fresh weight at times after the spray was stopped. However, Maulik (2000) reported that phytohormone application at flowering stage in Vinca rosea lowered fresh weight of bud, flower and fruit. Dry weight of Buds : After 14 days, when spraying was stoppe, the plants sprayed with MH-100 ppm solution showed better dry weight of bud as compared to DW and GA sprayed plants (Table-3). Thus in can be said that MH probably causes some metabolic changes which leads to increase in dry matter (weight) of bud. Dry weight of flowers : Table-3 shows the effect od DW, GA & MH on dry weight of flowers of Zinnia elegans. The plants treated with GA-100 ppm solution showed better dry weight of flowers as compared to Dw & MH. Maulik (2000) reported that GA application at vegetative and vegetative flowering phase increased dry the weight of flower in Vinca rosea. Yield : Table-4 shows the effect of spray of DW, GA & MH on yield in terms of number of flowers (Flower + bud + picking) of Zinnia elegans. The yield of control and MH-100 ppm treated plants was found to be almost equal and better than the yield of GA treated plants. References Kumar, Jitendra & Sanjeev Kumar (2004) : Effect of meeic hydrazide on growth and flowering in balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) Orn. Horti. 7(1) : 129-130. Maulik Gadani (2000) A study on growth response of Periwinkle (Catharanthus reseus L.) to phytohormones. M.Phil. Thesis, Gujarat University, Gujarat. Response in flowering & yield of Zinnia elegans To foliar application of Ga&3 & MH 87 Md. Shahidur Rahman, Nashirul Islam Md., Abu Tamar and M. Abdul Karim (2004) : Influence of GA and MH and their time of spray on morphology, yield contributing characters and yield of soyabean. Asian. J. Pl. Sciences 3(5) : 602-609. Nau, J. (1991) : Zinnia, pp : 785-787. In : Ball Red Book Green house Growing. 15th edition, Vic Ball, Editor Geo J. Ball, Publishing West Chicago, IIlinois. Narayana Gowda, J. V. & R. Jayanthi (1991) : Effect of cycocel and maleic hydrazide on growth and flowering of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Progressive Horti., 23 (1-4) : 439-441. Tukey, H. B. (1954) : Plant Regulators in Agriculture (H. B. Tukey ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New york. pp : 65-67, 125-126, 128, 141, 153-55, 157& 158. Table-1 The number of buds and flowers (Number/plant) in Zinnia

Dat Number of Buds Numbe of Flowers Control GA+3- MH- Control GA+3- MH- plants treated treated plants treated treated plants plants plants plants 1------7 0.2± 0.4± 0.2± - - - 0.17 0.21 0.17 14 1.0± 0.6± 0.4± - 0.4± - 0.00 0.21 0.21 0.21 21 0.4± 0.66± 0.66± 1.0± 1.0± 0.33± 0.21 0.54 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.27 28 1.0± 0.25± 1.0± 1.0± 1.0± 0.33± 0.70 0.21 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.27 35 1.0± 0.66± 1.0± 1.0± 1.0± 1.0±0.00 0.47 0.54 0.70 0.00 0.00 42 1.66± 1.66± 1.0± 0.33± 1.0± 0.5±0.35 0.27 0.47 0.35 0.27 0.27 56 2.0± 2.0± 2.0± 0.66± 1.33± 1.0±0.00 0.47 0.00 0.70 0.27 0.27 63 0.66± 0.8± 1.5± 1.66± 2.8± 1.0±0.00 0.16 0.33 0.35 0.27 0.17 88 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Table-2 The Fresh weight of Buds and Flowers (in Zinnia/plant)

Dat Fresh weight of fresh weight of Buds Flowers Control GA±3- MH- Control GA±3- MH- plants treated treated plants treated treated plants plants plants plants 1------7 0.016± 0.016 0.028 - - - 0.014 ± ± 0.009 0.025 14 0.004± 0.007 0.016 - 0.092 - 0.001 ± ± ± 0.004 0.009 0.053 21 0.012± 0.002 0.017 0.33± 0.363 0.086 0.009 ± ±0.01 0.083 ± ±0.07 0.001 0.116 28 0.017± 0.003 0.019 0.231± 0.321 0.094 0.01 ± ± 0.074 ± ± 0.001 0.008 0.008 0.077 35 0.004± 0.002 0.007 0.357± 0.320 0.202 0.001 ± ± 0.080 ± ± 0.001 0.004 0.119 0.031 42 0.066± 0.012 0.094 0.237± 0.271 0.192 0.006 ± ±-/-4 -/103 ± ± 0.006 0.060 0.135 49 0.01± 0.005 0.157 1.033± 0.388 0.212 0.005 ± ± 0.011 ± ± 0.003 0.107 0.108 0.149 56 0.108± 0.077 0.054 0.438± 0.505 0.268 0.036 ± 0.03 ± 0.249 ± ±0.03 0.015 0.114 63 0.018± 0.012 0.06± 1.3± 0.786 0.587 0.003 ± 0.007 0.366 ± ± 0.006 0.239 0.045 Response in flowering & yield of Zinnia elegans To foliar application of Ga&3 & MH 89 Table-3 The Dry weight of Buds and Flowers (in Zinnia/plant)

Control GA&3- MH- Control GA&3- MH- plants treated treated plants treated treated plants plants plants plants 1----- 7 0.0002 0.0014 0.0006 - - - ±±± 0.0001 0.0009 0.0005 14 0.003± 0.0044 0.0002 - 0.016 - 0.0009 ± ± ± 0.0032 0.0001 0.008 21 0.0014 0.0003 0.0033 0.054± 0.065 0.012 ± ± ± 0.014 ± ± 0.00009 0.0002 0.0019 0.022 0.010 28 0.0006 0.0005 0.0016 0.027± 0.067 0.012 ± ± ± 0.004 ± ± 0.0005 0.0002 0.0007 0.031 0.010 35 0.0014 0.0003 0.0015 0.067± 0.068 0.026 ± ± ±0.001 0.016 ± ± 0.0009 0.0002 0.025 0.004 42 0.0116 0.0028 0.014± 0.053± 0.071 0.055 ± ± 0.0063 0.043 ± ± 0.0009 0.0009 0.023 0.038 49 0.0026 0.002± 0.025± 0.21± 0.088 0.066 ± 0.0009 0.0169 0.044 ± ± 0.0011 0.023 0.046 56 0.0183 0.0156 0.013± 0.074± 0.142 0.034 ± ± 0.0042 0.045 ± ± 0.0048 0.0056 0.038 0.003 63 0.0046 0.0028 0.016± 0.251± 0.290 0.081 ± ± 0.007 0.111 ± ± 0.0002 0.0012 0.087 0.004 Table-4 The yield data of Zinnia elegans Sr. No. treatment Yield 1 Control 4.4 2 Ga-100 ppm 3 3 MH-100 ppm 4.4 90 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO AND LOWER MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

n Deepti Tripati a , S.P.Bhatnagar b and A.D.Vyas a a Department of Physics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad b Department of Physics, Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar

ABSTRACT :

omplex permittivity spectra of some edible and medicinal oils in the frequency range of 0.3 to C3.0GHz using Vector Network Analyzer was obtained. Open ended co-axial probe technique suggested by Wei & Sridhar was used to obtain the complex dielectric constant. The measured value of dielectric permittivity (ª’) of oil samples under consideration vary little over this frequency range whereas dielectric loss (ª”) remains almost zero suggesting

these oils behaving as loss less liquids. Introduction: Dielectric studies of agrifood materials in microwave region of e-m spectrum is important area of research as it throws light on the interaction of these materials with microwave energy. The study of dielectric properties of agrifood material also helps in developing microwave based process control however very less information is available for many agrifood materials. Edible oils are one of the agrifood materials which are highly consumed worldwide. The rate of adulteration is also high in oils as most of the oils are odourless and colourless. Hence dielectric studies of pure oils are of importance as any variation from these standard values can be attributed to adulteration in oils. Dielectric properties of some edible oils such as Canola, Soya, Sunflower and mustard have been studied at different frequencies by various workers. (1996, 1999, 2001) [1]. We have studied dielectric properties of some edible oils (Groundnut, sunflower, seasame, soyabean and cottonseed) and medicinal oils (Almond oil, olive oil and neem oil) with 14 temperature at 9.1 Ghz frequency using X-band microwave bench setup. Fast measurements of complex permittivity over a large frequency range (30MHz to 3GHz) are done by Vector DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO... 91 Network Analyzer (VNA). With wide band sweepers and under the control of a computer, dielectric measurements can be done accurately by VNA (1994). A method for measurement of frequency dependent permittivity of liquids at microwave frequency using semi rigid co-axial probe dipped into the liquid was given by Yan-Zhen Wie & S.Sridhar (1989). In this technique reflection co-efficient of probe is measured using network analyzer. Measurements using this technique were made by Vyas et.al and satisfactory results were obtained (2004). In the present work the measurement of complex permittivity of some edible and medicinal oils are carried out over a frequency range of 30MHz to 3GHz applying the above mentioned technique using VNA. Experiment: Commercially available double filtered oil samples are used for present investigation. A vector network analyzer (Model-8714 ES, Agilent made) that operates in the frequency range of 30MHz to 3GHz was used to obtain complex dielectric permittivity (ª*) of the oil samples. The method opted for measurement of frequency dependent complex dielectric constant was of Yan-Zhen Wie and S Sridhar (1989). In this technique a semi rigid co-axial probe is dipped into the liquid, the reflection co- efficient of the probe is measured using network analyzer. A semi rigid co-axial probe of size 0.141 inch with N-type male connector on one end and a flat face on the other, was fabricated. It was used in conjunction with VNA to determine complex dielectric constant of the sample. The connector end was mated to VNA; the other end of co- axial cable probe was dipped into the liquid. A personal computer was set up to receive pairs of date (real and imaginary part of coefficient for each frequency of measurement) and used for subsequent numerical analysis. Three calibration terminators described by Wie and Sridhar (1989) were used and they are an open, a short (liquid mercury) and a standard liquid (acetone). The experimental data was collected using the procedure described by Vyas et al (2004). All the measurements were done at room temperature of 296OK. Result & Discussion: Complex dielectric permittivity (ª*) spectra are obtained for edible and medicinal oils over frequency range of 30MHz to 3GHz at temperature of 296OK using the method described above.The variations in dielectric permittivity (ª’) and dielectric loss ( ª”) with frequency are shown in fig-1 & fig-2 for different edible and medicinal oils respectively. The spectra of ª’ shows not much variation in this of range frequency whereas the value of ª” is almost zero suggesting that all oil samples are loss less in this frequency range. The straight line fitting obtained for the experimental data is extrapolated to get static dielectric constant (ª0). The best fitted values of ª’ at different frequency and ª0 are tabulated in Table-1 for different edible and medicinal oils.

The values of ª0 & ª’ (at various frequency) changes slightly from one oil sample to other. To detect the adulteration in different oils we are planning to study the mixing of oils in various proportion and observe the variation in dielectric constant at different frequencies. REFERENCES: 1. Bansal AK, Singh PJ, Sharma KS et al, (2001). Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 39, 532. 92 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 2. Jain RC and Voss WAG, (1994). IETE Tech. Review,11,297. 3. Khanna RK and Upadhya SK, (1999). Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 37,404. 4. Venkatesh MS, ST Denis E, Raghwan GS et al, (1996), Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, New Delhi, India. 5. Vyas AD, Bhatnagar SP, Rana VA, Gadane DM, (2004). Microwave and Optoelectronics (Anmaya Publishers, New Delhi). 6. Wei Y and Sridhar S, (1989). Rev. Sci. Instr. 60-9, 3041. DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO... 93 94 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006

Table-1: Best fitted values of ª0 and ª’ (at selected frequency) for various oil samples under consideration

Oils ª0 ª’ 0.5 GHz 1.0GHz 1.5GHz 2.0GHz 2.5GHz 3.0GHz Cottonseed 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.39 2.35 Groundnut 2.70 2.69 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.67 2.67 Sunflower 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 Seasame 2.99 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.79 2.74 2.69 Olive 2.41 2.37 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 Almond 2.13 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.25 Neem 2.52 2.42 2.32 2.22 2.12 2.02 1.92 ❑ +…S……™…« Ω˛ Æ˙¶…p˘∫…⁄ Æ˙ EfiÚi… S…∆n˘{{…Ω˛S… Æ˙™… 95 +…S……™…« Ω˛ Æ˙¶…p˘∫…⁄ Æ˙ EfiÚi… S…∆n˘{{…Ω˛S… Æ˙™…∆

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" ¥…∫j' ∂…•qˆ - ¥…∂… |…¥…‰∂…x…‰ y……l…÷ A~…≠˜o…“ •…{´……‡ UÔ‡. +… {…¥…«S…{… X‡l……≈ W‡ ¥´……~…{…∂…“±… UÔ‡, ¶…¡…ieÙ©……≈ W‡ °…¥…‡∂…“ W¥……{…… ª¥…ß……¥…¥……≥…‡ UÔ‡ l…‡ ª…⁄´…«{…‡ W " ¥…∫j' H̬…‡ UÔ‡. ª…⁄´…« ~……‡l……{……≈ HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ ¶…¡…ieÙ{…… v÷±……‡HÌ, +≈l… ≠˜K…±……‡HÌ +{…‡ ~…fi o…¥…“±……‡HÌ{…‡ +‡HÌ ª……©…`Ú…≈ +…¥…≠˜“ ±…‡ UÔ‡; +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì l…‡ Aqˆ´… ~……©…¥……{…“ ª……o…‡ W m…i…‡´… ±……‡HÌ©……≈ °…¥…‡∂…“ X´… UÔ‡. +…o…“ +… "°…¥…‡∂…¥……'{…“ JÌ´…… HÌ≠˜l……‡ æ˙…‡¥……o…“ ª…⁄´…«{…‡, " ¥…∫j' H̬…‡ UÔ‡. ~……ªH‡Ì " {…≠÷˜Gl…'(+y´……´…-12)©……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - ™…n¬˘ ¥… π…i……‰ ¶…¥… i… i…n¬˘ ¥…πh…÷¶…«¥… i… * ¥…πh…÷Ã¥…∂…i…‰¥……« ¥™…∂x……‰i…‰¥……∆, i…∫™… Bπ…… ¶…¥… i… ** - +…{…‡ ª…©…X¥…l……≈ " {…≠÷˜Gl…'{…… `Ú“HÌ…HÌ…≠˜ q÷ˆN……«S……´…‚ ±…L´…÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - 110 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ™…n˘… Æ˙Œ∂®… ¶…Æ˙ i…∂…™…‰x……™…∆ ¥™……{i……‰ ¶…¥… i…, ¥™……{x……‰ i… ¥…… Æ˙Œ∂®… ¶…Æ˙™…∆ ∫…¥…«®…¬, i…n˘… ¥…πh…÷Æ˙… n˘i™……‰ ¶…¥… i… **2 "V´……≠‡˜ (~……‡l……{……≈) HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ +… (ª…⁄´…«) + l…∂…´…~…i…‡ •…y…‡ ¥´……~…“ ¥…≥‡ UÔ‡; +o…¥…… W‡ (~……‡l……{……≈) HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ ª……‰ HÌ…‡>{…‡ ¥´……~…“ ¥…≥‡ UÔ‡ ©……`‡Ú l…‡ (¥´……~…{…∂…“±…) +… qˆl´…{…‡ " ¥…∫j' HÌæ‡˙¥……´… UÔ‡. [3] EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫jq‡ˆ¥…l……{…“ W‡ ªl…÷ l…+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, l…‡©……≈ +‡©…{…… ©……`‡Ú H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ ¥…~…≠˜…´……≈ UÔ‡. W‡©…H‡Ì, (1) =Æ÷˙√GÚ®…:, (2) j… ¥…GÚ®…:, (3) +E÷Ú®……Æ˙ = (4) ∂… {… ¥…π]ı: +{…‡ (5) x… π…HÚ{…… * - +… qˆ≠‡˜HÌ ¥…∂…‡∫…i…{……‡ N…Ãß…l……o…« ¥…S……≠˜“ HÌ…hı“{…‡, ~…÷≠˜…i…HÌ…≠˜…‡+‡ ¥…∫j{…… ¥……©…{… H‡Ì ¥……ª…÷q‡ˆ¥… HfiÌ∫i… W‡¥…… +¥…l……≠˜…‡{…“ ¥… ¥…y… ~…÷≠˜…HÌo……+…‡ (Mythological Stories) +…N…≥ ¥…y……≠˜“ UÔ‡. qˆ….l…., ©…⁄≥©……≈ l……‡ ª…⁄´…«{…… m…i… eÙN…±……≈{…‡ y´……{…©……≈ ±…>{…‡ ¥…∫j{…‡ " m… ¥…JÌ©…' H̬… UÔ‡.3 +… W ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ ¥…∫j{…‡ "A≠÷˜JÌ©…' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ, 1-154-5), +{…‡ "A≠÷˜N……´…' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ) 1-154-3) (= ¥…∂……≥ ªo……{……‡©……≈ ª…≈S…≠˜i… HÌ≠˜{……≠˜) ~…i… H̬… UÔ‡. ¥…≥“, EÏN¥…‡qˆ{…… •…“X +‡HÌ ©…{m…©……≈ ¥…∫j{…‡ "•…fiæ˙SUÔ≠˜“≠˜' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ, 1-55-6); "´…÷¥……' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ 1-155-6) +{…‡ "+H÷Ì©……≠˜' (1-156-6) ~…i… H̬… UÔ‡.4 +… ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡©……≈o…“ ¥……©…{… +¥…l……≠˜{…“ HÌo…… Cß…“ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“ UÔ‡. ¥…∫j ¥……©…{… ∞˜~…‡ +¥…l…≠˜“{…‡, ≠˜…K…ª…≠˜…W •… ±… ~……ª…‡ X´… UÔ‡ +{…‡ m…i… eÙN…±……≈ W©…“{… ©……≈N…‡ UÔ‡. •… ±…+‡ ¥…S…{… +…~´…… ~…UÔ“, ¥……©…{… ¥……©…{… ≠˜æ‡˙l……≈ {…o…“, l…‡ "´…÷¥……' +{…‡ "+H÷Ì©……≠˜' •…{…‡ UÔ‡. ¥…≠˜…`Ú ∞˜~… y…≠˜“{…‡ K…i……y…«©……≈ l…‡+…‡ m… ¥…JÌ©… ~…i… •…{…‡ UÔ‡ ! ß……≠˜l…“´… ~…≠˜©~…≠˜…©……≈ W‡ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - < i…Ω˛…∫…{…÷Æ˙…h……¶™……®…¬ ¥…‰n˘®…¬ ∫…®…÷{…§…fi∆Ω˛™…‰i…¬ * +o……«l…√ "≠˜…©……´…i… +{…‡ ©…æ˙…ß……≠˜l… ∞˜~… < l…æ˙…ª…O…≈o……‡o…“ +{…‡ ß……N…¥…l…… qˆ ~…÷≠˜…i……‡o…“ ¥…‡qˆ©…{m……‡©……≈ HÌæ‡˙¥……´…‡±…… ∂…•qˆ…‡{…… +o……‚{…÷≈ A~…•…fi≈˙æ˙i… (= ¥…HÌ…ª…, ª…≈¥…y…«{…) HÌ≠˜¥…÷≈ X‡>+‡.' l…‡{……‡ +… +‡HÌ {…qˆ∂…« UÔ‡. +‡¥…“ W ≠˜“l…‡, EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫j{…‡ ©……`‡Ú W‡ •…“X≈ •…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ - (1) " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ: 7- 100-56) +{…‡ (2) " {… ∫…Gl…~……' (EÏN¥…‡qˆ: 7-36-4) - ¥…~…≠˜…´……≈ UÔ‡, l…‡{…÷≈ ß……N…¥…l… ~…÷≠˜…i…©……≈ H‡Ì¥…“ ≠˜“l…‡ A~…•…fi≈æ˙i… o…´…÷≈ UÔ‡ ? - l…‡ X‡>+‡ l……‡, " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú'{……‡ +o…« ""~……‡l……{……≈ HÌ≠˜i……‡o…“ •…y…‡ °…¥…‡∂…“ S…⁄H‡Ì±……‡ q‡ˆ¥…'' +‡¥……‡ o……´… UÔ‡.5 ~…≠≈˜l…÷ 7-100-6 {…≈•…≠˜{…… EÏN¥…‡qˆ{…… ©…{m…©……≈ EÏ ∫… ¥… ª…∫cÛ wˆ…≠˜… ~…⁄UÔ¥……©……≈ +…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - æ‡˙ ¥…∫j ! ∂…÷≈ l……≠÷≈˜ " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' +‡¥…÷≈ {……©… Xæ‡˙≠˜©……≈ HÌæ‡˙¥…… W‡¥…÷≈ UÔ‡ L…≠÷≈˜ ? - +æ˙” +…‰~…©…{´…¥…‡ " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú'{…‡ HfiÌŒlª…l… (À{…qˆ{…“´…) {……©… N…i……¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡. W‡{……‡ +o…« o……´… UÔ‡ : "hı…≈G¨… ¥…{……{…… °…W{…{…q≈ˆeÙ W‡¥……‡, æ÷≈˙ l…‡W{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ +{……SUÔ… qˆl… U÷≈Ô.'6 +…©… ¥…∫jq‡ˆ¥…l…… W{©… +…~…¥……{…“ ∂…ŒGl… X‡e‡Ù ª…≈HÌ≥…´…‡±…… q‡ˆ¥… ~…i… Wi……´… UÔ‡. +±…•…n…, +…©……≈ +…∑S…´…« ~……©…¥…… W‡¥…÷≈ HÌ∂…÷≈´… {…o…“. " ¥…∫j' +‡ X‡ ª…⁄´…« q‡ˆ¥…l……{…÷≈ W +‡HÌ {……©… æ˙…‡´… l……‡, ª…⁄´…«{…“ °…W{…{…∂…ŒGl…{…‡ y´……{…©……≈ ±…>{…‡ +~……´…‡±…÷≈ "ª… ¥…l……' (°…ª…¥… HÌ≠˜…¥…{……≠˜) +‡¥…÷≈ {……©… ~…i… +æ˙” •…≠˜…•…≠˜ •…≈y… •…‡ª…“ X´… UÔ‡. ¥… ª…∫cÛ EÏ ∫…+‡ EÏN¥…‡qˆ{…… 7©…… ©…≈eÙ≥©……≈ ¥…∫j{…‡ ©……`‡Ú " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' ∂…•qˆ ¥……~…≠˜¥……{…“ ª……o…‡, ¥…π…‡q‡ˆ¥……{…… +‡HÌ ª…⁄Gl…(7-36-9)©……≈ l…‡©…{…‡ ©……`‡Ú " x… π…HÚ{……' +‡¥……‡ ∂…•qˆ ~…i… ¥……~…´……‚ UÔ‡ : +SUÙ…™…∆ ¥……‰ ®…Æ÷˙√i…: ∂±……‰EÚ Bi¥…SUÙ… ¥…πh…÷∆ x… π…HÚ{……®…¬ +¥……‰ ¶…: * =i… |…V……™…Ë M…fih…i…‰ ¥…™……‰ v…÷™…⁄«™…∆ {……i… ∫¥…Œ∫i… ¶…: ∫…n˘… x…: ** +æ˙” ¥…~…≠˜…´…‡±…… " {… ∫…Gl…~……' ∂…•qˆ{……‡ +o…« HÌ≠˜l……≈ ª……´…i… ±…L…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì - x… π…HÚ{……∆ x… π…HÚ∫™… M…¶…«∫™… Æ˙ I…i……Æ˙®…¬ * "Àª…S……´…‡±…… N…ß…«{…÷≈ ≠˜K…i… HÌ≠˜{……≠˜{…‡ {… ∫…Gl…~……' HÌæ‡˙¥……´… UÔ‡, W‡ ¥…∫j{…‡ ©……`‡Ú ¥…∂…‡∫…i… ∞˜~…‡ +æ˙” ¥…~…≠˜…´…‡±… UÔ‡. [+…{…÷∫…≈ N…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡ +æ˙” +‡HÌ •…“Y ¥……l… HÌæ‡˙¥……{…“ °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡ : ¥…∫j{…… A~…´…÷«Gl… •…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ H‡Ì¥…≥ ¥… ª…∫cÛ EÏ ∫…+‡ W ¥……~…´……« UÔ‡; EÏN¥…‡qˆ©……≈ ¥…∫j{…‡ ±…N…l……≈ W‡ ~……≈S… ¥…∫jl…n¥… : +…‡≥L… +{…‡ ¥…HÌ…ª…´……m…… 111 ª…⁄Gl……‡ +N……A A±±…‡L´……≈ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈o…“ ~…æ‡˙±…… ©…≈eÙ≥{…… m…i… ¥…∫jª…⁄Gl……‡ qˆ“P…«l…©…ª…√ EÏ ∫…+‡ ≠˜S…‡±……≈ / X‡´…‡±……≈ ª…⁄Gl……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ ¥…∫j{…‡ " ∂… ~… ¥…∫`Ú' H‡Ì " {… ∫…Gl…~……' H̬… {…o…“. +… •…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫…i……‡ l……‡ H‡Ì¥…≥ ¥… ª…∫c‡Û W ¥……~…≠‡˜±……≈ UÔ‡. ¥…‡qˆ{…… +…∞˜hı ¥…wˆ…{……‡ +‡ ~…÷≠˜…HÌo……(mythology)o…“ ~… ≠˜ S…l… UÔ‡ H‡Ì ¥…π…… ©…m…‡ ¥… ª…∫cÛ{…… ª…≈l……{……‡{…‡ ©……≠˜“ {…≈L……¥´…… æ˙l……; +{…‡ l…‡o…“ 7©…… ©…≈eÙ≥©……≈ ¥… ª…∫c‡Û +{…‡HÌ WN´……+‡ ~…÷m…´……S…{…… HÌ≠˜“ UÔ‡. 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❑ 114 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 " ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…'©……≈ {…∞˜~……´…‡±……‡ l…q√ˆN…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ +±…≈HÌ…≠˜∂……ªm…{…… ~… ≠˜°…‡K´…©……≈

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S……‰L…©•……. ~…fi. 637) 6. ¥…±±…ß…q‡ˆ¥…{…“ `Ú“HÌ…¥……≥“ HÌ…∂©…“≠˜{…“ +…¥…fi n…©……≈ +… ∂±……‡HÌ{……‡ {…≈•…≠˜ 48{…‡ •…qˆ±…‡ 55 UÔ‡. +…©… +… +…¥…fi n…©……≈ ©…Œ±±…{……o… ¥……≥“ +…¥…fi n… HÌ≠˜l……≈ 6 ∂±……‡HÌ ¥…y……≠‡˜ UÔ‡ W‡ °… K…~l… ~…i… æ˙…‡> ∂…H‡Ì. ¥…≥“ ¥…±±…ß…q‡ˆ¥… +æ˙” l…q√ˆN…÷i… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜{…“ {……·y… ª…≠˜L…“ ~…i… ±…‡l…… {…o…“. l…‡©…{…… ©…l… °…©……i…‡ l……‡ +æ˙” A~…©……±…≈HÌ…≠˜ W UÔ‡ l…‡+…‡ +{…÷©……{… ~…i… ª¥…“HÌ…≠‡˜ UÔ‡. *(•…“W÷≈ {……©… "ª…{q‡ˆæ˙y¥……{l…qˆ“ ~…HÌ… UÔ‡.) 124 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ª…≈qˆß…«O…≈o……‡ (1) ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…: (©…Œ±±…{……o…{…“ ª…¥…»HÌ∫……ª… æ˙l…) ª…≈~……. ~…≈. q÷ˆN……«°…ª……qˆ, ~…≈. ∂…¥…qˆn…, {…i…«´…ª……N…≠˜, ©…÷≈•…>, 6 dÛ“ +…¥…fi n…, >.ª…. 1914. (2) ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…: (¥…±±…ß…q‡ˆ¥…{…“ ª…≈q‡ˆæ˙ ¥…∫……‰∫… y… `Ú“HÌ… ª… æ˙l…) ª…≈~……. ≠˜…©…S…≈rˆ HÌ…HÌ, æ˙≠˜ß…aÚ ∂……ªm…“, HÌ…∂©…“≠˜ ©…≠˜H‡Ì{`Ú…<±… °…‡ª…, ∏…“{…N…≠˜, >.ª…. 1935. (3) ¥…±±…ß…ª……≠˜{…“ +~…⁄i…« `Ú“HÌ…, {…“±…H≈ÌcÛ…‡uˆ…≠˜ (±…….qˆ. ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l… ¥…v…©…≈ qˆ≠˜, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, æ˙ªl…°…l… {…≈. 296). 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(10) +o……«±…≈HÌ…≠˜…‡{…“ ¥…HÌ…ª…´……m……{…… ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ : "+±…≈HÌ…≠˜ª…¥…«ª¥…'HÌ…≠˜ ≠÷˜´´…HÌ +‡HÌ +y´…´…{… : ¥……‡±´…÷©…- 4, ~…fi. 4608 o…“ 4632. +°…HÌ… ∂…l… ©…æ˙… {…•…{y…, ~……≠÷˜±… ©……≈HÌeÙ, N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ. >.ª…. 1980. (11) ∂……‡ß……HÌ≠˜ ©…m… HfiÌl… +±…≈HÌ…≠˜≠˜l{……HÌ≠˜ : ª…≈~……. ª…“. q‡ˆ¥…y…≠˜ +…‡ ≠˜´…{`Ú±… •…÷HÌ +‡W{ª…“, ~…⁄i…‡, >.ª…. 1941. (12) V…Ëx… ∫…… Ω˛i™… EÚ… §…fiΩ˛n¬˘ - <« i…Ω˛…∫… : ¶……M… : 6, EÚ…¥™… ∫…… Ω˛i™… : b˜…Ï. M…÷±……§…S…xp˘ S……Ëv…Æ˙“, {……∑…«x……l… ¥…t…∏…®… ∂……‰v… ∫…∆∫l……x…, V…Ëx… <∆Œ∫]ı]ı¨÷]ı, ¥……Æ˙…h…∫…“, <«.∫…. 1973. (13) ©……P…HfiÌl…©…√ ∂…∂…÷~……±…¥…y…©…√ : ´……‡WHÌ : °……‡. {…“ l…{… q‡ˆª……>, ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“ O…≈o… {…©……«i… •……‡e«Ù, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ. >.ª…. 2001 ∫…∆Y…… x…nÊ˘∂… : +±…≈.2. - +±…≈HÌ…≠˜≠˜l{……HÌ≠˜ +±…≈.ª…. - +±…≈HÌ…≠˜ª…¥…«ª¥… HÌ….°…. - HÌ…¥´…°…HÌ…∂… •…….•……‡. - •……±…•……‡ y…{…“ ≠˜.N…≈. - ≠˜ª…N…≈N……y…≠˜ {……·y… : ±…….qˆ. ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…≈ªHfiÌ l… ¥…v…©…≈ qˆ≠˜{…… æ˙ªl…°…l… ß…≈eÙ…≠˜©……≈o…“ °…ªl…÷l… ∂……‡y…±…‡L…©……≈ A±±…‡ L…l… •…‡ æ˙ªl…°…l……‡{……‡ A~…´……‡N… HÌ≠˜¥……{…“ +{…÷©… l… +…~…¥…… •…qˆ±… l…‡ ¥…L…l…{…… æ˙ªl…°…l… ¥…ß……N…{…… ¥…eÙ… eÙ…Ë. HÌ{…÷ß……> ∂…‡cÛ{……‡ +…ß……≠˜ ©……{…÷≈ U÷≈Ô. (+…∂…≠‡˜ >.ª…. 1994, HÌ…≠˜i… l…‡ +≠˜ª……©……≈ +… ±…‡L… ±…L……´…‡±……‡) ❑ HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 125 HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K……

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"HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……' {……©… W ª…⁄S…¥…‡ UÔ‡ l…‡©…, l…‡©……≈ HÌ…¥´…{……≈ ¥… ¥…y… ~……ª……≈+…‡{…÷≈ ~…≠˜“K…i… HÌ≠˜…´…÷≈ UÔ‡. ©…÷L´…l¥…‡ "HÌ…¥´…°…HÌ…∂…'{…‡ +…y……≠‡˜ W ≠˜S……´…‡±… +… O…≈o… A~…≠˜ O…≈o…HÌ…≠‡˜ ª¥……‡~…[… ¥…fi n… ~…i… ≠˜S…“ UÔ‡. ª…©…O… O…≈o… H÷̱… ~……≈S… A±±……ª……‡©……≈ ¥…ß…Gl… UÔ‡. l…‡ ~…‰HÌ“ °…o…©… A±±……ª…©……≈ HÌ…¥´…±…K…i… l…o…… ∂…•qˆ…o…«ß…‡qˆ{…÷≈ {…∞˜~…i… UÔ‡ l……‡ wˆl…“´…©……≈ y¥… {… ¥…S……≠˜ +{…‡ ≠˜ª…S…S……« °……~l… UÔ‡. ~…UÔ“{…… m…i… A±±……ª……‡©……≈ +{…÷JÌ©…‡ qˆ…‡∫… ¥…S……≠˜, N…÷i…S…S……« l…o…… ∂…•qˆ…o……«±…≈HÌ…≠˜ ¥…S……≠˜{…“ ¥…N…l……‡ {…∞˜~……> UÔ‡. +… "HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……' O…≈o…{…“ ª…©…“ K…l… +…¥…fi n… ©… o…±…… ¥…v…~…“cÛ O…{o…©……±…… qˆ≠˜ß…≈N……o…“ °…HÌ… ∂…l… HÌ≠˜…> UÔ‡, +{…‡ l…‡{…… ª…≈~……qˆHÌ ∏…“ ~…≠˜∂…÷≠˜…©… ∂…©……« UÔ‡. +… ª…©…“ K…l… +…¥…fi n…©……≈ W‡ ~……cÛ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥´…… UÔ‡ l…‡ l…‡©… W ~……qˆ`Ú“~…©……≈ W‡ +{´… ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜…‡ A±±…‡L…¥……©……≈ +…¥´…… UÔ‡ l…‡ +≈N…‡{…“ ª…©…“K…… HÌ≠˜¥……{……‡ +æ˙” A~…JÌ©… UÔ‡. ª…©…O… O…≈o…{……‡ l…‡ °…HÌ…≠˜{……‡ +ß´……ª… X‡ H‡Ì + l… ¥…ªl……≠˜ +{…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫… ª…©…´… ¥…{…… ∂…G´… {… •…{…‡ l…‡o…“ +… ±…‡L…©……≈ 20 "HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'{…… °…o…©… A±±……ª… ~…⁄≠˜l…“ W ª…©…“K…… æ˙…o… y…≠˜…> UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ W‡ l…‡ ~……cÛ{…‡ ª…⁄K©…l……o…“ l…~……ª…“{…‡ S…HÌ…ª…¥……{……‡ °…´……ª… HÌ≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ G¥… S…l…√ ª…©…“ K…l… ~……cÛ HÌ≠˜l……≈ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ¥…y…÷ O……¬ Wi……´…÷≈ æ˙…‡´… l……‡ l…‡{…“ ~…i… {……·y… 126 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ±…“y…“ UÔ‡ +{…‡ ª……o…‡ W ª…©…“ K…l… ~……cÛ{…“ A~……q‡ˆ´…l……{…… æ‡˙l…÷{…‡ ~…i… ¥…S……≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡. * O…≈o…{…“ ∂…∞˜+…l…©……≈ W HÌ…¥´…°…´……‡W{… qˆ∂……«¥…l……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, <Ω˛ i……¥…i{…Æ˙“ I…i…®…‰¥… EÚ…¥™…∆ °Ú±……™… ¶…¥…i…“ i… i…i{…Æ˙“I……™……®…÷t®…& * (~…fi. 1) +æ˙” ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜∞˜~…‡ "{…Æ˙“I……™……®…¬'{…“ {……·y… UÔ‡. l…‡{…… HÌ≠˜l……≈, "i…i{…Æ˙“I……™……®…¬' ~……cÛ +o…«{…‡ ¥…∂…‡∫… ª~…∫`Ú HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. +‡`Ú±…÷≈ W {…æ˙” ~…i… {…Æ˙“I……™……®…¬{…“ ª……o…‡ i…i…¬ ~…qˆ X‡eÙ¥…÷≈ +~…‡ K…l… ~…i… Wi……´… UÔ‡, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, ~…≠˜“ K…l… +‡¥…÷≈ HÌ…¥´… £Ì±…qˆ…´…“ •…{…l…÷≈ æ˙…‡> ~…≠˜“K……{…‡ ¥…∂…‡ Av©… HÌ≠˜…´… UÔ‡, +‡©… HÌæ‡˙¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ "HÌ…¥´…{…“' H‡Ì "l…‡{…“' (~…≠˜“K……) +‡ ¥…N…l… +y´……¿˙l… ©……{…¥…“ ~…e‡Ù UÔ‡, W‡ +o…«°…l…“ l…©……≈ +…≈ ∂…HÌ •……y…… W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. * °…o…©… HÌ… ≠˜HÌ… A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n…©……≈ H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ{…‡ + ß…°…‡l… HÌ…¥´…±…K…i…{…“ S…S……« HÌ≠˜l……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, E‰Ú S…k…÷ +…∫¥……n˘¥™…\V…EÚi¥…®…‰¥… EÚ…¥™…i¥…|…™……‰V…E∆Ú i…k…÷ ∂…§n‰˘ S……l…Ê S…… ¥… ∂…π]ı ®… i…... * (~…fi. 1) +æ˙” •…‡ ªo…≥‡ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜…‡ {……·y……´……≈ UÔ‡ _ 0 |…™……‰V…E∆Ú {…‡ ªo……{…‡ 0 |…™……‰V…EÚi¥…∆ l…o…… i…k…÷ {…‡ ªo……{…‡ i…j…. l…‡ ~…‰HÌ“ °…o…©…©……≈ 0 |…™……‰V…E∆Ú ~……cÛ W ¥…y…÷ A S…l… UÔ‡. ∂…G´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ¥……G´…©……≈ +…¥…l…… +{´… ∂…•qˆ…‡ (= 0 ¥™…\V…EÚi¥…, EÚ…¥™…i¥…0)©……≈ ≠˜æ‡˙±… ª……©´…{…‡ +…y……≠‡˜ 0 |…™……‰V…EÚi¥… ~……cÛ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´……‡ æ˙…‡´…. ¥……ªl…¥…©……≈, +…ª¥……qˆ{…… ¥´…≈WHÌ æ˙…‡¥…÷≈ +‡ ¥…N…l… HÌ…¥´…l¥…{…“ °…´……‡WHÌ UÔ‡ +‡ +o…« ¥…∂…‡∫… ª~…∫`Ú UÔ‡. •…“X ∂…•qˆ©……≈ ~…i… i…j… ~……cÛ +{…÷ S…l… W ±……N…‡ UÔ‡, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, i…j… ~……cÛ ±…‡l……≈ +o…« o…∂…‡ - "l´……≈' H‡Ì "l…‡©……≈' +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì "l…‡ ¥…N…l…©……≈'. l…‡{…… HÌ≠˜l……≈ +…N…≥ +…¥…l…“ ¥…N…l… (= +…ª¥……qˆ¥´…≈WGl……) ª…⁄S…HÌ ª…¥…«{……©… ª…©……{…… y…HÌ≠˜i… æ˙…‡´… l…‡ A S…l… ±…‡L……´…. +{…‡ l…‡o…“ i…j…{…‡ •…qˆ±…‡ i…i…¬ N……¬ •…{…‡. ¥…≥“, i…i…¬{…“ ª……o…‡ ©…÷HÌ…´…‡±… i…÷ ∂…•qˆ +…O…æ˙~…⁄¥…«HÌ{…… °… l…~……qˆ{… +o…‚ UÔ‡ l…‡ •…æ÷˙ ª~…∫`Ú UÔ‡. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“{…÷≈ ¥……G´… UÔ‡ _ +l……n˘…‰π…… ¥… i… ÀEÚ ™…ŒiEÚŒ\S…q˘…‰π……¶……¥……‰ ™……¥…q˘…‰π……¶……¥……‰ ¥……Ú * (~…fi. 1) +æ˙” HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…©……≈ +…¥…‡±… +n˘…‰π……Ë ~…qˆ{…“ S…S……« UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +l……n˘…‰π……0 {…‡ •…qˆ±…‡ +n˘…‰π……0 ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… •…‡ ~……cÛ…‡ ~…‰HÌ“ HÌ…‡>~…i… ~……cÛ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡, +o……«¥…N… l…©……≈ HÌ…‡> ©…÷∂H‡Ì±…“ {…o…“ UÔl……≈ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…{…“ °…o…©… ~…≈ŒGl…©……≈ +…~…‡±…, ~……‡l……{…‡ + ß…©…l… HÌ…¥´…±…K…i…{…“ S…S……« ~…⁄≠˜“ HÌ´……« ~…UÔ“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…{…“ •…“Y ~…≈ŒGl…©……≈ Auflˆl…, +{´…{…‡ + ß…°…‡l… HÌ…¥´…±…K…i…{…“ S…S……«{……‡ +…≠≈˜ß… +… ¥……G´… wˆ…≠˜… o……´… UÔ‡ l…‡o…“ +l……n˘…‰π……0 ~……cÛ ¥…∂…‡∫… A S…l… UÔ‡. ∂…G´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +… ª…⁄K©…l…… y´……{…©……≈ {… +…¥…“ æ˙…‡>{…‡ l…o…… HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…{…“ •…y…“ ¥…N…l……‡{…“ S…S……« ~…⁄≠˜“ {… o…> æ˙…‡¥……o…“ +n˘…‰π……0 ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´…÷≈ æ˙…‡´…, W‡ ±…‡L…HÌ{…… +[……{…{…÷≈ ª…⁄S…HÌ ±…‡L…“ ∂…HÌ…´…. * °…o…©… HÌ… ≠˜HÌ… A~…≠˜ W ª¥……‡~…[…¥…fi n…©……≈ O…≈o…HÌ…≠˜ +‡HÌ Auˆ≠˜i… `Ú…≈H‡Ì UÔ‡, W‡ L…⁄•… Xi…“l…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡ +… °…©……i…‡ UÔ‡ : EÚ“]ı…x…÷ ¥…r˘Æ˙ix…… n˘˘0 ... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ (~…fi. 1) +æ˙” EÚ“]ı…x…÷ ¥…r˘0{…‡ ªo……{…‡ ]ı“EÚ…x…÷ ¥…r˘0 ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ {……·y……´…÷≈ UÔ‡. +… ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ l……‡ ª~…∫`Úl…& ±… æ˙´……{…“ +{…¥…y……{…l……o…“ ª…X«´…‡±… ß…⁄±…∞˜~… Wi……´… UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +o…«ª…≈N… l… W o…l…“ {…o…“. ¥…≥“, °…ªl…÷l… Auˆ≠˜i… +{´… O…≈o……‡©……≈ ~…i… A~…±…•y… o……´… UÔ‡ +‡`Ú±…‡ EÚ“]ı…x…÷ ¥…r˘0 +‡ ~……cÛ{…‡ ª…©…o…«{… ~…i… ©…≥“ ≠˜æ‡˙ UÔ‡. 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HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 127 * ¥…fi n…©……≈ W +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ™…l…… "™…& EÚ…Ë®……Æ˙Ω˛Æ˙&' ~…⁄i…« UÔ‡ l…‡ q‡ˆL…“l…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ °…o…©… ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ±…‡L…HÌ{…“ +{…¥…y……{…l……{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥´…÷≈ æ˙…‡¥…… ª…≈ß…¥… UÔ‡. wˆl…“´…©……≈ ~…i… l…‡{…“ +ª……¥…y…l……{…‡ W W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜ ©……{…¥…“ ≠˜æ˙“; H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, ¥…… wˆ…≠˜… V´……≠‡˜ ¥… ¥…y… ~…qˆ…‡ X‡eÙ…´… l´……≠‡˜ ¥…… ~…qˆ ª…≈•…uˆ +‡¥…“ qˆ≠‡˜HÌ ¥…N…l… ª……o…‡ +o…¥…… l……‡ •…y…“ W ¥…N…l……‡ ~…UÔ“ +≈l…‡ X‡eÙ…´… UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ +æ˙” ~…i… ±…I…h…™…… ~…UÔ“ ¥…… ~…qˆ ©…÷HÌ…¥…÷≈ X‡>+‡, W‡ +©…÷HÌ °…l…©……≈ {…o…“, l…‡ A S…l… {…o…“. +±…•…n… +æ˙” +‡HÌ ¥…N…l… {……·y…{…“´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ±…I…h…™……{…“ ~…⁄¥…‚ +…¥…l…… ~…qˆ EÚ…™…«EÚ…Æ˙h…¶……¥…EÚ±{…x…™…… ~…UÔ“ ¥…… ~…qˆ {…o…“ l…‡ ÀS…l´… UÔ‡. æ˙¥…‡ X‡ +‡©… ©……{…“+‡ H‡Ì, HÌ…´…«HÌ…≠˜i…ß……¥…{…“ H̱~…{……o…“ +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì l…{©…⁄±…HÌ ±…K…i……o…“ +o…¥…… +…K…‡~… +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì ¥´…≈W{……o…“ X l… ¥… ∂…∫`Ú¥´…ŒGl…•……‡y… o……´… UÔ‡. l……‡ +…I…‰{…‰h… ~…UÔ“{…÷≈ ¥…… ~…qˆ •…{…W∞˜≠˜“ •…{…“ ≠˜æ‡˙ UÔ‡. * l´……≈ W <«∑…Ɖ˙SUÙ… ~…qˆ{…‡ ª…©…X¥…l……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, .... +∫®……SUÙ§n˘…n˘™…®…l……Ê §……‰r˘¥™… HÌ…≠˜i… +æ˙” Wi……l…÷≈ {…o…“, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, ¥…∂…‡∫´… ¥…{…… ¥…∂…‡∫…i…©……m…{……‡ °…´……‡N… +o……«¥…N… l…©……≈ •……y…… W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. * +æ˙” W +… S…S……«{…‡ +…N…≥ ¥…y……≠˜l……≈ +‡HÌ ¥…y……{… +…¥…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì _ M…R¬ÛM……∂…§n˘…i|…¥……Ω˛∞¸{……‰%l……Ê §……‰r˘¥™… < i… ¥…∂…‰π…∞¸{……™…… B¥…‰∑…Ɖ˙SUÙ…™……: ∂… HÚi¥……¶™…÷{…M…®……i…¬ * +… ¥……G´…©……≈ < i… ¥…∂…‰π…∞¸{……™…… B¥…‰∑…Ɖ˙SUÙ…™……& {…‡ ªo……{…‡ π…≠‡˜SUÔ…{…÷≈ W ∂…ŒGl…l¥… ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´…÷≈ UÔ‡. +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì ª…≈H‡Ìl… HÌ…‡> L……ª… +o…«{…‡ 128 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ¥…∂…‡ W æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡ +{…‡ l…‡{…‡ W ∂…ŒGl… HÌæ‡˙ UÔ‡. +‡`Ú±…‡ + ß…y…… wˆ…≠˜… ±…K…i……{……‡ ASUÔ‡qˆ {…æ˙” o……´… +‡¥……‡ +o…« UÔ‡. +…©…, ¥…∂…‰π…∞¸{……™…… B¥… +‡ ∂…•qˆ…‡ >π…≠‡˜SUÔ…{…… ¥…∂…‡∫…i…∞˜~…‡ °…´……‡W¥…… +…¥…∂´…HÌ UÔ‡, +{…‡ l…‡o…“ l…‡ ~……cÛ W O……¬ cÛ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. * A~…´…÷«Gl… S…S……«{…… ª…©……~…{…∞˜~…‡ {…“S…‡{…÷≈ ¥…y……{… ≠˜W⁄ o…´…÷≈ UÔ‡ _ i…iEÚl…∆ ±…I…h……‰SU‰Ùn˘ < i… * (~…fi. 3) +æ˙” +‡HÌ °…l…©……≈ i…i…¬ ~…qˆ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…÷≈ {…o…“. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ ~……‡l……{…… ©…l…{…… ª……O…æ˙ °… l…~……qˆ{……o…‚ ª…©……~…{…∞˜~…‡ HÌæ‡˙¥……l…… +… ¥…y……{…©……≈ +…N…≥{…“ ¥…N…l…{…… +{…÷ª…≈y……{…{…÷≈ ª…⁄S…HÌ +‡¥…÷≈ i…i…¬ ~…qˆ æ˙…‡¥…÷≈ W∞˜≠˜“ UÔ‡, +{´…o…… EÚl…∆ ±…I…h……‰SU‰Ùn˘... +‡ ¥…y……{…{…“ ª~…∫`Úl…… {…æ˙” o……´…. * S……‡o…“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…©……≈ ±…K…i……{…÷≈ ª¥…∞˜~… +{…‡ l…‡{…“ °… JÌ´……{…‡ {…q‚ˆ∂…“ UÔ‡. l…‡{…… A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n…©……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, .... ®…÷J™……l…«|… i…™……‰ M…i…… ¥…Æ˙Ω˛ < i… ¥…¥…I…h…“™…®…¬ * (~…fi. 3) +æ˙” ®…÷J™……l…«∫™… |… i…™……‰ M…i…… ¥…Æ˙Ω˛ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…qˆ…‡{…‡ ª…©……ª…©……≈ {…æ˙” ©…⁄HÌ“ +±…N… HÌ≠˜“ q‡ˆ¥……o…“, q‡ˆL…“l…“ ≠˜“l…‡ W +o…«°…l…“ l… ª~…∫`Úl…´…… o…l…“ Wi……´… ~…≠≈˜l…÷ ®…÷J™……l…«∫™…©……≈ °…´……‡X´…‡±…“ ª…≈•…≈y… ¥…ß…ŒGl… wˆ…≠˜… l…‡{…÷≈ N……‰i…l¥… ¥…∂…‡∫…~…i…‡ °…N…`Ú o……´… UÔ‡, W‡ •…l……¥…¥…÷≈ W∞˜≠˜“ {…o…“. * l´……≈ W, +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, M…RÛM……™……∆ P……‰π… ∂…H‡Ì +o…¥…… l……‡ ±…‡L…HÌ{…“ ª…≠˜±…“HÌ≠˜i…{…“ ¥…fi n… ~…i… l…‡ ©……`‡Ú HÌ…≠˜i…ß…⁄l… æ˙…‡> ∂…H‡Ì. * ~……≈S…©…“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…©……≈ °…´……‡W{…¥…l…“ ±…K…i……{…… °…ß…‡qˆ…‡ {…∞˜~´…… UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ A~……qˆ…{…±…K…i…… +{…‡ ±…K…i…±…K…i…… +‡ •…‡ ß…‡qˆ…‡{…‡ ±…K…i…ª… æ˙l… ª…©…X¥´…… ~…UÔ“ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, Bi…‰ B¥……V…Ω˛i∫¥……l…«V…Ω˛i∫¥……l…Ê |…EÚ“Ãi…i…‰ * (~…fi. 3) +æ˙” B¥… V…Ω˛i∫¥……l……«V…Ω˛i∫¥……l…Ê +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ l…‡ A S…l… {…o…“, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, l…‡©……≈ JÌ©…ß…≈N…qˆ…‡∫… Wi……´… UÔ‡. A~……qˆ…{…±…K…i……©……≈ ©…÷L´……o…« ~……‡l……{……‡ +o…« UÔ…‡eÙ¨… ¥…N…≠˜ W •…“X +o…«{…÷≈ O…æ˙i… HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡, V´……≠‡˜ ±…K…i…±…K…i……©……≈ ©…÷L´……o…« ~…⁄i…«l…: ~……‡l……{……‡ +o…« l´…Y q‡ˆ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ B¥……V…Ω˛i∫¥……l…«V…Ω˛i∫¥……l…Ê ~……cÛ W ª…©…“S…“{… Wi……´… UÔ‡, W‡{…‡ ª…≈~……qˆH‡Ì ©……{´… ≠˜…L´……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ W‡ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ l……‡ ±… æ˙´……{…÷≈ +[……{… W W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜ UÔ‡ l…‡©… S……‡I̪…~…i…‡ HÌæ˙“ ∂…HÌ…´…. * ~……≈S…©…“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ… A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n… {……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, =¶…™…∞¸{…… S…‰™…∆ ... ={…S……Ɖ˙h…… ®… ∏…i…i¥……i…¬ * +æ˙” ={…S……Ɖ˙h…… ®…∏…i¥……i…¬ ~……cÛ ~…i… °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡, W‡ ¥´……HÌ≠˜i…{…“ xˆŒ∫`Ú+‡ +∂…÷uˆ Wi……´… UÔ‡, V´……≠‡˜ ª¥…“HfiÌl… ~……cÛ ¥´……HÌ≠˜i…∂…÷uˆ æ˙…‡¥……{…“ ª……o…‡ ª…÷N…©…l……o…“ +o…«•……‡y… ~…i… HÌ≠˜…¥…‡ UÔ‡. * ª……l…©…“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…©……≈ ª……y´…¥…ª…… {…HÌ… ±…K…i……{…÷≈ ±…K…i… +~……´…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡{…… A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n…©……≈ Wi……¥´…… HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 129 ©…÷W•… ¥…∫…´…“ +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì +…≠˜…‡~´…©……i… wˆ…≠˜… +{´… +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì +…≠˜…‡~… ¥…∫…´…{…÷≈ {…N…≠˜i… o…l……≈, ¥…∫…´…©……≈ ≠˜æ‡˙±… +ª……y……≠˜i… y…©…«{…… ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ ¥…{…… ª¥…l……qˆ…l©´…∞˜~… °…l…“ l… o…l……≈ W‡ ±…K…i…… ª…≈ß…¥…‡ l…‡ ª……y´…¥…ª…… {…HÌ… ±…K…i…… UÔ‡. +æ˙” +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, i…‰x… B¥…∆ ¥…v……‰¶…™…∞¸{…… ∫……v™…¥…∫…… x…EÚ… ¶…¥… i… < i… v™…‰™…®…¬ * (~…fi. 4) "HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'{…“ +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ ∫……v™…¥…∫…… x…EÚ… ~…qˆ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…÷≈ {…o…“ +{…‡ ª…“y…÷≈ W i…‰x… B¥…∆ ¥…v……‰¶…™…∞¸{…… ¶…¥… i… ... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ¥……≈S…¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ ∫……v™…¥…∫…… x…EÚ… ~…qˆ ©…⁄HÌ¥……o…“ +… •…}…‡ ß…‡qˆ…‡ ª……y´…¥…ª…… {…HÌ…{…… UÔ‡ +‡ ¥…N…l… ¥…y…÷ ª~…∫`Ú ∞˜~…‡ °…l…“l… o……´… UÔ‡. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“ +…cÛ©…“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ… A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n…©……≈ {……·y… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ... +i… B¥… ={…®…Ë¥… i…Æ˙…‰¶…⁄i…¶…‰n˘… ∞¸{…EÚ ®…π™…i…‰ ˚ ¥…∂…‡∫… O……¬ Wi……´… ~…i… L…≠˜…‡. * +æ˙” W +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +x…™……‰Æ˙x™…¥…˱…I…h™…‰x… +¥™… ¶…S……Ɖ˙h… S… i…iEÚ…™…«EÚ… Æ˙i¥…∆ °Ú±…®…¬ * (~…fi. 4) "HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'{…“ +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ °Ú±…®…¬ ~…qˆ °……~l… o…l…÷≈ {…o…“ ~…≠≈˜l…÷ +o…«{…“ ª~…∫`Úl…… +o…‚ l…‡ +…¥…∂´…HÌ UÔ‡. l…‡ {… ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥…… ~……UÔ≥{…÷≈ HÌ…‡> HÌ…≠˜i… ª~…∫`Ú o…l…÷≈ {…o…“. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“, ¥´…≈WHÌ{…… {…∞˜~…i…°…ª…≈N…‡ +…≠≈˜ß…©……≈ W ¥…fi n…HÌ…≠˜ {……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, i…j… ¥™…\V…x……™……∆ §…Ω˛¥……‰ ¥…|… i…{…txi…‰ * (~…fi. 5) +æ˙” §…Ω˛¥……‰ ~…UÔ“ ¶…‰n˘…‰ +‡¥…÷≈ +‡HÌ ¥…∂…‡∫… ~…qˆ ~…i… G´……≈HÌ ¥……≈S…¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ §…Ω˛¥……‰ ¶…‰n˘… ~……cÛ ±…‡l……≈, "¥´…≈W{……©……≈ +{…‡HÌ ß…‡qˆ ¥…≠÷˜uˆ ©…l…{…… UÔ‡' +‡¥……‡ +o…« o……´…. ¥…ªl…÷l…& +æ˙” + ß…°…‡l… +‡©… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ¥´…≈W{……{…‡ ¥…∫…‡ +{…‡HÌ ¥…°… l…~… n…+…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ §…Ω˛¥…& +‡`Ú±……‡ W ~……cÛ ¥…y…÷ O……¬ Wi……´… UÔ‡. l…‡{…“ ª……o…‡ ¶…‰n˘… ~…qˆ A©…‡≠˜¥……o…“ H≈Ì>HÌ +≈∂…‡ ~…÷{…≠÷˜ŒGl… o……´… UÔ‡, W‡ qˆ…‡∫…∞˜~… N…i……´…. * ¥´…≈W{…… ¥…∫…´…HÌ °…o…©… ¥…°… l…~… n… Wi……¥…l……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, W‡ +o…«~…≠˜HÌ ∂…•qˆ æ˙…‡´… l…‡ l…‡{……‡ ∂…•qˆ…o…« +‡ {´……´…‡ ¥´…≈N´……o…«{…‡ ¥…∂…‡ W ∂…ŒGl… ≠˜æ‡˙±…“ UÔ‡ l……‡ ¥´…≈W{……o…“ ∂…÷≈ ? +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì, ¥´…≈W{…… ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……{…“ ∂…“ W∞˜≠˜ ? +… ¥…N…l… {…“S…‡{…… ∂…•qˆ…‡©……≈ ≠˜W⁄ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“ UÔ‡ _ ™…i{…Æ˙& ∂…§n˘& ... ¥™…R¬ÛM™……l…Ê ∂… HÚƉ˙¥… ÀEÚ ¥™…\V…x…™…‰ i… * (~…fi. 5) +æ˙” +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ ¥™…\V…x…™…‰ i… {…‡ ªo……{…‡ ¥™…\V…x…… +‡¥…÷≈ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, W‡{…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜l……≈, "¥´…≈W{…… ¥…≥“ ∂…÷≈ UÔ‡ ?' +‡ °…©……i…‡{……‡ °…∑{… HÌ…H÷Ìo…“ ¥…S……≠˜“ ∂…HÌ…´… +{…‡ l……‡, ª¥…“HfiÌl… ~……cÛ©……≈ ¥´…≈W{……{…“ +{……¥…∂´…HÌl……{……‡ W ©……m… {…q‚ˆ∂… UÔ‡, ~…i… ¥™…\V…x…… +‡ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜{…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜l……≈, ¥´…≈W{……{……‡ +…l´…≈ l…HÌ +~…±……~… °…l…“l… o……´… UÔ‡. * l´……≈ W ¥´…≈W{…… ¥…∫…´…HÌ +{´… ¥…°… l…~… n… +…~…l……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +{…Ɖ˙ i…÷ ±…I…h…™…Ë¥… ¥™…\V…x…… +x™…l…… ∫…r˘… * (~…fi. 5) +æ˙” +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~… ¥™…\V…x…™…Ë¥… ±…I…h…… +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ +…~…‡ UÔ‡, W‡©……≈ A~…±…HÌ xˆŒ∫`Ú+‡ l……‡ +o…«{…“ 130 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 + ß…}…l…… Wi……´… UÔ‡, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, •…}…‡©……≈ ±…K…i…… +{…‡ ¥´…≈W{……{…“ ~…fio…H√Ìl…… + ß…°…‡l… UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ S…S……« ¥´…≈W{……{…“ S……±…“ ≠˜æ˙“ UÔ‡ +{…‡ l…‡o…“ l…‡{…÷≈ W A tˆ∫`Úl¥… W≥¥……¥…÷≈ X‡>+‡. ©……`‡Ú ±…I…h…™…Ë¥… ¥™…\V…x…… ~……cÛ A S…l… N…i……´…. * l´……≈ W +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ™…i……‰ ™…i{…Æ˙& ∂…§n˘ ∂…H‡Ì; +{…‡ |…k…“x… ®……j…‰ ~……cÛ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……©……≈ ±… æ˙´……{…“ ª…©…W H‡Ì ≠÷˜ S… HÌ…©…‡ ±……N´……≈ æ˙…‡´… +‡ •…{…¥……X‡N… UÔ‡. * l´……≈ W +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ Wi……¥……´…÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ™…l…… n˘vx…… V…÷Ω˛…‰i…“i™…j… Ω˛¥…x…∫™……x™…i…& ∫…r‰˘n«˘v™……n‰˘& EÚ…Æ˙h…i¥…‰ * (~…fi. 5) +æ˙” Ω˛¥…x…∫™… {…‡ ªo……{…‡ Ω˛…‰®…∫™… +‡¥…÷≈ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +‡HÌ ≠˜“l…‡ l……‡ •…}…‡ ∂…•qˆ…‡ ª…©……{……o…«HÌ UÔ‡ UÔl……≈ æ˙¥…{… HÌ≠˜l……≈ æ˙…‡©… ¥…y…÷ ¥´……~…HÌ Wi……´… UÔ‡ +{…‡ +‡`Ú±…‡ W HÌqˆ…S… æ˙¥…{… ~…qˆ ¥…y…÷ A S…l… ©…{……´…÷≈ æ˙…‡´… +‡©… •…{…“ ∂…H‡Ì. * l´……≈ W +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ + ß…y……©…⁄±…… ¥´…≈W{……{…“ +O……¬l…… +≈N…‡{…“ S…S……« qˆ≠˜©´……{… H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì _ x… S…ËEÚ…l…«i……i{…™…«O……Ω˛EÚ|…EÚÆ˙h……n‰˘Æ˙x™……l…«M……‰S…Æ˙∂… HÚ|… i…§…xv…EÚi¥…∆ ... * (~…fi. 5) +æ˙” BEÚ…l…Ê i…i{…™…«0 ... +‡¥…÷≈ ~…i… +‡HÌ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +o…«ß…‡qˆ l……‡ {…o…“, ~…i… +… W ~…≈ŒGl…©……≈ +x™……l…«M……‰S…Æ0˙ ... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ W‡©… ª…©……ª…©……≈ {…Ãqˆ∫`Ú UÔ‡ l…‡©… BEÚ…l…«i……i{…™…«0... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ~…i… ª…©……ª…∞˜~…‡ W HÌæ‡˙¥……´… l…‡ HÌqˆ…S… ¥…y…÷ A S…l… ±…‡L……´…. +æ˙” ~…i… ¥……G´…©……≈ +…N…≥ +…¥…l…… +{…Æ˙…l…Ê ~……cÛ{…… ª……xˆ∂´…{…‡ ±…“y…‡ ±…‡L…H‡Ì BEÚ…l…Ê +‡©… W÷qˆ…‡ {…q‚ˆ∂… A S…l… ±…‡L´……‡ æ˙…‡´… +‡©… Wi……´… UÔ‡. * ¥…y…÷©……≈ l´……≈ W A©…‡´…÷» UÔ‡ H‡Ì, EÚl…®…x™…l…… ∫…∂…R¬ÛJ…S…GÚ…‰ Ω˛ Æ˙ Æ˙i™…… n˘π…÷ ~…i… {… ©…n…‡ o…> Wl…÷≈ æ˙…‡´… l……‡ l´……≈ l…‡ ∂…•qˆ{…… +{´… +o……‚ A~…Œªo…l… W o…l…… {…o…“, l…‡o…“ {…‡ •…}…‡ ~……cÛ +‡HÌ W +o…«{…… ¥……S…HÌ l…o…… ª…©…÷ S…l… ©……{…“ ∂…HÌ…´…. V´……≠‡˜ •…“X ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ V…x…EÚi…… wˆ…≠˜… ∂…÷≈ + ß…°…‡l… æ˙…‡> ∂…H‡Ì ? l…‡ +≈N…‡{…… •…‡ ¥…H̱~… ¥…S……≠˜…´…… UÔ‡. +‡`Ú±…‡ HÌ…‡>~…i… ¥…G±…~…{…‡ +O…l…… +…~…“ ∂…HÌ…´…, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, ~……UÔ≥o…“ •…}…‡ ¥…H̱~……‡{……‡ UÔ‡qˆ CeÙ“ X´… UÔ‡. l…‡©… UÔl……≈ ª…≈~……qˆH‡Ì ª¥…“HÌ…≠‡˜±……‡ ~……cÛ ¥…∂…‡∫… A S…l… +‡`Ú±…… ©……`‡Ú UÔ‡ H‡Ì, •…}…‡ ¥…H̱~……‡ ~…‰HÌ“ ~…æ‡˙±……≈ "°Ú±……‰{…v……x…'-{……‡ ¥…H̱~… ¥…S……≠˜…´… UÔ‡ {…‡ ~…UÔ“ +{´… ¥…H̱~… ¥…∂…‡ ¥…S……≠˜…´… UÔ‡. * A~…≠˜{…… ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ "°Ú±……‰{…v……x…' +{…‡ "∫¥…∞¸{…™……‰M™…i……'{……‡ JÌ©… C±…`Ú…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……o…“, l…‡ +≈N…‡{…“ S…S……«©……≈ x……t& {…‡ ªo……{…‡ x……xi™…: +‡¥…÷≈ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…⁄HÌ¥…÷≈ ~…e‡Ù UÔ‡. W‡©… H‡Ì, x……t&, i…∫™… {…⁄¥…» Y……i…÷®…∂…C™…i¥……i…¬ (~…fi. 6) ¥…ªl…÷l…& W‡ l…‡ ¥…H̱~… W‡ JÌ©…‡ A tˆ∫`Ú æ˙…‡´… l…‡ W JÌ©…‡ l…‡{……‡ ¥…S……≠˜ HÌ≠˜…´… l…‡ W ¥…y…÷ <∫`Ú ±…‡L……´…. * +æ˙” W +…N…≥ A~…≠˜ ¥…fi n…HÌ…≠˜ {……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ™…t {… ∂…Ëi™…{……¥…x…i¥……n˘…Ë i……i{…™……«x…÷{…{…k™……∆ ±…I…h…… ¶… ¥…i…÷®…Ω«˛ i… i…l…… {… ... ' (~…fi. 6) H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ ™…t {… ~…qˆ ¥……≈S…¥…… ©…≥l…÷≈ {…o…“. X‡ H‡Ì, ~…UÔ“ +…¥…l…… i…l…… {… ~…qˆo…“ ™…t {…{……‡ +o…«•……‡y… +y´……¿˙l…l…´…… o…> W X´…, UÔl……≈ l…‡ ©…⁄HÌ¥……o…“ ¥…{…… ¥…±…≈•…‡ ª~…∫`Ú +o……«¥…N… l… ∂…G´… •…{…‡ +‡ •…æ÷˙ ª~…∫`Ú UÔ‡. l…‡ A~…≠˜…≈l…, +… ¥……G´…©……≈ ±…I…h…… {…‡ •…qˆ±…‡ ±…I…h……j… +‡©… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ¥……G´…©……≈ +…N…≥ ∂…Ëi™…{……¥…x…i¥……n˘…Ë ... +‡ °…©……i…‡ ªo……{… {…q‚ˆ∂… HÌ≠˜…´……‡ W UÔ‡ +‡`Ú±…‡ +j… +‡¥…… ~…qˆ{…‡ ~…÷{…& ªo……{… qˆ∂……«¥…¥……{…‡ {……·y…¥…÷≈ +…¥…∂´…HÌ l……‡ {…o…“ W •…±H‡Ì l…‡ l……‡ ~…÷{…≠˜…¥…fi n…∞˜~… W •…{…“ ≠˜æ‡˙l…÷≈ æ˙…‡> +{…÷ S…l… W N…i……´…, +{…‡ l…‡o…“ ª…≈~……qˆHÌ∏…“+‡ l…‡{……‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ HÌ´……‚ {…o…“ l…‡ ´……‡N´… W UÔ‡. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“, ¥´…≈W{……{…… +ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ +≈N…‡ +{´… ©…l… `Ú…≈HÌl……≈ ¥…fi n…HÌ…≠˜ {……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +l… +x…÷®……x…‰x…Ë¥… ¥™…\V…x……x™…l…… ∫… r˘& ∫™…… n˘ i… ' (~…fi. 6) +æ˙” ¥™…\V…x…… +x™…l…… ∫…r˘… +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ~…i… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +o…«{…“ xˆŒ∫`Ú+‡ •…}…‡©……≈ HÌ…‡> ß…‡qˆ {…o…“. ~…≠≈˜l…÷, +{…÷©……{… ¥…e‡Ù ¥´…≈W{……{…“ +{´…o…… ª… uˆ ª…≈ß…¥…‡ UÔ‡ +‡¥…÷≈ W‡ HÌo… ´…l…l´… UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ A tˆ∫`Ú ¥…N…l… +{´…o…… ª… uˆ UÔ‡, {…æ˙” H‡Ì ¥´…≈W{……. l…‡o…“ "¥´…≈W{……' ~…qˆ{…‡ "+{´…o…… ª… uˆ' ª……o…‡ ª…©……ª…©……≈ ©…⁄HÌ“{…‡ N……‰i… •…{……¥……´…÷≈ UÔ‡, l…‡ ~……cÛ ¥…y…÷ ∂…÷uˆ cÛ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. * A~…≠˜{…… W ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ W‡ Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… +~……´…÷≈ UÔ‡, l…‡ UÔ‡ - ¶…®… v…Œ®®…+ ... ®…… Æ˙n˘…‰ n‰˘h… * (~…fi. 6) +… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…©……≈ ¶…®…{…‡ ªo……{…‡ v…®… +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ~…i… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ l…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…´…« l……‡ {…o…“ W 132 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Wi……l……‡ +‡ •…æ÷˙ q‡ˆL…“l…÷≈ UÔ‡. ¶… {…‡ ªo……{…‡ v… ¥…i…« ±… æ˙´…… wˆ…≠˜… ®……≈ l…¥…∂……l…√ ±…L……´……‡ æ˙…‡´… +o…¥…… l……‡ ±… æ˙´……{…“ ±…‡L…{… ©……`‡Ú{…“ + l…l¥…≠˜… H‡Ì +y…“≠˜l…… ~…i… HÌqˆ…S… HÌ…≠˜i…ß…⁄l… æ˙…‡´…, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, ~……UÔ≥ +…¥…l…… - v…Œ®®…+ ~…qˆ{……‡ v… ß…⁄±…o…“ +…N…±…… ~…qˆ{…… °…´……‡N…©……≈ ©…÷HÌ…> N…´……‡ æ˙…‡´… +‡ ª…≈ß… ¥…l… UÔ‡. +… ~…v©……≈ +‡HÌ +{´… ~……cÛß…‡qˆ ~…i… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. l…‡ UÔ‡ - ®…… Æ˙n˘…‰ {…‡ ªo……{…‡ ®…… Æ˙+…‰. ®…… Æ˙n˘…‰ +‡ ®…… Æ˙i…&©……≈o…“ y¥… {…~… ≠˜¥…l…«{… wˆ…≠˜… ª…uˆ o…´…‡±… °……HfiÌl…∞˜~… UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ P……‡∫…“HÌ≠˜i…{…“ °… JÌ´……o…“ ©…y´…¥…l…‘ i…{…÷≈ n˘ ©……≈ ~… ≠˜¥…l…«{… o…´…÷≈ UÔ‡. V´……≠‡˜ ®…… Æ˙+…‰©……≈ ©…y´…¥…l…‘ i…{……‡ ±……‡~… o…´……‡ UÔ‡. æ˙¥…‡, +… •…}…‡ ∞˜~……‡ ª……S……≈ l……‡ UÔ‡, ~…i… ß……∫…… ¥…HÌ…ª…{…“ xˆŒ∫`Ú+‡ ±……‡~…{…“ °… JÌ´…… +~…‡K……HfiÌl… +¥……«S…“{… UÔ‡ +{…‡ l…‡o…“ l…‡{…“ +~…‡K……+‡ ®…… Æ˙n˘…‰ ~……cÛ °……S…“{… æ˙…‡> O……¬ •…{…‡ UÔ‡. * A~…≠˜{…… W ~…v{…“ ª…©…W⁄l…“©……≈ HÌæ‡˙¥……´…÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ¶…“Ø˚ß…®…h……™……‰M™…i……∆ À∫…Ω˛¥…k¥…‰x… ¥™…RÛM™…®…¬ * (~…fi. 6) +… ~…≈ŒGl…©……≈ À∫…Ω˛¥…k¥…‰x… {…‡ ªo……{…‡ À∫…Ω˛i¥…‰x… +‡¥…÷≈ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡, ~…≠≈˜l…÷ l…‡ A~……q‡ˆ´… {… N…i…“ ∂…HÌ…´…, H‡Ì©… H‡Ì, N……‡qˆ…¥…≠˜“{…÷≈ l…“≠˜ ß…“≠÷˜ ¥´…ŒGl…{…… ®…©…i… ©……`‡Ú +´……‡N´… UÔ‡ l…‡ ¥…N…l… À∫…Ω˛¥…k¥…‰x… (= Àª…æ˙¥……≥÷≈ æ˙…‡¥……{…‡ ±…“y…‡) wˆ…≠˜… ¥´…≈ Wl… o……´… UÔ‡. +æ˙” À∫…Ω˛¥…k¥…‰x…©……≈ Àª…æ˙ ~…qˆ{…‡ ®…i…÷{…¬ +o…«©……≈ ¥…i…¬ °…l´…´… ±……N…“{…‡ ~…UÔ“ l…‡{…÷≈ ß……¥…¥……S…HÌ ∞˜~… •…{´…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡{……‡ +o…« UÔ‡ "Àª…æ˙o…“ ´…÷Gl… æ˙…‡¥……~…j≈.' V´……≠‡˜ À∫…Ω˛i¥…‰x…©……≈ l……‡ ª…“y……‡ W À∫…Ω˛ ∂…•qˆ{…‡ i¥… °…l´…´… ±……N…“ ß……¥…¥……S…HÌ ∞˜~… ª…uˆ o……´… UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ l…‡{……‡ +o…« o…∂…‡ - "Àª…æ˙~…j≈'. æ˙¥…‡, ®…©…i… ©……`‡Ú l…“≠˜{…÷≈ +´……‡N´… æ˙…‡¥…÷≈ - +‡ ¥…N…l… Àª…æ˙~…i……{…‡ ±…“y…‡ {…æ˙” ~…i… Àª…æ˙o…“ ´…÷Gl… æ˙…‡¥……~…i……{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì Àª…æ˙{…“ A~…Œªo… l…{…‡ ±…“y…‡ W ª¥…“HÌ…´…« •…{…‡ UÔ‡. * {…¥…©…“ HÌ… ≠˜HÌ…©……≈ +…o…‘ ¥´…≈W{……{…÷≈ {…∞˜~…i… UÔ‡. l…‡{…… A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n…©……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ - EÚ…E÷Úv¥…«x…‰Ã¥…EÚ…Æ˙& ' (~…fi. 7) +æ˙” ¥…EÚ…Æ˙&{…‡ ªo……{…‡ ¥…EÚ…Æ˙ ¥…∂…‰π…& +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ 0 ¥…∂…‰π… +‡¥…÷≈ ~…qˆ X‡eÙ¥……©……≈ +…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡, l…‡ HÌqˆ…S… ¥…y…÷ S……‡I̪… +o…« +…~…¥……{…… °…´……ª…∞˜~… Wi……´… UÔ‡. * +…o…‘ ¥´…≈W{……{…‡ Aqˆ…¿˙l… HÌ≠˜l……≈, ¥…fi n…©……≈ +< {…Ω÷˛±…∆... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜{…‡ `Ú…≈G´…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡{…“ ª…©…W⁄l…“∞˜~…‡ ¥…fi n…©……≈ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +j… S……Ë™…«Æ˙i…M……‰{…x…∆ ¥™…V™…i…‰ * (~…fi. 8) +æ˙” S……Ë™……« n˘Æ˙i… +‡¥…÷≈ +‡HÌ ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì S……Ë™…« ª……o…‡ +… n˘ ~…qˆ X‡eÙ¥……{…“ W∞˜≠˜ UÔ‡ {…æ˙”, l…‡o…“ l…‡ ~……cÛ +´……‡N´… cÛ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“, i…l……¶…⁄i……∆ o˘π]¬ı¥…… ... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… +≈N…‡ H̬÷≈ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, E÷Ú {…i…∫™… ¶…“®…∫™……‰ HÚ Æ˙™…®…¬ ' (~…fi. 8) "HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'{…“ +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~… E÷Ú {…i…∫™…{…‡ ªo……{…‡ EÚ…‰ {…i…∫™… ~……cÛ +…~…‡ UÔ‡, V´……≠‡˜ +‡HÌ +{´… ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ +… +…L…÷≈ ¥……G´… W +~……´…÷≈ {…o…“. HÌ…H÷Ì wˆ…≠˜… ¥´…≈ Wl… o…o…“ ¥…N…l… ©……`‡Ú +… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… +~……´… UÔ‡ l…‡o…“ l…‡{…“ ª…©…W⁄l…“ ~…⁄¥…‚ +…¥…l…÷≈ +… ¥…y……{… ª…≈qˆß…«{…‡ Wi……¥…l…÷≈ æ˙…‡>, +o……«¥…N… l…©……≈ A~…HÌ…≠˜HÌ l……‡ UÔ‡ W +‡`Ú±…‡ l…‡{……‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ W∞˜≠˜“ UÔ‡. ª……o…‡ W l…‡ N…÷ªª…‡ o…´…‡±… ß…“©…{…“ AŒGl… UÔ‡ l…‡{……‡ {…q‚ˆ∂… ~…i… ´……‡N´… UÔ‡ ~…≠≈˜l…÷ ß…“©… +{´… ¥…e‡Ù N…÷ªª…‡ HÌ≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡ l…‡ ¥…N…l… HÌqˆ…S… +æ˙” +‡`Ú±…“ +…¥…∂´…HÌ {…o…“. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“, ¥……G´…¥…‰ ∂…∫`Ú¨{…… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…∞˜~…‡ ±……¥…h™…∆ ... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ∂±……‡HÌ +…~´……‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ °…o…©… ~…≈ŒGl…©……≈ ∫… {…‡ c‡ÛHÌ…i…‡ S… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K…… : ~……cÛª…©…“K…… 133 ±……¥…h™…∆ ... ∫… ¥…S…& GÚ®…& ' +… l……‡ ª~…∫`Úl…& ±… æ˙´……{…“ ß…⁄±… W Wi……´… UÔ‡, W‡ l…‡{…“ +y…“≠˜l……{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ª…≈ß…¥…“ UÔ‡. +…N…≥ Wi……¥´…÷≈ æ˙l…÷≈ l…‡©…, ~…UÔ“ +…¥…l…… ~…qˆ{…… ¥…i……‚ +…N…≥{…… ~…qˆ©……≈ +… ≠˜“l…‡ G¥… S…l…√ X‡eÙ…> Wl…… æ˙…‡´… +‡¥……‡ ª…≈ß…¥… {…HÌ…≠˜“ {… ∂…HÌ…´…. * A~…≠˜{…… W Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…©……≈ •…“Y ~…≈ŒGl… UÔ‡ - i…n˘… ∫…÷v……∫{…n˘®…¶…⁄n˘v…÷x…… ... ** (~…fi. 8) +æ˙” ∫…÷v……∫{…n∆˘ {…‡ ªo……{…‡ --ª…÷y……°…q≈ˆ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì, ª…≈~……qˆH‡Ì ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜{…“ ª……o…‡ "before correction' +‡¥…“ {……·y… ©…⁄HÌ“ UÔ‡. +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì W‡ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ +… ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ l´……≈ ~…i… l…‡{…‡ ~……UÔ≥o…“ ª…÷y……≠˜“ ±…‡¥……©……≈ +…¥´…÷≈ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ l´……≈ ~…i… ∫…÷v……∫{…n∆˘ ~……cÛ W ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´……‡ æ˙∂…‡. * l…‡ ~…UÔ“ =¥… Æ˙ P…h…∆ P…h…{…b˜±…∆ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… (~…fi. 9)©……≈ EÚ®…‰n˘®……¥… b˜+∆ {…‡ ªo……{…‡ EÚ®…‰n˘n˘…¥… b˜+∆ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, +æ˙” ∂…H‡Ì, ~…i… l…‡{……o…“ +o…«ß…‡qˆ o…l……‡ {…o…“. +… ª…≈qˆß…«©……≈ +‡HÌ •……•…l… {……·y…{…“´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, æ‡˙©…S…{rˆ{…… "HÌ…¥´……{…÷∂……ª…{…'©……≈ (+. 6 ª…⁄. 6 A~…≠˜{…“ ¥…fi n…) ={… Æ˙ P…x…∆ ... ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ∂±……‡HÌ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ i…n‰˘i…n˘…{… i…i…®…¬ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ l…‡{…… ª…≈~……qˆH‡Ì ~……qˆ`Ú“~…©……≈ l…‡{…“ °……HfiÌl… UÔ…´…… +…~…“ UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈ EÚ®…‰n˘n˘…¥… b˜+∆ +‡¥……‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ¥…≥“, +… ~…v{…… ª…≈qˆß…«∞˜~…‡ l…‡©……≈ "©…÷rˆ…≠˜…K…ª…' - 1.22{……‡ {…q‚ˆ∂… HÌ≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡. X‡H‡Ì, æ˙…±… A~…±…•y… {……`ÚHÌ©……≈ l…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥l……‡ {…o…“, +‡ {……·y…¥…÷≈ P…`‡Ú. * l´……≠˜•……qˆ =+ h…SS…±…0 ... Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i…{…“ ª…©…W⁄l…“∞˜~…‡ ¥…fi n…HÌ…≠˜ {……·y…‡ UÔ‡ H‡Ì, ... i…‰x… S… V…x…Æ˙… Ω˛i™…®…¬ ... * (~…fi. 9) +æ˙” V…x…Æ˙… Ω˛i™…®…¬ {…‡ ªo……{…‡ V…x…Æ˙ Ω˛i…i¥…∆ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡, W‡ +‡HÌ…o…«HÌ W UÔ‡ +{…‡ ∂…÷uˆ ~…i…. l…‡o…“ l…‡ ª…©……{…∞˜~…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…´…« ±…‡L……´…. * +{l…‡ ~…÷Œ∫~…HÌ…©……≈ |…l…®……‰±±……∫…&{…‡ ªo……{…‡ |…l…®… =±±……∫…& +‡©… +‡HÌ ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…©……≈ ¥……≈S…¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ ª…©…“ K…l… +…¥…fi n…©……≈ |…l…®……‰±±……∫…& ~……cÛ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´……‡ UÔ‡. "HÌ…¥´…~…≠˜“K……'{…… +… ª…¥……´…{…… •…y…… W A±±……ª……‡{…“ ~…÷Œ∫~…HÌ…©……≈ W‡ °…©……i…‡ ~……cÛ ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ - W‡©… H‡Ì, u˘i…“™… =±±……∫…&, i…fii…“™… =±±……∫…& ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ - l…‡ ©…÷W•… +æ˙” ~…i… |…l…®… =±±……∫…& ~……cÛ W ©…⁄≥©……≈ æ˙…‡´… +‡ ¥…y…÷ ª…≈ß… ¥…l… N…i……´…. ª…©…“K…H‡Ì l…‡{…‡ {…æ˙” ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜“{…‡ •…“X ~……cÛ{…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…´……‚ UÔ‡ l…‡{…“ ~……UÔ≥{…÷≈ °…´……‡W{… +©……≠˜… y´……{…©……≈ +…¥…l…÷≈ {…o…“. ∂…G´… UÔ‡ H‡Ì, +‡HÌ l…≠˜£Ì |…l…®… =±±……∫…& ~……cÛ +…~…{……≠˜ +‡HÌ W ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~… æ˙…‡´… {…‡ •…“Y •……W÷ +{´… m…i… ~……≈e÷Ù ±… ~…+…‡©……≈ |…l…®……‰±±……∫…& ~……cÛ °……~l… o…l……‡ æ˙…‡´… +‡`Ú±…‡ l…‡{…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥´……‡ æ˙…‡´…. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ O…{o…HÌ…≠˜{…“ ~……‡l……{…“ {…∞˜~…i…∂…‰±…“ +≈N…‡ ¥…S……≠˜l……≈, ~……cÛ…{l…≠˜∞˜~…‡ +~……´…‡±… ~……cÛ W ¥…y…÷ O……¬ Wi……´… UÔ‡. ❑ 134 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Ư©… æ˙©……N……{…

n HÌ“Ãl…qˆ… ∂……æ˙ N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ¥…ß……N…, ß……∫……ß…¥…{….

yu{ fnuðtÞ Au fu [tuÞtoËe÷t¾ Þtur™ytu{tkÚte …Ëth ÚtÞt …Ae ftuEf Ëkr[‚ f{oV¤u Sð™u AuÕ÷tu {t™ð yð‚th «tó ÚttÞ Au. yt {™w»ÞÞtur™{tk xfe hnuðt™e fu …w™hr… sL{ƒkÄ™ xt¤ðt™e y¼eÃËt {týË{tºt™u ntuÞ Au. „wsht‚e™t Ëw«rËØ frð rË‚tkþw ÞþïúkŒT™e ftÔÞ…krf‚™tu W…Þtu„ fhe™u fnwk ‚tu ‘[hu Vhu hr‚ fhu „¼o Ähu yð‚hu {hu’ ytx÷e rfúÞtytu{tk stu Sð™ Ë{tó ÚtE òÞ ‚tu …þw y™u {týË{tk ftuE ¼uŒ hnu ™nª. ƒwrØ {týË™u …þwÚte swŒtu fhu Au. ƒwrØ yu™u rð[thþe÷ ƒ™tðu Au. yt rð[thþe÷‚t {týË™u ‘Mð’ (þheh™t [t÷fƒ¤ [i‚LÞ) ™e ytu¤¾ {u¤ððt «uhu Au. sL{Úte {]íÞw ËwÄe™e rðrðÄ ½x™tytu{tkÚte …Ëth Út‚tk {týË ½ýwk þe¾u Au. ËkËth{tk «ðuþ‚t™e ËtÚtu …nu÷wk rþûtý {t …tËuÚte {u¤ðu Au. rðãt„wÁ ËkËth¿tt™™tu „wýfth fhe yt…u Au. Mð-[i‚LÞ™e ytu¤¾ yt…u Au ËŒT„wÁ. ¼th‚eÞ ËkMf]r‚{tk ËŒT„wwÁ™tu {rn{t ¾qƒ „ðtÞut Au ËŒT„wwÁ{rn{t™t {tntíBÞ™u yt…ýtk Ëk‚tuyu y™u ytæÞtrí{f ËkMÚttytuyu …tu»Þwk Au y™u Ë{]Ø fÞwO Au. Eïh MðÞk {qr‚o{k‚ ÚtE Sð™u V¤ yt…‚tu ™Úte yu S¿ttËw™u „wwÁÁ…u ËntÞ fhu Au yux÷u s ¼th‚eÞ ËkMf]r‚{tk „hTwÁrþ»Þ ËkðtŒ …hk…ht sutðt {¤u Au. ð¤e, yæÞtíBÞûtuºtu …ntuk[ðt {txu „wwÁ™e ytð~Þf‚t y…rhntÞo ƒ™u Au. „wwÁ yuðe ½x™t Au su™tu ËnðtË, ytþeðtoŒ y™u Œeûtt yt…ýtk [u‚™™u ͤtkn¤tk fhe {qfu Au. „wwÁ{tk ©Øt Ähtð™th {qZ ÔÞrf‚ …ý …h{tí{t™e Í÷f «tó fhe þfu Au. «t[e™ Ë{Þ™e ÿZ „wwÁ…hk…ht™tu yt…ý™u ykŒts Au s. ÔÞtË{wr™™t Œeûtt„wwÁ ™thŒ n‚t. ƒú]nM…r‚™t …wºt f[u þwfút[tÞo™u „wwÁ ‚hefu MðeftÞto Au. ¼e»Þ{™t „wwÁ …hþwht{ n‚t. …tkzðtu y™u ftihðtu™t „wwÁ ÿtuýt[tÞo n‚t. yuf÷ÔÞu …ý ÿtuýt[tÞo™e «r‚{t ƒ™tðe™u yu{™u 21 „wwÁ…Œu MÚttÃÞt n‚t. ¼rf‚Þw„™t Ëk‚tu{tk „wwÁrþ»ÞËkƒkÄ™t Wífx Œ»xtk‚tu òuðt {¤u Au. Ëk‚ ËtrníÞ{tk ‚tu ‘„wwÁ{rn{t’ «fth™e h[™tytu ÷¾ðt™e yuf N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Ư©… æ˙©……N……{… 135 …hk…ht n‚e. ynª „wsht‚e ËtrníÞ{tk ÚtÞu÷tk fux÷tkf Ëk‚-frðytuyu yu{™e h[™tytu{tk „wÁrð[th-„wÁ{rn{t fuðtu þçŒƒØ fÞtou Au yu ‚…tËðt™tu W…fú{ Au. „wÁ{rn{t™wk „t™ fh‚e h[™tytu™e yuf ÞtŒe òuEyu. „wÁfÕ…¼tË, „wÁ „e‚, „wÁ„wý Aºteþe, „wÁ„wý™e ËÍtÞ, „wÁ „wý{t÷t, „wÁ „wý »txTrºtkþ‚™tu ƒt÷tðƒtuÄ, „wÁ [rhºt, „wÁ [tuðeþe, „wÁ¿tt™„úkÚt, „wÁýe „e‚{T, „wÁ‚¥ð «ftþ htË, „wÁ Ä{t÷, „wÁ …ëtð÷e, „whw W…Œuþ ËÍtÞ, „wÁVt„, „whw ƒth{tË, „wÁ ¼tË, „wÁ{rn{t, „wÁ {ntíBÞ yk„, „wÁ htË, „wÁ rð™r‚ ËÍtÞ, „wÁ rðþu™t M‚tuºttu, „wÁ «§tu¥the „wÁ rþ»Þ ËkðtŒ. „wÁ {rn{t™u fuLÿ fh‚e 3Úte {tkze 400 fze ËwÄe rðM‚h‚e rðrðÄ á»xtk‚r[ºttu hsq fh‚e «M‚w‚ h[™tytu Au. yt{tk™e ½ýe «ftrþ‚ Au ™u fux÷ef nsw nM‚«‚tu{tk Au. „wÁ „tihð™wk „t™ fh‚e «M‚w‚ h[™tytu{tk ‚u-‚u frð™e frðþrf‚ fuðe Au ‚u™e ‚…tË yuf þtuÄ…tºt™tu rð»tÞ ƒ™u ‚uðe Au. ynª y¾t ¼„‚ (E.Ë. 17{e ËŒe …qðtÄo), ¼tuò ¼„‚ (18 {e ËŒe), ƒúñt™kŒ Mðt{e (E.Ë. 18{e ËŒe W¥thtÄo), ƒt…wËtnuƒ „tÞfðtz (E. 18{e ËŒe) y™u hrð¼tý Ëk«ŒtÞ™t frð Sðt ¼„‚ (E.Ë. 18{e ËŒe) ™e f]r‚ytu{tk „wÁ¼tð¼rf‚ «ftrþ‚ ÚtÞtk Au ‚u™tu ytMðtŒ fhtððt™tu W…fú{ Au. {æÞft¤™t „wsht‚e ËtrníÞ{tk {wÏÞíðu ƒu Ätht{tk frð‚t h[tE Au. ¼rf‚Ätht y™u ¿tt™Ätht. yt ƒk™u Ätht{tk „wÁ «íÞu yíÞk‚ ytŒh ËtÚtu {rn{t ÔÞf‚ ÚtÞtu Au ™u ‚u{™e yr™ðtÞo‚t ŒþtoðtE Au. ËkËth ‚t…Úte ‚ó ƒ™u÷t {týË™u ytí{t™e ytu¤¾™tu {t„o þtuÄðtu ntuÞ ‚tu yu™wk Ëh™t{wk Au y¾t ¼„‚™e ‘„wÁ rþ»Þ ËkðtŒ’ h[™t. rþ»Þ „wÁ™u «§ fhu Au ™u „wÁ Qfu÷ yt…u yuðe he‚u f]r‚ rðftË …t{u Au. rþ»Þ „wÁ™u «§ fhu Au fu ytí{ MðY…™u …t{ðt {txu™tu ËtÄ™t {t„o fÞtou ? „wÁ sðtƒ yt…u Au þt†tÇÞtË, ytí{÷ût-ytí{ ¿tt™ y™u „wÁËuðt. rþ»Þ™u Ëk‚tu»t ™Úte Út‚tu ‚u …qAu ‘…hk…Œ ‚u {ws™u fntu x¤u «k…[ ykÄt…’ „wÁ sðtƒ yt…u Aufu ‘…hk…Œ S¼Úte ði¾he ðtýe{tk MÚtt…e þftÞ fu ntÚt{tk ÷E þftÞ yuðwk ™Úte ‚u Ë{su ËL{w¾e ÚttÞ’ rþ»Þ …qAu Au yt ‘Ë{s’ þwk Au ™u „wÁ fnu Au fu Œun™t Y…{tk ¿tt™rfúÞt™t su Mfwhýtu sýtÞ Au ‚u [i‚LÞ ðM‚w™tu «¼tð Au. ytðe Ë{s fu¤ð ™u {™™u rMÚth fh. ytx÷wk Ëtk¼¤‚tk rþ»Þ™e Ë{s M…»x ÚttÞ Au ™u „wÁ™e …thË{rý þrf‚™tu …he[Þ ÚttÞ Au. ËŒT„wÁ™e f÷t™t «‚t…u rþ»Þ …tu‚t™e ykŒh s {tÞt™t ¼tð yrÄ…r‚ ƒúñ™u swðu Au ™u …tu‚t…ýwk xt¤e ƒúñ{tk h{{tý ƒ™uAu. ‘y¾u„e‚t’ ™t ‚tu Œhuf fzðt™u yk‚u ‘Ëuðtu nhe „wÁ Ëk‚™u’ þçŒtu™wk ytð‚o™ frð h[u Au. yu he‚u ºtýu™tu {rn{tk fhu Au yuf …Œ{tk fnu Au- „wÁ ¼uð …tBÞtu, „wÁ¼uð …tBÞtu, ‚u ™h {tÞt™wk ò÷ ðtBÞtu, sÞ{ …thË …hËu su Ät‚w™u, yt… xt¤e ‚u ÚttÞ Ëtu™wk, íÞ{ ËŒT„wÁ …thË ðzu ™h ™e…™t fthý «erAÞwk òýu „tu™wk. ËŒT„wÁ™t Ë{t„{Úte {tÞt™e skò¤{tk yxðt‚wk {™ rMÚth‚t …t{u Au. {tÞt™tu {]„s¤ suðtu «…k[ þ{e òÞ Au y™u Sð y™u …h{tí{t™wk yîi‚ ËÄtÞ Au. yt ËŒT„wÁ Ëk‚ ŒunÄthe suðt ÷t„uAu …hk‚w yu{™e rMÚtr‚ y™k‚ ƒúñ{tk s ntuÞ Au. y¾t ¼„‚ ‚tu „wÁ ™u „turðkŒ ƒk™u™u yufY… {t™u Au (y¾u„e‚t …Œ-8) …h{tí{t sut r™„woý Au ‚tu yu™wk Ë„wý MðY… ‚u Ëk‚ Au. su{ yrø™ ðzu Œeðtu …uxtððtu ntuÞ ‚tu ðth ÷t„u Au …ý 136 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ŒeðtÚte Œeðtu s÷Œe «„xu Au ‚u{ „Á ðzu ytí{¿tt™™e sÞtur‚ Ënu÷tEÚte «„xu Au. ‘ËŒT„wÁ rð™t ƒnw {hu ft[t yt… Wãtu‚ ÚtÞt rð™t... sÞ{ þhŒft÷u ykƒh ytu…u, ™eh r™{o÷ ntuÞ ½ýwk, íÞ{ ËŒT„wÁ Ëk‚ «‚t…u «tÞu, yuðwk fhu {™ s™‚ýwk. ¼tuò ¼„‚ …tu‚t™e ðtýe™u „wÁ™t «‚t…™wk …rhýt{ „ýtðu Au. ‚u{™e h[™tytu ‘[tƒ¾t™u ™t{u «rËØ Au frðyu ƒúñtu…Œuþ fhe Sð™{wrf‚™tu {t„o y™u Sð™{wf‚™t ÷ûtýtu ŒþtoÔÞt Au. …hƒúñ™e «tró {txu ErLŒúÞr™„ún y™u „wÁþhý W…h rðþu»t ¼th {qfÞtu Au frð „tÞ Au- ËŒT„wÁ™u Ëuðtu hu Ëk‚tu yuf Ët[ fhe, yt yðËh stþu hu …Ae …M‚tþtu Vhe, {™w»Þyð‚th ðthkðth {¤‚tu ™Úte ™u {¤u÷tu yðËh xftððtu ntuÞ ‚tu ËŒT„wÁ™wk þhýwk ÷tu. frð fnu Au fu ‘ËŒT„wÁ rð™t r[¥t fu{ ËeÄu?’ ËŒT„wÁ™t «‚t… rð™t ƒúñ™tu ¼uŒ Wfu÷ðtu yÄhtu Au. „wÁ yæÞtí{ {t„o{tk Œe… Au ‚u™t Ëk„Úte y¿tt™r‚r{h yá~Þ ÚttÞ Au. frð „tÞ Au- ™ð÷ût ‚tht Q„u y…tht, ¼tý «„xu fturx nòht hu, ËŒT„wÁ rð™t fŒe r‚r{h ™ ºttËu, {xu ™rn {™ft rðftht hu ‘yt ‚™hk„ …‚k„ Ëhe¾tu ò‚t ðth ™ ÷t„uS’ „t™tht ƒúñt™kŒ Mðt{e Mðtr{™thtÞý Ëk«ŒtÞ™t frð Au. „wÁ Ënò™kŒ™t «‚t…Úte nrh ËtÚtu yk‚h{tk yuf‚t ËÄtÞt™tu WÕ÷tË «„x fh‚t frð fnu Au- ‘¿tt™fw[e „wÁ „{Ëu „Þtk ‚t¤tk Q½ze, ÷tzw Ënò™kŒ r™nt¤‚tk Xhe ytk¾ze hu’ „wÁ «‚t…Úte y¿tt™ r‚r{h Œqh ÚtÞwk Au yu ðt‚ frð™e ðtýe{tk …w™htð‚o™ …t{u Au. ‚u{™t …Œtu™e Ëå[tE y™u yr¼ÔÞrf‚™e Ëh¤‚t öŒÞ™u ytÿ fhu Au. ‘«Út{ ËŒT„wÁ™tu ËkíË„ Ët[tu, ƒeòu su fhtu ‚u ft[tu’, yu{ fne™u „wÁ{rn{t „t‚t frð Au Äeht ¼„‚™t rþ»Þ ƒt…wËtnuƒ „tÞfðtz. frð ™tukÄ Au fu Sð™u yt‚{ht{™tu Ëk„ „wÁ fhtðe yt…u Au. „wÁ s þtkr‚ …{tzu Au. „wÁ™e þrf‚ fuðe [{ífthe ntuÞ Au ‚u Ë{òð‚t frð fnu Au - ‘ËŒT„wÁ Œuðu f]…t feÄe íÞthu xéÞt rºtrðÄ ‚t…’ ‘…t‚ „Þwk ™tþe hu „wÁyu yt…e ¿tt™ ytkÏÞtu’ ‘Ë[ht[h{tk nrh Œu¾tzÞtk su{ s¤{tk Ëqh’ ‘ËŒT„wÁÁ…e Mð¡w hu ËŒT„wÁ ðe¾ðt¤u yu™w ð„¤ ftZe ™tk¾u hu Ëtu™e su{ Ëtu™wk „t¤u’ ‘ÚttÞ ðtË™t™tu ¼k„, íÞthu [zu y¾kz hk„, sÞthu {™ ÚtÞwk y…k„, íÞthu „wÁ [ýo{tk r[‚ [tuxwk [tuxwk fu fw¤ {tuxwk.’ ¼s™, …Œ™t frð frð ƒt…w Ëtnuƒu yu{™e y™uf h[™tytu{tk „wÁ{rn{t fÞtou Au. „wÁ s nrh ‚hV Œtuhe s™tht Œe…f Au. hrð -¼tý Ëk«ŒtÞ™t Ëk‚ frðytu{tk hrð Ëtnuƒ-{tuhth Ëtnuƒ y™u ‚u{™t rþ»Þ Sðt ¼„‚u …ý „wÁ {rn{t „t‚e h[™tytu yt…e Au. „wÁ rðþu Sðt ¼„‚ yu{™e h[™tytu{tk ™tukÄu Au fu „wÁ ‚{u ƒúñÚte yrÄf Atu.{tht E»xŒuð Atu. „wÁ s {tht {tuût™tu {t„o ™u Ëw¾™wk îth Au. Ëðo ‚eÚttou „wÁ™t [hý{tk Au. „wÁ™t [hýt{]‚™wk …t™ fhðtÚte ¼ð…th fhe þftÞ Au. Œt™, …wÛÞ, ËtÄ™, Ë{trÄ fu ŒunÚte fhu÷t ðú‚ „wÁ ¼s™™™e ƒhtuƒhe fhe þfu ‚u{ ™Úte. „wÁ™wk yuf …¤ ¼s™ fhðt{tk ytðu ‚tu Ëtu ð»to™e Ë{trÄ sux÷wk V¤ {¤u Au frð™t þçŒtu --- „wÁ ¼s™ yuf …÷ fhu, Ë{trÄ Ëtu ð»to™e Ähu, nrh {krŒh W{h ¼h stðu, „wÁ ftu Œþo™ yufƒth Úttðu, {txu Ëuðtu „wÁ {™ ¼tE, „wÁ Ëu {‚ ht¾tu swŒtE’ N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ª…… æ˙l´…©……≈ N…÷Ư©… æ˙©……N……{… 137 „wÁËwk yuf {uf {™ Úttðu, Sð {xe™u ƒúñ fntðu, „wÁ ¿tt™ æÞt™ ÷ûÞ ytðu, Ëw¾ Ëk…‚ yt™kŒ ðÄtðu, „wÁ fu ¼s‚u ŒtÁý Œw:¾ òðu, {™¾t s™{ftu Œtð ˃ Vtðu’ {tÞt ƒkÄ™ Sð™u fhtðu, Ëtu ƒkÄ™ „wÁ …÷{u ‚tuztðu, Ë‚„wÁ ¿tt™ ÷ût ÷E yt…u, ƒkÄ™ fturx s™{™t ft…u, …t…u»x f{uo»x „Á þhýu ytðu, ‚tu y™uf sL{ fu ƒkÄ Atuztðu, ƒkÄe Atuz ËŒT„Áft ™t{t, ‚whk‚ …ntuk[tzu r™ðtoý …Œ Ät{t. y™LÞ þhý„r‚«tó ÚttÞ ‚u {txu „Á Ëuðt y™u Ëk‚ Ë{t„{™tu {ne{t ŒÞtht{u …ý „tÞtu Au. ËŒT„wÁ þhý rð™t ©ef]»ý™wk þhý ytfÁk Au. frð™t þçŒtuu òuEyu. ‘„wÁîth rðý y…oý Äh‚tk hu, nrh™u ©{ …zu þwØ Au s fh‚tk hu, ËŒ„wÁ™tu ËkƒkÄ rð[the hu,Íx ŒÞt¤w ÷uþu Mðefthe hu, „wÁîthu þwØ ËŒt ÚttÞ hu, ð¤e RråA‚ ftÞo ËÄtÞ hu, {q¤ ËŒ„wÁ©e™wk yk„ hu, òýe nrh™u yk‚h ÚttÞ W{k„ hu, ËŒT„wÁ™t rþ»Þ™e ytu¤¾ {¤‚tk nrh™u …ý Sð™u {¤ðt {txu W{k„ ÚttÞ Au. nrh ‚h‚ s Sð™tu Mðefth fhe ÷u Au. „wÁ{rn{t „t™™wk ytð‚o™ h[‚e «M‚w‚ Ëk‚ frðytu™e h[™tytu{tkÚte …Ëth Út‚tk fux÷ef æÞt™…tºt rð„‚tu Ëtk…zu Au. yuf, yt Ëk‚ frðytu Sð™™t ythk¼ft¤{tk Ët{tLÞ ËkËthe {týËtu s n‚tk. …hk‚w „wÁf]…t y™u ËkíË„ƒ¤u ‚uytu ytí{t™w¼qr‚ fhe þfÞt. ƒeskw, ËtÄ™t™t {w~fu÷ {t„o{tk ËkËth™e ™ïh‚t™e Ë{s „wÁyu s Ëk‚frðytu™u yt…e Au …hk‚w ËkËthÚte ¼t„e Awxðt™wk „wÁyu ‚u{™u fÞtkÞ fnÞwk ™Úte. ËkËth{tks hne, ËkËth{tk hËƒË ÚtÞt rð™t r™»ft{f{o «r‚ „wÁyu ŒtuÞto Au. ºteswk, „wÁ ËtrÒtæÞ™t «‚t…u yt Ëkfrðytu™t Sð™{tk yuðe ûtýtu ytðe Au sÞtk „wÁ rþ»Þ ƒk™u yufY… ƒ™e hnÞt™e ÷t„ýe ‚u{™u ÚtE Au. fux÷ef yuðe ûtýtu …ý ytðe Au sÞtk ŒunÄthe „wÁ y™u Eïh ðå[u y¼uŒ ËòoÞtu Au. fÞthuf „wÁËkíËk„ ƒ¤u …tu‚u s …tu‚t™t „wÁ Útðt ËwÄe™e ût{‚t {¤uðe Au. „wÁ rþ»Þ ËkƒkÄ™e yt Ë{„ú «rfúÞt{tk sux÷wk ‚usMðe „wÁ™wk {qÕÞ Au ‚ux÷wk s Äeh rþ»Þ™wk …ý {qÕÞ Au. „wÁ - ËŒT„wÁ {éÞt fu ™ {éÞt yu ‚tu …Ae™e ðt‚ Au. …nu÷tk rs¿ttËw y™u ÿZ ©Øtðt™ rþ»Þ ƒ™ðwk …zu ‚tu …Ae ËŒT„wÁ yð~Þ ytðe {¤u. ¼„ðŒT „e‚t{tk …ý fnÞwk Au “©Øtðt™ ÷¼‚u ¿tt™{T”. ËkŒ¼oËqr[ 1. y¾u„e‚t Ëk…t. W{tþkfh òu»te h. „wsht‚e ËtrníÞ™tu Er‚ntË ¼t-h Ëk…t. W{tþkfh òu»te ð„uhu 3. „wÁ Útt ‚thtu ‚ws Ëk…t. «er‚ þtn, Œûtt {nðŒðeÞt 4. ƒ]nŒftÔÞ Œtun™ ¼t.1,3,4,7 Ëk…t. EåAtht{ ËqÞoht{ ŒuËtE …. ¼tuò ¼„‚™e ðtýe Ëk…t.{™Ëw¾÷t÷ Ëtð÷eÞt y™u yLÞ 6. ŒÞtht{ yuf yæÞÞ™ Ëk…t. Ëw¼t»t Œðu. ❑ 138ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±…{…“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006138 ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±…{…“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… N…÷W≠˜…l… < l…æ˙…ª… ~… ≠˜∫…qˆ{…… 21©…… + y…¥…‡∂…{…-27-29 eÙª…‡. 2001, HÌ…‡`Ú…(≠˜…Wªo……{…) ©…÷HÌ…©…‡ ´……‡X´…‡±… <{……©…“ {…•…≈y… ª~…y……«©……≈ ∏…“ ∂…∂…“HÌ…{l… æ˙“≠˜…±……±… ∂……æ˙ ~…… ≠˜l……‡ ∫…HÌ ¥…W‡l…… ∂……‡y…~…m… n eÙ…Ë. °…£ŸÌ±±…… ª…“. ¶…¡ß…aÚ < l…æ˙…ª… ¥…ß……N… +… qˆ¥……ª…“ +…`«Ú√ª… +‡{eÙ HÌ…Ë©…ª…« H̅˱…‡W ª…≈l…≠˜…©…~…÷≠˜-389 260. Y. ~…≈S…©…æ˙…±….

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HÌqˆ…S… ¥´……W{…… qˆ≠˜ {……i…… ±…‡{……≠˜{…“ N…≠˜W +{…‡ y…“≠˜{……≠˜{…“ X‡L…©… ±…‡¥……{…“ l…‰´……≠˜“ +{…÷ª……≠˜ •…qˆ±……l…… æ˙…‡´…. l…‡{…… •…≈y…{… •…‡ °…HÌ…≠˜{…… æ˙l……. N……‡~l… (H‡ÌqˆL……{…÷≈) +{…‡ •…“W÷≈ HÌ…‰S…•…≈y…. +… HÌ…‰S…•…≈y… HÌ…‰S…~…K…“{…… +…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +‡HÌ °…HÌ…≠˜“ •…‡eÙ“ æ˙l…“. ~…∂…÷+…‡ ©……`‡Ú{…… N…“≠˜…‡L…l… ~…i… +… ª…©…´…‡ o…l……. +… +≈N…‡{……‡ "+…v…HfiÌl… ¥…ªl…÷{……~… ≠˜O… æ˙l… rˆ¥´… ~…m… ¥… y…' {……©…{……‡ qˆªl……¥…‡W ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… A~…≠˜o…“ ©…⁄HÌ¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…… æ˙∂…‡. +…©…, ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±… qˆ≠˜©´……{…{…“ N…÷W≠˜…l…{…“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… ª…©…fiuˆ æ˙l…“, l…o…… L…‡l…“ æ÷˙}…≠˜ Av…‡N…, ¥´……~……≠˜ y…≈y……©……≈ •…æ˙…‡≥… °…©……i…©……≈ S……±…l…… l…‡o…“ W ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±…{…‡ N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… < l…æ˙…ª…©……≈ "ª…÷¥…i…«´…÷N…' l…≠˜“H‡Ì < l…æ˙…ª… ¥…qˆ…‡{……‡ +…‡≥L……¥…‡ UÔ‡. ~……qˆ`Ú“~… (1) "N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… +‰ l…æ˙… ª…HÌ ±…‡L……‡' ß……N…-2-3 ±…‡L… {…≈. 138, 144, 146, 148, 148+, 149, 150, 151, 156, 157, 171, 185. (2) ≠˜ ª…H̱……±… S……‡`Ú…±……±… ~…≠˜“L… l…o…… eÙ…Ë. æ˙. N…. ∂……ªm…“ (ª…≈~……qˆHÌ…‡) "N…÷W≠˜…l…{……‡ ≠˜…WHÌ“´… +{…‡ ª……≈ªHfiÌ l…HÌ < l…æ˙…ª…', O…≈o…-2, L…≈eÙ-1, ~…fi. 20 (3) {…¥…“{…S…≈rˆ +…S……´…« : "N…÷W≠˜…l…{……‡ ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±…“{… < l…æ˙…ª…', ~…fi. 3. (4) +‡W{…, ~…fi. 4. (5) ©…÷ {…∏…“ W{… ¥…W´…Y : "~…÷≠˜…l…{… °…•…≈y… ª…≈O…æ˙', ~…fi. 28. (6) ≠˜©…i…±……±… {……. ©…æ‡˙l…… : "N…÷W≠˜…l…{……‡ ©…≥‡±… ªo……~…l´…{……‡ ¥……≠˜ª……‡', ~…fi. 110. ª……‡±…≈HÌ“HÌ…±…{…“ +…Ão…HÌ Œªo… l… 145 (7) ≠˜ ª…H̱……±… UÔ…‡`Ú…±……±… ~…≠˜“L… : "N…÷W≠˜…l…{…“ ≠˜…Wy……{…“+…‡', ~…fi. 219. (8) A. K. Majmudar, "Chaulkyas of Gujarat', Pub. Bharti Vidhya Bhavan, Bombay, 1956, PP-108 & 262. (9) "N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… +‰ l…æ˙… ª…HÌ ±…‡L……‡' ß……N…-3, ~…fi. 238. (10) "rˆ´……∏…´…', ª…N…«-19, ∑±……‡HÌ-7. (11) "q‡ˆ∂…“{……©…©……±……', ¥…N…«-6, ∂±……‡HÌ-30 (12) "rˆ´……∏…´…', ª…N…«-15, ∂±……‡HÌ-49. (13) ≠˜…©…±……±… ©……‡qˆ“ (rˆ´……∏…´…) "ª…≈ªHfiÌl… rˆ´……∏…´… HÌ…¥´…©……≈ ©…y´…HÌ…±…“{… N…÷W≠˜…l…{…“ ª……©…… WHÌ Œªo… l…', ~…fi. 30. (14) æ˙ ≠˜°…ª……qˆ ∂……ªm…“, "N…÷W≠˜…l…{……‡ °……S…“{… < l…æ˙…ª…', ~…fi. 289. (15) A. K. Majmudar, "Chaulkyas of Gujarat', P-260. (16) "q‡ˆ∂…“{……©…©……±……', ª…N…«-1, ∑±……‡HÌ-10. (17) +‡W{…, ª…N…«-1, ∑±……‡HÌ-117. (18) +‡W{…, ª…N…«-2, ∑±……‡HÌ-2-82, ª…N…«-1, ∑±……‡HÌ-28-79. (19) "rˆ´……∏…´…', ª…N…«-18, ∑±……‡HÌ-18-19. (20) "q‡ˆ∂…“{……©…©……±……', ª…N…«-2, ∑±……‡HÌÌ-18. (21) A. K. Majmudar, "Chaulkyas of Gujarat', P-262. (22) ß……‡N…“±……±… W‡ ª……≈e‡Ùª…≠˜… : "ª…≈ª……‡y…{…{…“ H‡ÌeÙ“', ~…fi. 244. (23) N…≠˜X∂…≈HÌ≠˜ +…S……´…« : "N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… +‰ l…æ˙… ª…HÌ ±…‡L……‡', ß……N…-3, ±…‡L……≈HÌ-222. (24) "±…‡L…~…uˆ l…', ~…fi. 15. (25) +‡W{…, ~…fi. 15. (26) A. K. Majmudar, op-cit, PP-260-261. (27) æ˙ ≠˜°…ª……qˆ ∂……ªm…“ : "N…÷W≠˜…l…{……‡ °……S…“{… < l…æ˙…ª…', ~…fi. 289. (28) ß……‡N…“±……±… ª……≈e‡Ùª…≠˜… : "< l…æ˙…ª… +{…‡ ª…… æ˙l´…', ~…fi. 176-78. (29) +‡W{…, ~…fi. 209. (30) A. k. Majmudar, op-cit, PP-216-221. (31) ≠˜…©…±……±… ©……‡qˆ“ : "ª…≈ªHfiÌl… rˆ´……∏…´… HÌ…´©……≈ ©…y´…HÌ…±…“{… N…÷W≠˜…l…{…“ ª……©…… WHÌ Œªo… l…', ~…fi. 30. (32) M. S. Commissariat : "A History of Gujarat', Vol-I, London, 1938, PP-265- 266. (33) ≠˜l{…©… i…≠˜…¥… ß…“©…≠˜…¥… : "N…÷W≠˜…l…{…÷≈ ¥…æ˙…i…¥…`÷≈Ú', ¥…ª…≈l… ≠˜Wl… ©…æ˙…‡lª…¥… ª©……≠˜HÌ O…≈o…, ~…fi. 195. (34) +‡W{…, ~…fi. 199. (35) "±…‡L…~…uˆ l…', ~…fi. 26-27. ❑ 146 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 +£Ì¥…… - ©…{……‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú{…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì

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X‡H‡Ì W‡©… æ˙¥…… ¥…N…≠˜{…÷≈ Y¥…{… ∂…G¨ {…o…“ l…‡©… +£Ì¥…… ¥…N…≠˜{……‡ ª…©……W ~…i… ∂…G¨ {…o…“. +…qˆ©…{…… Aq√ˆß…¥…o…“ l…‡{…“ ∂…∞˜+…l… o…> æ˙∂…‡ +{…‡ +…qˆ©…“{…… +Œªl…l¥… ª…÷y…“ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡{…÷≈ +Œªl…l¥… ≠˜æ‡˙∂…‡. 1. °…ªl……¥…{…… : +…qˆ“¥……ª…“ æ˙…‡´… H‡Ì +©…‡ ≠˜HÌ{…, {…¥… ¥…∫…«{…÷≈ •……≥HÌ æ˙…‡´… H‡Ì {…‡¥…÷≈ ¥…∫…«{……‡ ¥…fiuˆ, +…æ˙¥……{…… ±…“±…… W≈N…±……‡©……≈ ≠˜æ‡˙{……≠˜ æ˙…‡´… H‡Ì +…y…÷ {…HÌ ª…©…‡{`Ú{…… W≈N…±……‡©……≈ ≠˜æ‡˙{……≠˜ æ˙…‡´…, {…≠˜K…≠˜ æ˙…‡´… H‡Ì eÙO…“+…‡{……‡ hıN…±……‡ y…≠˜…¥…{……≠˜ æ˙…‡´…, qˆ≠‡˜HÌ{…‡ +‡HÌ •……•…l… +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡ +{…‡ l…‡ UÔ‡ +£Ì¥……. +£Ì¥…… ¥…N…≠˜{…÷≈ ©……{…¥…Y¥…{… H̱~…¥…÷≈ ©…÷∂H‡Ì±… UÔ‡. V´……≈ V´……≈ ©……{…¥…“ UÔ‡ l´……≈ l´……≈ +£Ì¥…… UÔ‡. ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥…{…©……≈ ©……‡`‡Ú ß……N…‡ +£Ì¥……{…“ P…`Ú{……+…‡ •…{…l…“ ≠˜æ‡˙ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥…… +‡ +‡HÌ ª……©…… WHÌ ¥…l…«{… UÔ‡. ª…©……W±…K…“ ©…{……‡ ¥…[……{… W⁄o… ¥…l…«{… l…≠˜“H‡Ì l…‡{……‡ +ß´……ª… HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. 2. +£Ì¥……{……‡ +o…« ( Meaning of Rumour) : (i) ª……©……{´… +o…« : N…÷W≠˜…l…“ ∂…•qˆ "+£Ì¥……' +‡ +≠˜•…“ ∂…•qˆ A~…≠˜o…“ +…¥…‡±……‡ UÔ‡. "+£Ì¥……æ˙' ∂…•qˆ©……≈ "H⁄Ìæ˙…' +‡`Ú±…‡ "©……·' +{…‡ l…‡{…… •…æ÷˙¥…S…{… A~…≠˜o…“ l…‡ ∂…•qˆ •…{…‡±……‡ UÔ‡. +… ≠˜“l…‡ X‡>+‡ l……‡ "+{…‡HÌ ©……· +‡ S……±…l…“' H‡Ì "P…i…‡ ©……·+‡ S……±…l…“ ¥……l…' l…‡¥……‡ +o…« o…> ∂…H‡Ì. 23 +£Ì¥…… ©……`‡Ú +≈O…‡Y ∂…•qˆ "Rumour' UÔ‡. l…‡ "Rumor' {……©…{…… ±…Ë `Ú{… ∂…•qˆ A~…≠˜o…“ +…¥…‡±……‡ UÔ‡. W‡{……‡ +o…« "±……‡HÌ…‡{…“ ¥……l…' (Common talk) +‡¥……‡ o……´… UÔ‡. +£Ì¥…… - ©…{……‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú{…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 147 (ii) ©…{……‡¥…‰[…… {…HÌ +o…« : "+£Ì¥…… +‡`Ú±…‡ +©…÷HÌ ¥´…ŒGl… ~……ª…‡o…“ •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ ~……ª…‡ °…ª…… ≠˜l… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…“ +{…‡ °…S……≠˜©……≈ ~… ≠˜¥…l…«{… +{…‡ ¥…HÌ…ª… ~……©…l…“ HÌ…‡> ¥……ªl… ¥…HÌ H‡Ì HÌ…±~… {…HÌ ©……i…ª… H‡Ì P…`Ú{…… ¥…∫…‡{…“ ¥……l….' - •…“. H÷Ì~~…÷ª¥……©…“. "Rumour is a special kind of suggestion, story about some real or ficititious person or event which grows as it spreds.' - Kimbal Young. "A rumour is a specific proposition for belief passed along from person to person, usually, by words of mouth, without secure standards of evidence being present.' (iii) ª…©…W⁄l…“ : +£Ì¥…… ¥…∂…‡{…“ ¥… ¥…y… ¥´……L´……+…‡{…‡ +…y……≠‡˜ +… •……•…l……‡ l……≠˜¥…“ ∂…HÌ…´… : (1) +£Ì¥…… +‡ ©……‡hı… ©……‡hı{…“ ¥……l… S…l… UÔ‡. (2) l…‡©……≈ ¥´…ŒGl… H‡Ì P…`Ú{…… ¥…∂…‡ o……‡eÙ“ H‡Ì HÌ∂…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ æ˙…‡l…“ {…o…“. (3) l…‡©……≈ £‡Ì±……l…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ~…⁄i…« æ˙…‡l…“ {…o…“. (4) "+…©… o…∂…‡' H‡Ì "+…©… æ˙∂…‡' l…‡¥…… °…HÌ…≠˜{…÷≈ ¥…±…i… l…‡©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (5) l…‡©……≈ ~……‡l……{…÷≈ A©…‡≠˜i… HÌ≠˜¥……{…“ ¥…fi n… ~…i… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (6) +£Ì¥……©……≈ S……‡I̪……> HÌ≠˜¥……{…÷≈ ¥…±…i… +…‡U÷≈Ô X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (7) qˆ≠‡˜HÌ{…‡ +£Ì¥…… ª……≈ß…≥¥…… +{…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (8) +£Ì¥……©……≈ S……‡I̪……> HÌ≠˜¥……{…÷≈ ¥…±…i… +…‡U÷≈Ô X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (9) +£Ì¥……{……‡ £‡Ì±……¥……‡ L…⁄•… ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ o……´… UÔ‡. (10) +£Ì¥……©……≈ "•…÷ uˆ' HÌ≠˜l……≈ "±……N…i…“'{…÷≈ l…n¥… ¥…y……≠‡˜ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (11) ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ +…~…¥……o…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ {…o…“ l…‡ •……•…l… ª…≈~…⁄i…« ª……S…“ {…o…“. (12) +£Ì¥…… æ˙HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ l…‡©…W {…HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ æ˙…‡> ∂…H‡Ì UÔ‡. (13) ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ ¥…l…«{… A~…≠˜ +£Ì¥……{…“ +ª…≠˜ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (14) +…y…÷ {…HÌ ª…≈q‡ˆ∂……¥´…¥…æ˙…≠˜{…… ©……y´…©……‡ ~…i… l…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥……©……≈ ©…æ˙n¥…{……‡ ß……N… ß…W¥…‡ UÔ‡. 3. +£Ì¥……{…… ±…K…i……‡ : l…‡{…… ±…K…i……‡ +… °…©……i…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ : (1) ©…æ˙n¥… (Importance) : +£Ì¥……{…“ ±……K… i…HÌl……©……≈ "©…æ˙n¥…' +‡ °…o…©… ±…K…i… UÔ‡. ª……©……{´… ©……{…¥…“ H‡Ì ~… ≠˜Œªo… l… ¥…∫…‡{…“ +£Ì¥…… Aq√ˆß…¥…l…“ {…o…“ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ {…o…“. ©…æ˙n¥…{…“ H‡Ì Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ (≠˜…W HÌ´…{…‡l……+…‡, £Ì±©…“ H‡Ì `Ú“.¥…“. H̱……HÌ…≠˜…‡, L…‡±……eÙ“+…‡, N……©… H‡Ì ∂…æ‡˙≠˜{…“ ©…æ˙n¥…{…“ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜) ¥…∂…‡ l…‡©…W ©…æ˙n¥…{…“ P…`Ú{……+…‡ (•……È•…y…eÙ…HÌ…+…‡, ß…⁄H≈Ì~…, ~…⁄≠˜, ¥……¥……]Ò…‡e÷Ù, +H̪©……l…, +…l©…æ˙l´……, L…⁄{…, ®…∫`Ú…S……≠˜, Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡, ©…‡S… £ÌGª…”N… ¥…N…‡≠‡˜) ¥…∂…‡ +£Ì¥…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ª……©……{´… ©……{…¥…“{…‡ +…¥…“ •……•…l……‡©……≈ ¥…y……≠‡˜ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (2) +ª~…∫`Úl…… (Amibiguity) : +£Ì¥……{…÷≈ •…“W÷≈ ©…æ˙n¥…{…÷≈ ±…K…i… UÔ‡ : +ª~…∫`Úl……, ª……©……{´… ≠˜“l…‡ W‡ •……•…l…{…“ ª…≈~…⁄i…« ©…… æ˙l…“ æ˙…‡´… l…‡{…… ¥…∂…‡{…“ +£Ì¥…… Aq√ˆß…¥…l…“ {…o…“; +{…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…‡ l……‡ +…N…≥ £‡Ì±……l…“ {…o…“. +…©… ©…… æ˙l…“{……‡ +ß……¥… æ˙…‡¥……{…‡ ±…“y…‡ +£Ì¥…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. 4. +£Ì¥……{…÷≈ ¥…∫…´… ¥…ªl…÷ (Subject-matter of rumour) : ß……≠˜l…“´… ª…©……W©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… ¥…∫…´…¥…ªl…÷©……≈ ¥… ¥…y…l…… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡, ß…´…, ß…´…°…qˆ ¥……l……‡{…‡ ±…N…l…“, o…“ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜…´… l…‡¥…“ •…{…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +…‡UÔ… ∂…•qˆ…‡ +{…‡ +…‡UÔ“ ¥…N…l……‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (2) l…“Ki… o…¥…÷≈ (Sharpening) : l…‡ ~…ª…≈qˆN…“´…÷Gl… °…l´…K…“HÌ≠˜i… UÔ‡. ©…… æ˙l…“{…… ß…≈eÙ…≠˜©……≈o…“ ©…´……« qˆl… ©…… æ˙l…“ ´……qˆ ≠˜…L…¥……{…“ +{…‡ HÌæ‡˙¥……{…“ °… JÌ´…… l…‡©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… •…≈{…‡ °… JÌ´…… ~…ª…≈qˆN…“´…÷Gl… (selective) UÔ‡. (3) ª…qˆ∂…“HÌ≠˜i… (Assimilation) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ H‡Ì¥…“ ≠˜“l…‡ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡ l…‡{…“ Xi…HÌ…≠˜“ ª…qˆ∂…“HÌ≠˜i…{…“ °… JÌ´…… wˆ…≠˜… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +… °… JÌ´……©……≈ ª……≈ß…≥{……≠˜…{…… ©…{… A~…≠˜ ±……N…i…“+…‡, ≠˜ª…, `‡Ú¥……‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜{…“ °…ß……¥…∂……≥“ +ª…≠˜ o…l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +… °… JÌ´……©……≈ ¥´…ŒGl… +£Ì¥……{…‡ +…l©…ª……l… HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. 6. +£Ì¥……{…… °…HÌ…≠˜…‡ (Kinds of rumour) : ©……{…¥… ª…©……W©……≈ ©…÷L´…l¥…‡ +… °…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ : (1) + l…∂…´……‡ŒGl…¥……≥“ +£Ì¥…… (Exaggerated rumour) : +… °…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +£Ì¥……©……≈ {……{…“ ©……‡`Ú“ ¥……l…{…‡ ¥…y……≠˜“{…‡ HÌæ‡˙¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ ¥……l…{…‡ + l…∂…´……‡ŒGl…~…⁄i…« ≠˜W⁄ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. ≠˜…>{……‡ ~…¥…«l… •…{……¥…“ q‡ˆ¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. (2) °… l…∫cÛ… +£Ì¥…… (Prestige rumour) : X‡ HÌ…‡> Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl… wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ l…‡{…‡ °… l…∫cÛ… +£Ì¥…… HÌæ‡˙ UÔ‡. +…¥…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ª…≠˜≥l……o…“ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. (3) W[……ª…… +£Ì¥…… (Curiosity rumour) : ©……{…¥…“{…“ ©……{… ª…HÌ W[……ª……{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…‡ W[……ª…… +£Ì¥…… HÌæ‡˙¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. W‡©…H‡Ì ~…≠˜“K…… ~…UÔ“ ¥…v…o…‘+…‡ ~… ≠˜i……©…{…“ ≠˜…æ˙ X‡l…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. l…‡¥…… ª…©…´…‡ HÌ…‡> HÌæ‡˙ H‡Ì ~… ≠˜i……©… Xæ‡˙≠˜ o…> N…´…÷≈ UÔ‡ l……‡ ª……S…÷ H‡Ì L……‡`÷Ú l…‡{…“ S…HÌ…ª…i…“ ¥…N…≠˜ ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“ qˆ…‡eÙ“ X´… UÔ‡. (4) ß…´… +£Ì¥…… (fear rumour) : l…‡{……‡ Aq√ˆß…¥… ß…´…{…“ ~… ≠˜Œªo… l…©……≈ o……´… UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. HÌ…‡©…“ æ÷˙±±…eÙ…‡{…… ª…©…´…‡ +…¥…… °…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. l……W‡l…≠˜{…… + l…∂…´… ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ H‡Ì •……·•…y…eÙ…HÌ…{…“ P…`Ú{……{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ ÀS…l……, ß…´… H‡Ì N…ß…≠˜…`Ú X‡¥…… ©…≥¥……{…‡ ±…“y…‡ +… °…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥“ æ˙l…“. (5) qˆ¥……ª¥…~{… +£Ì¥…… (Day dreum rumour) : ¥´…ŒGl…{…“ H̱~…{……+…‡, ©…{……‡ß……¥…{……+…‡, {…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. 7. +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥……{…… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ (Cause of rumour mongering) : +…~…i…“ +…W÷•……W÷ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…“ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥…… °…ª…≠˜¥……{…… W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡ : (+) ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ (Personal causes) : ¥´…ŒGl…{…“ +≈qˆ≠˜ ≠˜æ‡˙±…“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ •……•…l……‡ l…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥…… ©……`‡Ú W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl…{…“ +≈qˆ≠˜ ≠˜æ‡˙±…“ °…‡≠˜i……+…‡ l…‡©…W ¥´…ŒGl…l¥…{…… H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ +£Ì¥…… - ©…{……‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú{…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 149 ~……ª……+…‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥…… ©……`‡Ú HÌ…≠˜i…ß…⁄l… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ +… °…©……i…‡ UÔ‡ : (1) +æ˙©…√ (Ego) : `~……‡l…‡ ~…i… •…“X HÌ≠˜l……≈ H≈Ì>HÌ ¥…y……≠‡˜ Xi…‡ UÔ‡', "~……‡l……{…“ ~……ª…‡ H≈Ì>HÌ ©…æ˙n¥…{…“ ¥……l… UÔ‡' - ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ¥……G¨…‡ ¥´…ŒGl…{…… +æ˙©…√{…÷≈ ª…⁄S…{… HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥……©……≈ l…‡{……‡ +æ˙©…√ ~…i… ß……N… ß…W¥…l……‡ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (2) ¥……l… ©……{…“ ±…‡ UÔ‡ +{…‡ •…“X{…‡ HÌæ‡˙ UÔ‡. •……≥HÌ…‡, {…≠˜K…≠˜ l…‡©…W ªm…“+…‡©……≈ ª…⁄S…{…¥…∂…l…… ¥…y……≠‡˜ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡, l…‡o…“ l…‡+…‡ W±…qˆ“o…“ +£Ì¥……{…‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠‡˜ UÔ‡ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡. (6) +‡H̱…l……, ÀS…l…… +{…‡ l……i… P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… : ß…⁄H≈Ì~…©……≈ +‡H̱…l……, ÀS…l…… +{…‡ l……i… P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… ¥´…ŒGl… £Ì…‡{… wˆ…≠˜… "æ˙±´…÷' +‡ +≈N…‡{…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡. (7) ~…⁄¥…«O…æ˙…‡ +{…‡ ©…{……‡¥…±…i……‡ (Prejudice and attitude) : ¥… ¥…y… W⁄o……‡ ¥…∂…‡, +‡HÌ•…“X ¥…∂…‡, Xl…Xl…{…… ~…⁄¥…«O…æ˙…‡ +{…‡ ©…{……‡¥…±…i……‡ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. æ˙{q÷ˆ, ©…÷ª±…“©…, ASS…[…… l…, {…©{…[…… l…, N…÷W≠˜…l…“, •…“{…N…÷W≠˜…l…“, ß……W~…-HÌ…ÈO…‡ª…, ~…⁄¥…« +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, ~… ∑S…©… +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, ß…i…‡±……-+ß…i… W⁄o……‡©……≈ ≠˜æ‡˙±…… ~…⁄¥…«O…æ˙…‡ +{…‡ ©…{……‡¥…±…i……‡{…‡ ±…“y…‡ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (8) +‡HÌ ¥…y…l…… l……‡eÙ¥…… (To break monotony) : ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ… ¥……l……¥…≠˜i…o…“ ©……{…¥…“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ H≈Ì`Ú…≥“ X´… UÔ‡. ~……‡≥…‡©……≈, ¢±…Ë`Ú…‡©……≈ H‡Ì +…Ë £Ìª……‡©……≈ ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ… Y¥…{…{…“ +‡HÌ ¥…y…l…… l……‡eÙ¥…… ±……‡HÌ…‡{…‡ "¥……l……‡' HÌ≠˜¥…“ N…©…l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. "ª……≈ß…≤´…÷, ≠˜“`Ú…•…‡{…{…“ ©……‡ {…HÌ… HÌ…‡>{…… •…… æ˙l…“', "~…`‡Ú±… ª……æ‡˙•…{…“ •…qˆ±…“ +‡HÌ •…‡ qˆ¥…ª…©……≈ o…> ª…©…X‡{…‡.' ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ l…‡{…… Aqˆ…æ˙≠˜i… UÔ‡. (9) ß…´… P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… (Reduses Fear) : H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ °…ª…≈N……‡+‡ ¥´…ŒGl…{…“ ß…´…{…“ °…‡≠˜i…… l…“µ… •…{…‡ UÔ‡. "+…¥…l…“ HÌ…±…‡ ©……‡`Ú…‡ +…≈S…HÌ…‡ +…¥…∂…‡', "æ˙W÷ ß……≠‡˜ ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ ~…eÙ¥……{…“ +…N……æ˙“ UÔ‡.', "£Ì±……i…… ¥…ªl……≠˜©……≈ `Ú…‡≥…+‡ +…N… S……≈~…¥……{…÷≈ +{…‡ ±…⁄≈`ڣ̅`Ú HÌ≠˜¥……{…÷≈ ∂…∞˜ HÌ≠˜“ qˆ“y…÷ UÔ‡.' - +…¥…“ •……•…l……‡ ß…´…{…“ ±……N…i…“ W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl… ~……‡l……{…“ ß…´…{…“ ±……N…i…“ P…`Ú…eÙ¥…… Xl…Xl…{…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡. (10) ¥…‰£Ì±~… ¥…fi n… : ¥…‰£Ì±´… ¥…fi n…{…‡ ±…“y…‡ ~…i… Xl…Xl…{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ ≠˜S…¥……©……≈ {…∫£Ì≥ N…´…‡±… ~…K… ∂……ª…HÌ~…K…©……≈ o…l……≈ ®…∫`Ú…S……≠˜ +{…‡ HÌ…‰ß……≈eÙ…‡{…“ ¥……l……‡ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. "≠˜…æ˙l…HÌ…´…«©……≈ N……‡±…©……±… o……´… UÔ‡', "≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜{…÷≈ H‡Ì{rˆ ª…©…K… HÌ∂…÷≈ S……±…l…÷ {…o…“.' (11) <∫´……«¥…fi n… : ¥´…ŒGl…-¥´…ŒGl… +{…‡ W⁄o…-W⁄o… ¥…SS…‡ <∫´……«¥…fi n… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ~……‡l……{…… HÌ≠˜l……≈ •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl… H‡Ì W⁄o… ª…£Ì≥l…… {… ©…‡≥¥…‡ l…‡ ©……`‡Ú l…‡{…… ¥…∂…‡ Xl…Xl…{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (12) Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡©……≈ ≠˜ª… (Interest in Sex) : ª……©……{´… ≠˜“l…‡ Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡ +≈N…‡{…“ 150 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 Xæ‡˙≠˜…l…©……≈ ¥……l… HÌ≠˜¥…… °… l…•…≈y… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ W±…qˆ“ ±……‡HÌ…‡{…‡ Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡{…“ +£Ì¥……©……≈ ≠˜ª… ~…e‡Ù UÔ‡. Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡ ¥…∂…‡{…“ ¥……l……‡ ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. ª……y…÷, ª¥……©…“+…‡, ≠˜…WHÌ“´… {…‡l……+…‡, + ß…{…‡l……-+ ß…{…‡m…“+…‡, L…‡±……eÙ“+…‡ l…‡©…W Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡{…… Xl…“´… HÌ…‰ß……≈eÙ…‡{…“ ¥……l……‡ ª……≈ß…≥¥…“ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥…“ N…©…l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +… A~…≠˜…≈l… H÷Ìl…÷æ˙±… ¥…fi n…, •……‰ uˆHÌ ß…⁄L…, °…K…‡~…i… °… l…∫cÛ… X≥¥…¥…… ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ~…i… +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…{……≠˜… ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… HÌ…≠˜i……‡ UÔ‡. (•…) ª……©…… WHÌ HÌ…≠˜i……‡ : ª…©……W{…“ ¥… ¥…y… •……•…l……‡ +¥……≠˜{…¥……≠˜ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥…… ©……`‡Ú W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ +… •……•…l……‡{……‡ ª…©……¥…‡∂… o……´… UÔ‡ : (1) ª……©…… WHÌ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ (Social Acceptance) : ª……©……{´… ≠˜“l…‡ qˆ≠‡˜HÌ ©……{…¥…“ ª…©……W©……≈ ~……‡l……{……‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ o……´… l…‡¥…÷≈ ~…i… +£Ì¥…… X‡ Xi…“l…“ ¥´…ŒGl… ~……ª…‡o…“ H‡Ì +…y……≠˜ß…⁄l… ªo…≥‡o…“ ¥…æ‡˙l…“ o……´… l……‡ l…‡{…‡ ©……{…{……≠˜… +{…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…{……≠˜… ¥…y……≠‡˜ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. N……©…{…… ª…≠˜~…≈S…, H̅˱…‡W{…… +…S……´…«, +L…•……≠˜{…… l…≈m…“, y……≠˜…ª…ß´… ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ wˆ…≠˜… HÌæ‡˙¥……l…“ ¥……l…{…‡ ©……{…{……≠˜… ¥…y……≠‡˜ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (4) ª¥……o…« : W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… W⁄o……‡©……≈ ª¥……o…«¥…fi n… ≠˜æ‡˙±…“ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. W⁄o…©……≈ ~…i… ~…‡`Ú… W⁄o……‡ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ~……‡l……{…… ª¥……o…« L……l…≠˜ +‡HÌ•…“X ¥…∂…‡ Xl…Xl…{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. ≠˜…WHÌ“´… ~…K…©……≈ "©……‡qˆ“ W⁄o…' +{…‡ "H‡Ì∂…÷ß……>{…÷≈ W⁄o…' ¥…SS…‡ Xl…Xl…{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. `Ú“.¥…“. S…‡{…±…¥……≥…, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ{…… Xi…“l…… •…‡ ¥…l…«©……{…~…m……‡, +…‰v…‡ N…HÌ W⁄o……‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ~……‡l……{…… æ˙≠˜“£Ì ¥…∂…‡ +¥……≠˜{…¥……≠˜ Xl…Xl…{…“ "¥……l……‡' ¥…æ‡˙l…“ HÌ≠˜l……≈ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (5) {……`Ú¨…l©…HÌ l…n¥… (Drumatic Element) : ª…“y…“ •……•…l……‡ ¥…∂…‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ {…o…“. W‡ •……•…l……‡©……≈ {……`Ú¨…l©…HÌ l…n¥… æ˙…‡´… l…‡{…… ¥…∂…‡ ª…©……W©……≈ +£Ì¥……+…‡ W±qˆ“ Aq√ˆß…¥…‡ UÔ‡ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……´… UÔ‡. +… A~…≠˜…≈l… ª…‡{ª…≠˜∂…“~… ¥…L…l…‡, "H≈Ì>HÌ' æ˙∂…‡ l…‡¥…“ ©……{´…l……, ª…≈H÷̱… ª…©……W, ª…©……y……{…¥…fi n… ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ª……©…… WHÌ •……•…l……‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…‡ UÔ‡. 8. +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…{……≠˜… ©……y´…©……‡ (Media of Spreading) : °……S…“{… ª…©…´…o…“ ¥… ¥…y… °…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ª…©……W©……≈ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. +…y…÷ {…HÌ ª…©…´…©……≈ ~…i… ¥… ¥…y… °…HÌ…≠˜{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (1) ©……‰ L…HÌ ¥……l…S…“l… wˆ…≠˜… : +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……{…÷≈ +… ª……‰o…“ °……S…“{… +{…‡ ª…≠˜≥ ©……y´…©… UÔ‡. +‡HÌ ¥´…ŒGl… •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl…{…‡ "H≈Ì>HÌ' HÌæ‡˙ +{…‡ +… •…“Y ¥´…ŒGl… m…“Y{…‡ +‡©… æ˙…≠˜©……≥… wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ~……‡≥…‡©……≈, ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜“ HÌS…‡≠˜“+…‡, {……{…… N……©…eÙ…≈+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ WN´……+‡ +…W‡ ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ ©……‰ L…HÌ ¥……l…S…“l… wˆ…≠˜… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (2) ~…m… wˆ…≠˜… : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ~…m……‡ wˆ…≠˜… ~…i… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ +©…÷HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡, W⁄o……‡ H‡Ì P…`Ú{……+…‡ ¥…∂…‡{…“ +£Ì¥…… ~…m… wˆ…≠˜… ~…æ˙…·S……eÙl…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. qˆ….l…. "£Ì±……i…“ •…·HÌ £ÌeÙS……©……≈ W∂…‡' ¥…∂…‡{…“ +£Ì¥……©……≈ {…{……©…… ~……‡ª`ÚHÌ…e«Ù ~…HÌeÙ…´…… æ˙l……. (3) ~… m…HÌ…+…‡ H‡Ì S……‡~……{…“´…… wˆ…≠˜… : ªo…… {…HÌ HÌK……+‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +©…÷HÌ ¥´…ŒGl… H‡Ì •…{……¥… ¥…∂…‡{…“ +£Ì¥…… - ©…{……‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú{…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 151 ~… m…HÌ…+…‡ H‡Ì S……‡~……{…“´…… UÔ~……¥…“{…‡ ¥…æ·˙S…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡{…‡ ±…“y…‡ ~…i… Xl…Xl…{…“ +£Ì¥…… ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (4) `‡Ú ±…£Ì…‡{… wˆ…≠˜… : `‡Ú ±…£Ì…‡{…{…… ©……y´…©… wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥……+…‡{…“ ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ +{…‡ ª…≠˜≥l……o…“ +…~…-±…‡ o…l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ©… i…{…N…≠˜{…“ P…`Ú{……{…“ "¥……l……‡' £Ì…‡{… wˆ…≠˜… ©…‡©…{…N…≠˜ H‡Ì ©…÷≈•…> ˚H‡Ì ©…ËŒGª…HÌ…‡©……≈ æ˙¥…… HÌ≠˜l……≈ ~…i… ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ ~…æ˙…·S…“ Wl…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +…y…÷ {…HÌ ª…©…´…©……≈ ©……‡•……<±… £Ì…‡{… wˆ…≠˜… ª…≠˜≥l……o…“ q÷ˆ {…´……{…… ¥… ¥…y… q‡ˆ∂……‡©……≈ "+£Ì¥……+…‡' ©……‡H̱…“ ∂…HÌ…´… UÔ‡. (5) ≠‡˜ eÙ´……‡ wˆ…≠˜… : +…~…i…… q‡ˆ∂…©……≈ ≠‡˜ eÙ´……‡ +‡HÌ ∂…ŒGl…∂……≥“ ±……‡H̪…≈~…H«Ì{…÷≈ ©……y´…©… UÔ‡. ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ wˆ…≠˜… ≠‡˜ eÙ´……‡ ~…≠˜ {…´…≈m…i… æ˙…‡¥……{…‡ ±…“y…‡ H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ °…ª…≈N……‡+‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. HÌ`Ú…‡HÌ`Ú“ ¥…L…l…‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡ •…“.•…“.ª…“. ≠‡˜ eÙ´……‡ ª……≈ß…≥l…… +{…‡ ©…… æ˙l…“ ©…‡≥¥…l…… l…‡©…W +£Ì¥…… ~…i… £‡Ì±……¥…l…… ~…eÙ…‡∂…“ q‡ˆ∂……‡{…… ≠‡˜ eÙ´……‡ °…ª……≠˜i… ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ ©…æ˙n¥…{……‡ ß……N… ß…W¥…l…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (6) ¥…l…«©……{… ~…m……‡ wˆ…≠˜… : ¥…l…«©……{…~…m……‡ ~……‡l……{…÷≈ ¥…‡S……i… ¥…y……≠˜¥…… l…‡©…W +≈qˆ≠˜ +≈qˆ≠˜{…“ æ˙≠˜“£Ì…>©……≈ `ÚHÌ¥…… ©……`‡Ú +¥……≠˜{…¥……≠˜ H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ ª…©……S……≠˜…‡ H‡Ì P…`Ú{……+…‡{…÷≈ ¥…i…«{… + l…∂…´……‡ŒGl…~…⁄i…« HÌ≠˜l……≈ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ≠˜…WHÌ…≠˜i…, ®…∫`Ú…S……≠˜, Xl…“´… •……•…l……‡, Xi…l…“ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ¥…∂…‡ ¥…i…«{… H‡Ì ª…©……S……≠˜ UÔ…~…l…“ ¥…L…l…‡ Xi…‡-+Xi…‡ +£Ì¥…… W{©……¥…l…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…l…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (7) `‡Ú ±… ¥…]Ò{… wˆ…≠˜… : q⁄ˆ≠˜qˆ∂…«{… A~…≠˜ ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜“ {…´…≈m…i… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. N……‡y…≠˜…HÌ…≈eÙ W‡¥…“ P…`Ú{……{…÷≈ q⁄ˆ≠˜qˆ∂…«{… A~…≠˜ +{…‡ +{´… L……{…N…“ S…‡{…±……‡ W‡¥…“ H‡Ì +…Wl…HÌ, ]Ò“-{´…⁄]Ò ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ~…≠˜ o…´…‡±…… °…ª……≠˜i…©……≈ ß…}…l…… æ˙…‡¥……{…‡ ±…“y…‡ ¥… ¥…y… +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…“ æ˙l…“ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……> æ˙l…“. (8) +{´… ≠˜“l…‡ : P…≠˜HÌ…©… HÌ≠˜{……≠˜ {……‡HÌ≠˜…‡, ©……‡`Ú“ +…Ë £Ìª……‡©……≈ ~…`Ú…¥……≥…+…‡, £‡Ì ≠˜´……+…‡, ß…“L……≠˜“+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…l…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. >-©…‡±… wˆ…≠˜… ~…i… +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. 9. +£Ì¥……{…“ +ª…≠˜…‡ (Effects or Rumour) : ª…©……WY¥…{… A~…≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…“ +{…‡HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥…{… +{…‡ ª…©……W Y¥…{… A~…≠˜ +£Ì¥……{…“ ª……≠˜“-©……cÛ“ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. (1) ß…´…{…÷≈ ¥……l……¥…≠˜i… : •……È•…y…eÙ…HÌ…, HÌ…‡©…“æ÷˙±±…eÙ, ´…÷uˆ, ß…⁄H≈Ì~…, ª…÷{……©…“ l…‡©…W + l…∂…´… ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ{…“ +…N……æ˙“ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ª…©…´…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡o…“ ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ ß…´…{…“ ±……N…i…“ ¥…y…“ X´… UÔ‡. +…¥…“ ß…´…{…“ ±……N…i…“ ª…©……´……‡W{…{…“ ª…©…ª´……+…‡ W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. (2) æ÷˙±±…eÙ…‡ +{…‡ l……‡£Ì…{……‡{……‡ Aq√ˆß…¥… : ©……‡`Ú…ß……N…‡ HÌ…‡©…“ æ÷˙±±…eÙ…‡ H‡Ì S…⁄≈`Úi…“ ¥…L…l…‡ l……‡£Ì…{……‡ P…i…“¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡o…“ Aq√ˆß…¥…l…… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. "©…≈ qˆ≠˜ +…N…≥ N……´…{…‡ HÌ…~…“ {……≈L…“', "W÷æ˙…~…÷≠˜…©……≈ ª`‡ÚÀ•…N…©……≈ •…‡ ©…≠˜“ N…´……' ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡ P…i…“¥……≠˜ l……‡£Ì…{……‡ W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. (3) +≠˜…WHÌl…… : +£Ì¥……{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ… Y¥…{…©……≈ +¥´…¥…ªo…… ª…X«l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ∂…æ‡˙≠˜©……≈ £‡Ì±……l…“ +£Ì¥……{…‡ ±…“y…‡ •…X≠˜…‡ `Ú~……‡`Ú~… •…≈y… o…> X´… UÔ‡ +{…‡ "`ƒÚ…£Ì“HÌ X©…' o…> Wl……‡ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. (4) +W≈~……‡ +{…‡ l……i…{……‡ W{©… : +£Ì¥……+…‡ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥…{…©……≈ +{…‡ ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥…{…©……≈ +W≈~……‡ +{…‡ l……i… W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠˜“K……+…‡ ±…‡¥……∂…‡ H‡Ì {…æ˙”, G¨…≠‡˜ ±…‡¥……∂…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ •……•…l……‡ ¥…∂…‡{…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ¥…v…o…‘+…‡©……≈ l…‡©…W ¥……±…“+…‡©……≈ +W≈~……‡ +{…‡ l……i… W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. L…⁄•… ¥…≠˜ª……qˆ ~…eÙl……‡ æ˙…‡´… +{…‡ +£Ì¥…… ª……≈ß…≥¥…… ©…≥‡ H‡Ì N……©…{…÷≈ l…≥…¥… £Ì…`Ú¥……{…÷≈ UÔ‡. P…≠˜…‡©……≈ •…‡-m…i… £›Ì`Ú ~……i…“ ß…≠˜…> W∂…‡ l…‡¥…“ "¥……l…' ±……‡HÌ…‡©……≈ +W≈~……‡ +{…‡ l……i… W{©……¥…‡ UÔ‡. (5) ¥…‡~……≠˜y…≈y…… A~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ : •…æ˙…≠˜N……©…o…“ L…≠˜“qˆ“ HÌ≠˜{……≠˜…+…‡ l……‡£Ì…{……‡ ¥…L…l…‡ ∂…æ‡˙≠˜©……≈ +…¥…l…… {…o…“. •…X≠˜•…≈y… G¨…≠‡˜ o…> W∂…‡ H‡Ì ¥……æ˙{…¥´…¥…æ˙…≠˜ •…≈y… o…> W∂…‡ l…‡¥…… ß…´…{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ¥…‡~……≠˜y…≈y…… A~…≠˜ 152 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 +ª…≠˜ o……´… UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……{…÷≈ •…X≠˜ l…‡Y©……≈ æ˙…‡´… l´……≠‡˜ ¥…‡~……≠˜ ©…≈qˆ“©……≈ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. ∂…‡≠˜•…X≠˜ A~…≠˜ ~…i… +…‰v…‡ N…HÌ N…fiæ˙ ¥…SS…‡ S……±…l…… N…WO……æ˙{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. ≠˜…‡ÀWqˆ“ ©…W⁄≠˜“ ©…‡≥¥…{……≠˜…+…‡{…‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ©…÷ªH‡Ì±…“ ~…eÙl…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. l……‡£Ì…{……‡ ¥…L…l…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ +…Ão…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ {…÷H̪……{… HÌ≠˜{……≠˜“ {…“¥…e‡Ù UÔ‡. (6) ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥…{…©……≈ ©…÷∂H‡Ì±…“+…‡ : +£Ì¥……+…‡ V´……≠‡˜ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ ¥´…ŒGl…+…‡{…“ +…ª…~……ª… H‡ÌŒ{rˆl… o…> æ˙…‡´… l´……≠‡˜ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… Y¥…{…©……≈ ª…©…ª´……+…‡ ª…X«l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. "©…æ‡˙l…… ª……æ‡˙•…{…“ N……eÙ“©……≈ "HÌ…‡>HÌ' æ˙l…÷≈' - +…¥…“ "¥……l…'©……≈o…“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ ≠˜W{…÷≈ N…W o…> Wl…÷≈ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +…¥…“ +£Ì¥…… ©…æ‡˙l…… ª……æ‡˙•…{…… ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… qˆ…©~…l´…, HÌ…‰`÷≈Ú •…HÌ l…‡©…W ¥´……¥…ª…… ´…HÌ Y¥…{… A~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. W‡{…‡ ±…“y…‡ +W≈~……‡, ¥…L…¥……qˆ, ©…l…ß…‡qˆ H‡Ì °… l…∫cÛ…{…‡ æ˙…{…“ ~…æ˙…·S…‡ UÔ‡. (7) ª……©…… WHÌ ª…≈ªo……{…“ °… l…∫cÛ… +{…‡ °…N… l… ~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ +… •……•…l… X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ª…©……Wª…‡¥…… ª……o…‡ ª…≈HÌeÙ…´…‡±…“ ª…≈ªo……©……≈ "N……‡`Ú…≥… S……±…‡ UÔ‡' l…‡¥…“ +£Ì¥…… l…‡{…“ °… l…∫cÛ… +{…‡ °…N… l… ~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. (8) ~…eÙ…‡∂…“ q‡ˆ∂……‡ ª……o…‡{…… ª…≈•…≈y……‡ ~…≠˜ +ª…≠˜ : H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ~…eÙ…‡∂…“ q‡ˆ∂……‡ ª……o…‡{…… ª…≈•…≈y……‡ ~…≠˜ ¥…~…≠˜“l… +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. "≠˜…Y¥… N……≈y…“{…… æ÷˙©…±……L……‡≠˜…‡+‡ +©……≠˜… q‡ˆ∂… (~…… H̪l……{…)©……≈ l……±…“©… ±…“y…“ {…o…“, +£Ì¥……+…‡o…“ ª…≈•…≈y……‡ ª…÷y……≠˜¥……©……≈ ~…“UÔ‡æ˙cÛ o…∂…‡.' - +…©… +£Ì¥……∞˜~…“ S…{…N……≠˜“ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ ¥´…ŒGl…N…l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ Y¥…{… A~…≠˜ L…⁄•… +ª…≠˜ HÌ≠˜l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. 10. +£Ì¥……+…‡ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥……{…… A~……´……‡ (Checks on Rumour Mongering) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥…“ ª…≠˜≥ {…o…“. ©……‡`‡Úß……N…‡ +£Ì¥……{…“ {…HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. ©…{……‡¥…‰[…… {…HÌ…‡, ª…©……W∂……ªm…“+…‡, ∂…K…i…∂……ªm…“+…‡, ≠˜…WHÌ“´… ∂……ª…{…HÌl……«+…‡ l…‡©…W ¥…æ˙“¥…`ÚHÌl……«+…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜{…‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥……©……≈ ≠˜ª… UÔ‡. UÔl……≈ {…“S…‡{…… H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ A~……´……‡ ©…qˆqˆ∞˜~… {…“¥…eÙ“ ∂…H‡Ì. (1) ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ~…⁄≠˜“ ~……eÙ¥…“ (Providing correct Information) : +…y…÷ {…HÌ ±……‡H̪…≈~…H«Ì{…… ©……y´…©……‡ wˆ…≠˜… ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ ~…⁄≠˜“ ~……eÙ¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…l…“ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…“ ∂…HÌ…´… UÔ‡. ±……‡HÌ…‡{…‡ ≠˜ª… æ˙…‡´… l…‡¥…“ •……•…l……‡{…“ +£Ì¥…… ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ +…~…¥…… UÔl……≈ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡{……‡ ª…≈•…≈y… H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ¥……≠˜ "±……N…i…“+…‡' ª……o…‡ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +©…÷HÌ +£Ì¥……+…‡{…‡ ±…“y…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…‡±…“ "+…JÌ©…HÌl……' ª……S…“ ©…… æ˙l…“ +…~…¥…… UÔl……≈ W±…qˆ“ P…`Ú…eÙ“ ∂…HÌ…l…“ {…o…“. qˆ….l…. N……‡y…≠˜…{……‡ •…{……¥…. (2) +£Ì¥……{…“ ¥……ªl… ¥…HÌl…… Wi……¥…¥…“ : +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…… ©……`‡Ú ±……‡HÌ…‡{…‡ +‡ ¥……l… ©……`‡Ú °… ∂…K…i… +{…‡ XN…fil… •…{……¥…¥…… X‡>+‡ W‡o…“ +£Ì¥……{…÷≈ ©…⁄≥ HÌ…≠˜i… ∂……‡y…“ ∂…H‡Ì. ¥……ªl… ¥…HÌl…… ª……©…‡ +…¥…¥……o…“ +£Ì¥……{……‡ °…¥……æ˙ +…~……‡+…~… ≠˜…‡HÌ…> X´… UÔ‡. (3) +ª~…∫`Úl…… q⁄ˆ≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥…“ (Removing ambiguities) : +£Ì¥……+…‡{…… £‡Ì±……¥……©……≈ ~… ≠˜Œªo… l… H‡Ì P…`Ú{…… ¥…∂…‡{…“ +ª~…∫`Úl…… +‡HÌ ©…÷L´… HÌ…≠˜i… UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ X‡ +ª~…∫`Úl…… q⁄ˆ≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ +{…‡ ±……‡HÌ…‡{…‡ l…o´…{…“ Xi…HÌ…≠˜“ +…~…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……l…“ ≠˜…‡HÌ“ ∂…HÌ…´… UÔ‡. (4) HÌcÛ…‡≠˜ q≈ˆeÙ +…~…¥……‡ (Awarding Severe Punishment) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…{……≠˜…+…‡ ¥…≠÷˜uˆ q≈ˆeÙ…l©…HÌ HÌ…´…«¥……æ˙“ HÌ≠˜¥…“ X‡>+‡. l…‡©…{…‡ HÌeÙHÌ ª…X HÌ≠˜¥…“ X‡>+‡. ±……‡HÌ…‡ ª…X{…… ß…´…o…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…… +`ÚHÌ∂…‡. HÌ…‡©…“ æ÷˙±±…eÙ…‡, ß…⁄H≈Ì~…, ~…⁄≠˜ W‡¥…“ ~… ≠˜Œªo… l…+…‡©……≈ ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…{……≠˜…+…‡{…‡ ª…X HÌ≠˜l…“ æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡ W‡©… H‡Ì W‡±…©……≈ •…≈y… HÌ≠˜“ q‡ˆ¥……. (5) ª…‡{ª…≠˜∂…“~… (Censorship) : +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…… ©……`‡Ú ∂……ª…HÌ…‡ l…‡©…W ¥…æ˙“¥…`ÚHÌl……«+…‡ +£Ì¥…… - ©…{……‡ª……©…… WHÌ P…`Ú{…… l…≠˜“H‡Ì 153 wˆ…≠˜… ¥…l…«©……{…~…m……‡, ≠‡˜ eÙ´……‡ l…‡©…W q⁄ˆ≠˜qˆ∂…«{… ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ~…≠˜ °… l…•…≈y… ±…N……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. l…‡o…“ ©……m… +‡¥…… ª…©……S……≠˜ °…ª…… ≠˜l… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…∂…‡ W‡ +£Ì¥……+…‡©……≈ ¥…y……≠˜…‡ HÌ≠˜l…… {…o…“ ~…≠≈˜l…÷ l…‡{…‡ ≠˜…‡H‡Ì UÔ‡. X‡ H‡Ì HÌ`Ú…‡HÌ`Ú“ ¥…L…l…‡ ª…‡{ª…≠˜∂…“~… æ˙…‡¥…… UÔl……≈ ©……‰ L…HÌ ≠˜“l…‡, ~… m…HÌ…+…‡ wˆ…≠˜… +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…l…“ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ æ˙l…“. (6) Xæ‡˙≠˜ +~…“±… wˆ…≠˜… : +…≈qˆ…‡±…{……‡, l……‡£Ì…{……‡, •…≈y…{…… +‡±……{……‡, æ÷˙±±…eÙ…‡ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ ª…©…´…‡ +£Ì¥……{…÷≈ •…X≠˜ N…≠˜©… æ˙…‡´… UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡ Aq√ˆß…¥…l…“ +{…‡ £‡Ì±……l…“ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥…… y…©…«N…÷≠÷˜+…‡, ª…©……Wª…‡¥…HÌ…‡, Av…‡N…~… l…+…‡, ≠˜…WHÌ“´… +…N…‡¥……{……‡, ©…÷L´…©…≈m…“ H‡Ì ~……‡±…“ª… HÌ ©…∂{…≠˜ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜ wˆ…≠˜… Xæ‡˙≠˜ +~…“±… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ UÔ‡. X‡ H‡Ì l…‡{…“ H‡Ì¥…“ +{…‡ H‡Ì`Ú±…“ +ª…≠˜ o…∂…‡ l…‡ S……‡I̪…~…i…‡ HÌæ˙“ ∂…HÌ…l…÷≈ {…o…“. (7) ¥…≠˜…‡y…“ +£Ì¥…… £‡Ì±……¥…¥…“ (Spreading Counter Rumour) : HÌ…‡> +£Ì¥……{…‡ ≠˜…‡HÌ¥……{……‡ +‡HÌ A~……´… +‡ ~…i… UÔ‡ H‡Ì l…‡{…… ¥…≠˜…‡y…©……≈ +£Ì¥……+…‡ £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡. W‡©… H‡Ì HÌ…≠˜ N…±… ´…÷uˆ ¥…L…l…‡ ~…… H̪l……{… wˆ…≠˜… £‡Ì±……¥…¥……©……≈ +…¥…l…“ +£Ì¥……+…‡ ≠˜…‡HÌ¥…… ß……≠˜l… wˆ…≠˜… ¥…≠˜…‡y…“ °…S……≠˜ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…l……‡ æ˙l……‡. 11. A~…ª…≈æ˙…≠˜ : +…©… +£Ì¥…… +‡HÌ ≠˜ª…°…qˆ ª…©…÷æ˙¥…l…«{…{…÷≈ ~……ª…÷ UÔ‡. +£Ì¥……+…‡ ª…©……WY¥…{… A~…≠˜ P…i…“¥……≠˜ ©……cÛ“ +ª…≠˜…‡ HÌ≠‡˜ UÔ‡. X‡ H‡Ì +£Ì¥……+…‡{…÷≈ æ˙HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ ~……ª…÷ ~…i… UÔ‡. l…‡{……‡ ¥…HÌ…ª… HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ +…‰v…‡ N…HÌ °…N… l…, ∂…‰K… i…HÌ °…N… l… l…‡©…W ª……©…… WHÌ °…N… l… HÌ≠˜“ ∂…HÌ…´…. UÔl……≈ ©……‡`‡Úß……N…‡ l…‡{…“ {…HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡ X‡¥…… ©…≥‡ UÔ‡. l…‡{…‡ +`ÚHÌ…¥…¥……{…… °…´…l{……‡ HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…‡ l……‡ {…HÌ…≠˜…l©…HÌ +ª…≠˜…‡o…“ •…S…“ ∂…HÌ…´…. "Sinice rumour is a form of group problem, solving it is also of importance to students of social chang. Far from being pathological, rumour is an integral part of the social process, an important aspect of the contining effort of men to cope with the vicissitudes of life'. - Thmotsy shibutant ª…≈qˆß…«O…≈o……‡ : Allport, G.W. and Postman, L. J. (1964) The bacic of psychology of rumour, New York, Holt, P. 54-55 Kuppu Swamy, B. (1961) Elements of social psychology, Bombay : Asia Publishing House. Maccoby, Newcom, Hartle (1958) Reading in Social psychology, New York, Nenry Holt and Co. Peteuson, W. and Gist, N. P. (1951) Rumour and Public Opinion, American Journal of Sociology, 57 : 1, 159-167 Sharma, R. (1980) Social Psychology, Meerut, Rajhans Prakashan Mandir. New Webster's Dictionary of the English Language, Encyclopedia Edition, P. 840 {……´…HÌ, UÔ…‡. ≠˜. (1972), £Ì…≠˜ª…“ ∂…•qˆ…‡{……‡ ª……o…« ¥´…÷l~… n… HÌ…‡∂…, ß……N…-1, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“, ~……. 290-91. ~…≠˜“L…, •…“.+‡. (1996), ª…©……W±…K…“ ©…{……‡ ¥…[……{… (°…N…l…), +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“ O…≈o… {…©……«i… •……‡e«Ù, ¥…i…“HÌ≠˜, ¥…. ª…. (1979), ª……©…… WHÌ ©…{……‡ ¥…[……{…, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ, ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“ O…≈o… {…©……«i… •……‡e«Ù. ❑ 154 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 N…÷W≠˜…l… ª……¥…«W {…HÌ O…≈o……±…´…y……≠˜…‡ (2001)*

n ∏…“ +‡©…. eÙ“. ¥……P…‡±……, {…¥…fin… ©…qˆqˆ{…“∂… O…≈o…~……±…, N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“ O…≈o……±…´…, +©…qˆ…¥……qˆ.

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W‡©……≈ N…÷W≠˜…l… "O…≈o……±…´… ¥…y…‡´…HÌ 2001' °……~l… HÌ≠˜{……≠˜ 11 ©…÷≈ ≠˜…V´… UÔ‡. 1960©……≈ N…÷W≠˜…l… ª¥…l…≈m… ≠˜…V´… o…´…… •……qˆ O…≈o……±…´…y……≠˜…{…… +©…±…“HÌ≠˜i… ©……`‡Ú P…i…… °…´…l{……‡ o…´…… UÔ‡. W‡©……≈ ∏…“ ©……i…‡H̱……±… N……≈y…“, ∏…“ ©…{……‡æ˙≠˜Àª…æ˙ Xe‡ÙX, ∏…“ +∂……‡HÌ ß…aÚ, ∏…“ W´…{……≠˜…´…i… ¥´……ª…, ª¥…. ±……L……i…“ ¥…N…‡≠‡˜{……‡ £Ì…≥…‡ UÔ‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ ¥…y……{…ª…ß……©……≈ HÌ…‡>{…‡ HÌ…‡> HÌ…≠˜i… ª¥…∞˜~…‡ l…‡ ~…ª……≠˜ o…> ∂…G´……‡ {… æ˙. V´……≠‡˜ 2001{…“ ª……±…©……≈ ´…÷¥…… ª……≈ªHfiÌ l…HÌ +{…‡ ≠˜©…l…N…©…l… ©…≈m…“ ∏…“ ©…æ‡˙{rˆß……> ˚ m…¥…‡qˆ“ y……≠˜…‡ ~…ª……≠˜ HÌ≠˜…¥…¥……{…… ª…l…l… +…O…æ˙“ æ˙…‡¥……o…“ O…≈o……±…´… ∂……ªm…{…… H‡Ì`Ú±……HÌ l…W[……‡{…“ HÌ ©…`Ú“ wˆ…≠˜… l…‰´……≠˜ o…´…‡±… y……≠˜…‡ ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜“ ª¥…∞˜~…‡ +‡`Ú±…‡ H‡Ì ª…≠˜HÌ…≠‡˜ HÌ≠‡˜±…… £‡Ì≠˜£Ì…≠˜…‡ ª… æ˙l… ~…ª……≠˜ o…´……‡. ~…≠≈˜l…÷ L…≠‡˜L…≠˜ ª…÷xˆhı O…≈o……±…´… ª…‡¥……+…‡ °……~l… HÌ≠˜…¥…¥……©……≈ +… 24 y……≠˜…©……≈ H‡Ì`Ú±…“HÌ m…÷`Ú“+…‡ ≠˜æ‡˙¥…… ~……©…“ UÔ‡. 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V´……≠‡˜ •…“X ≠˜…V´……‡©……≈ ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜“ ª…æ˙…´… °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡. +…©… W÷qˆ… W÷qˆ… ≠˜…V´……‡©……≈ O…≈o……±…´… ª…‡ª… wˆ…≠˜… °……~l… o…l…“ ≠˜HÌ©… +{…‡ l…‡`Ú±…“ W ≠˜HÌ©… ≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ +…~…‡ UÔ‡. l……‡ H‡Ì`Ú±……≈HÌ ≠˜…V´…©……≈ +‡eÙæ˙…‡HÌ ≠˜HÌ©… ≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ +…~…‡ UÔ‡. +…o…“ +… ≠˜…V´……‡©……≈ O…≈o……±…´… ~…uˆ l…{……‡ ¥…HÌ…ª… +{…‡ ¥……S…HÌ…‡{…‡ ª…÷xˆhı ª…‡¥……+…‡ °……~l… o…> ∂…H‡Ì UÔ‡. V´……≠‡˜ N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… + y… {…´…©…©……≈ æ˙…±…©……≈ {…´……©…HÌ∏…“{…‡ O…≈o……±…´… {…´……©…HÌ{…“ HÌS…‡≠˜“ ©……`‡Ú W‡ O……≈`Ú °……~l… o……´… UÔ‡ l…‡©……≈o…“ W ¥…HÌ…ª… HÌ≠˜¥……‡ +‡¥……‡ +o…« o……´… UÔ‡. +…o…“ {…¥…… O…≈o……±…´……‡{…“ ªo……~…{…… +{…‡ {…ß……¥… ©……`‡Ú HÌ…‡> 156 Vidya Vol. I, No. 1, March 2006 ¥…y……≠˜…{…“ ≠˜HÌ©… °……~l… o…l…“ {…o…“. X‡ N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… y……≠˜…©……≈ O…≈o……±…´… ª…‡ª…{…“ X‡N…¥……> HÌ≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“ æ˙…‡l… l……‡ N…÷W≠˜…l… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ ~…i… +‡©……≈ ª…æ˙©…l… o……l…, HÌ…≠˜i… H‡Ì ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜{…“ HÌ…‡> {……i……HÌ“´… W¥……•…qˆ…≠˜“ Cß…“ o…l…“ {… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ l…‡ •……•…l…{……‡ ª¥…“HÌ…≠˜ o……l… +{…‡ ª…æ‡˙±……>o…“ ~…•±…“HÌ ~……ª…‡o…“ `‡ÚK… ª¥…∞˜~…‡ {……i……≈ °……~l… o…l……≈ +… + y… {…´…©…{……‡ +…∂…´… ~…⁄i…«o……l…, W‡©…H‡Ì ∂…K…i… ª…‡ª… wˆ…≠˜… °……~l… o…´…‡±…… {……i……≈o…“ ∂…K…i…{……‡ æ‡˙l…÷ ª…uˆ o……´… UÔ‡. V´……≠‡˜ ¥…HÌ…ª… £≈ÌeÙ{…“ H̱…©… qˆ∂……«¥…“ UÔ‡. l…‡©……≈ ~…i… ≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠‡˜ qˆ≠˜ ¥…∫…‚ HÌ…‡> ˚ {… ∑S…l… ≠˜HÌ©… +…~…¥…“ +‡¥…“ ª~…∫`Ú X‡N…¥……> {…o…“, +…o…“ l…‡©……≈ ~…i… qˆ≠˜ ¥…∫…‚ +©…⁄HÌ ≠˜HÌ©… °……~l… o…∂…‡ W +‡¥…÷≈ {… •…{…‡. 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N…÷W≠˜…l… O…≈o……±…´… + y… {…´…©… 2001©……≈ Xæ‡˙≠˜ O…≈o……±…´……‡ ©……`‡Ú {……i……≈ •……•…l…{…“ S……‡I̪… X‡N…¥……> {… æ˙…‡¥……o…“ 40 ¥…∫…«{…… °…´…l{… ª¥…∞˜~…‡ °……~l… o…´…‡±… O…≈o……±…´… y……≠˜…‡ N…÷W≠˜…l…{…“ °…X{…‡ l……lHÌ…±…“HÌ £Ì≥qˆ…´… {…¥…eÙ∂…‡ +‡¥…“ ∂…G´…l…… +…‡UÔ“ UÔ‡. +… ª…≈X‡N……‡©……≈ O…≈o……±…´…y……≠˜…{…… +ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜HÌ +©…±…“HÌ≠˜i… ©……`‡Ú _ 1. {……i……≈ ©……`‡Ú O…≈o……±…´… ª…‡ª…{…“ X‡N…¥……> qˆ…L…±… HÌ≠˜¥…“. 2. ≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠˜ +‡eÙæ˙…‡HÌ 1 HÌ≠˜…‡eÙ{…÷≈ ß…≈eÙ…‡≥ ~…÷≠÷˜ ~……e‡Ù. V´……≠‡˜ V´……≠‡˜ O…≈o……±…´……‡{…… ]ÒeÙ~…“ ¥…HÌ…ª… ©……`‡Ú ≠˜…V´… ª…≠˜HÌ…≠‡˜ N…÷W≠˜…l…©……≈ ∂…æ‡˙≠˜ +{…‡ O……©´… ¥…ªl……≠˜…‡©……≈ Xæ‡˙≠˜ O…≈o……±…´……‡{…“ ª…‡¥……+…‡©……≈ ª…÷y……≠˜i…… ©……`‡Ú 11©……≈ {……i……≈ ~…≈S… wˆ…≠˜… ∞˜. 600 ±……L… +…Ão…HÌ ª…æ˙…´… ©…≈W⁄≠˜ HÌ≠˜“ UÔ‡. +… +…Ão…HÌ ª…æ˙…´…{…÷≈ +‡HÌ HÌ…‡~…ª…« £≈ÌeÙ Cß…÷≈ HÌ≠˜“ l…‡{…… ≠˜…‡HÌ…i…©……≈o…“ W‡ ¥…≥l…≠˜ ©…≥‡ l…‡{……‡ A~…´……‡N… ~…÷ªl…HÌ…‡ +{…‡ ª……©… ´…HÌ…‡{…“ L…≠˜“qˆ“ ©……`‡Ú HÌ≠˜¥……{……‡ UÔ‡. REFERENCES : 1. Route, R. K. Library Legislation in India. 2. IGNOU : Library and socity Library Legislation : Course Material. 3. O…≈o……±……‡HÌ, +≈HÌ-2, +‡ °…±…-2004. ❑

2

ª…≈~……qˆHÌ“´… - Editorial

N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“{…… ª…≈∂……‡y…{… ª……©… ´…HÌ " ¥…v…'{…÷≈ ≠˜Yª`ƒ‡Ú∂…{… o…> N…´…÷≈ UÔ‡. ¥…∫…«©……≈ •…‡ +≈HÌ…‡ ©……S…« +{…‡ ª…~`‡Ú©•…≠˜ ©……ª…©……≈ °…HÌ… ∂…l… o…∂…‡. ASS… ∂…K…i… ª……o…‡ ª…≈±…N{… ª…æ÷˙ +ß´……ª…“+…‡{…‡ ~……‡l……{…… +ß´……ª…-ª…≈∂……‡y…{… ±…‡L……‡ ©……‡H̱…¥…… +…©…≈m…i… UÔ‡. ±…‡L…HÌ…‡{…‡ ±…‡L……‡ ©……‡H̱…l…“ ¥…L…l…‡ •…“X HÌ¥…≠˜~…‡W ~…≠˜ +…~…‡±…“ ª…⁄S…{……+…‡ y´……{…©……≈ ±…‡¥…… +{…÷≠˜…‡y… UÔ‡. l……W‡l…≠˜©……≈ N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“{……‡ 54©……‡ ~…qˆ¥…“qˆ…{… ª…©……≠≈˜ß… qˆ•…qˆ•……~…⁄¥…«HÌ ´……‡X´……‡. P…i……≈ ¥…∫……‚ ~…UÔ“ +…Ë~…≠˜ +Ë≠˜ o…´…‡`Ú≠˜©……≈ ´……‡X´…‡±…… +… ª…©……≠˜…‡æ˙©……≈ ©……‡`Ú“ ª…≈L´……©……≈ ¥…v…o…‘+…‡ +{…‡ +y´……~…HÌ…‡, ∂…K…i…HÌ…≠˜…‡ A~…Œªo…l… ≠˜¬…. ©…÷L´… ©…æ‡˙©……{… l…≠˜“H‡Ì A~…Œªo…l… ≠˜æ‡˙±…… N…÷W≠˜…l… ≠˜…V´…{…… ©…÷L´…©…≈m…“ ©……. {…≠‡˜{rˆß……> ©……‡qˆ“+‡ ASS… ∂…K…i…{…“ qˆ∂…… +{…‡ qˆ∂…… ¥…∂…‡ ¥…S……≠˜i…“´… ¥……l……‡ HÌ≠˜“. ∂…K…i… ª……o…‡ ª…≈HÌ≥…´…‡±…… ª…æ÷˙ +‡ +≈N…‡ N…≈ß…“≠˜l……o…“ ¥…S……≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ +‡ +~…‡ K…l… UÔ‡. o……‡eÙ… qˆ¥…ª……‡ ~…æ‡˙±……≈ N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“{…… +y´……~…HÌ…‡ ©……`‡Ú H‡Ì ≠˜´…≠˜ +‡eÙ¥……{ª…©…‡{`Ú +≈N…‡{…“ HÌ…´…«¥……æ˙“ æ˙…o… y…≠˜¥……©……≈ +…¥…“. W‡ +y´……~…HÌ…‡+‡ +‡ ©……`‡Ú <{`Ú≠˜¥´…⁄ +…~´…… l…‡ ~…‰HÌ“ L…⁄•… +…‡UÔ…{…‡ ª…£Ì≥l…… ª……≈~…eÙ“. +… •……•…l… ÀS…l…… A~…X¥…‡ +‡¥…“ UÔ‡. +‡{……≈ HÌ…≠˜i……‡ ∂……‡y…“ l…‡{…÷≈ {…≠˜…HÌ≠˜i… HÌ≠˜¥…÷≈ ≠˜¬÷≈. UÔ‡±±…… UÔ+‡HÌ ©… æ˙{……©……≈ ´…÷ {….{…… ∂…‰K… i…HÌ ª`Ú…£Ì©……≈ W‡ {…¥…“ ß…≠˜l…“ o…> l…‡{…‡ HÌ…≠˜i…‡ ∂…‰K… i…HÌ ª…ß´……‡{…“ ª…≈L´……©……≈ qˆ…‡h‡ıHÌ N…i……‡ ¥…y……≠˜…‡ o…´……‡ UÔ‡. +… +…{…≈qˆ{…“ •……•…l… UÔ‡. {…¥…… X‡eÙ…´…‡±…… +y´……~…HÌ…‡{…÷≈ N…÷.´…÷ {…. ~… ≠˜¥……≠˜©……≈ ª¥……N…l… UÔ‡. l…‡+…‡ l…‡©…{…“ ∂…‰K… i…HÌ ´……‡N´…l……©……≈ ¥…y……≠˜…‡ HÌ≠˜“ A}… l… HÌ≠‡˜ +{…‡ ∂…‰K… i…HÌ WN…l…©……≈ ª… uˆ+…‡ ª…≈°……~l… HÌ≠˜“ ~……‡l……{…÷≈ +{…‡ ´…÷ {….{…÷≈ {……©… ≠˜…‡∂…{… HÌ≠‡˜ +‡¥…“ ∂…÷ß…‡SUÔ…+…‡. l……. 14-2-2006{…… ≠˜…‡W H÷̱…~… l…∏…“ °……‡. +‡. ´…÷. ~…`‡Ú±… {…¥…fin… o…´…… UÔ‡ +{…‡ A~…H÷̱…~… l… eÙ…Ë. ~… ≠˜©…±…ß……> ˚ m…¥…‡qˆ“+‡ 15©…“ £‡Ì¶…÷+…≠˜“o…“ HÌ…´…«HÌ…≠˜“ H÷̱…~… l… l…≠˜“H‡Ì{……‡ HÌ…´…«ß……≠˜ ª…≈ß……≥“ ±…“y……‡ UÔ‡. ´…÷.Y.ª…“.©……≈ ~…i… °……‡. +≠÷˜i… {…N…¥…‡HÌ≠˜ S…‡≠˜©…‡{… l…≠˜“H‡Ì {…¥…fin… o…´…… ~…UÔ“ £‡Ì¶…÷+…≠˜“©……≈ qˆ±æ˙“{…“ W¥……æ˙≠˜±……±… {…æ‡˙≠÷˜ ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“{…… +o…«∂……ªm… ¥…ß……N…{…… °……y´……~…HÌ eÙ…Ë. ª…÷L…q‡ˆ¥… o……‡≠˜…`‡Ú ´…÷.Y.ª…“.{…… S…‡≠˜©…‡{… l…≠˜“H‡Ì{……‡ S……W« ª…≈ß……≥“ ±…“y……‡ UÔ‡. N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“ +{…‡ ´…÷.Y.ª…“. {…⁄l…{… {…‡l…fil¥…©……≈ {…¥…“ DS……>+…‡ ª…≠˜ HÌ≠‡˜ +‡¥…“ ∂…÷ß…HÌ…©…{……. ~…qˆ¥…“qˆ…{… ª…©……≠≈˜ß… ~…UÔ“ N…÷W≠˜…l…{…… ©…÷L´…©…≈m…“{…… ¥…≠˜qˆ æ˙ªl…‡ +‡H‡Ìe‡Ù ©…HÌ ª`Ú…£Ì H̅˱…‡W{…“ ¥…‡•…ª……<`Ú www.ascgujarat.org{…÷≈ +{…‡ N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“{…“ <{`Ú≠˜{…‡`Ú ª…Ã¥…ª…“ª…{…÷≈ Aq√ˆP……`Ú{… o…´…÷≈ +‡ +…¥…HÌ…´…« •……•…l… UÔ‡. N…÷W≠˜…l… ´…÷ {…¥…ê…`Ú“{…÷≈ •…y…÷≈ HÌ…©…HÌ…W æ˙¥…‡ ]ÒeÙ~…o…“ HÌ©~´…⁄`Ú≠˜≠˜…>]√ÒeÙ o…> ≠˜¬÷≈ UÔ‡. •…y…“ H̅˱…‡X‡ ~…i… +‡ qˆ∂……©……≈ +…N…≥ ¥…y…‡ +‡ ª…©…´…{…“ ©……≈N… UÔ‡. +…~…i…‡ X‡ ª…©…´…{…“ ª……o…‡ {…æ˙” S……±…“ ∂…HÌ“+‡ l……‡ ª…©…´… +…~…i…{…‡ •……W÷ ~…≠˜ ©…⁄HÌ“ +…N…≥ ¥…y…“ W∂…‡. +‡¥…÷≈ {… o……´… +‡ ©……`‡Ú ª…ß……{…-ª… JÌ´… o…¥……{…“ l……l…“ W∞˜≠˜ UÔ‡. (15-3-2006) °…ª……qˆ ¶…¡ß…aÚ 3 INDEX-+{…÷JÌ©…

1. KARMA IN VÃLLABHA VEDÃNTA 1

- by Dr. Mrs. Sunanda Y. Shastri

2. THE FORM AND THE PECULIARITIES OF THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO ACHARYA SHREE ANANDSHANKAR DHRUVA 7

- Dr. Dilip Charan

3. EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP - NATURE AND CONCEPTUALIZATION* 12 - By Dr. Amrut J. Bharvad

4. STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ALCOHOLIC AND NON- ALCOHOLIC PERSONS - Mukesh S. Prajapati, Ashwin B. Jansari 17

5. CHALLENGES TO TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN TRIBAL AREAS 21 - Dr. Jagdish S. Joshi

6. TUGHLAQ: CHAOS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL - Dhananjay R. Betai* 26

7. PARTY SYSTEM PARTY POLITICS AND COALITION GOVERNMENT IN INDIA - Prof. Saraman V. Zala 39

8. VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURES IN CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS : STYLE VERSUS CONTENT (A CASE STUDY) 45 - By Dr. H. C. Sardar

9. A RECORD ON STILL UNKNOWN MEGAFLORA FOSSILS OF KACHCHH - Solanki H. A. Patel J. M. Majethiya H.V. 2 58

10. BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM - V. H. Gandhi 67 11. INFLUENCE OF TIME ON PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION AND IAA PRODUCTION IN RHIZOBACTERIAL ISOLATES OF CICER ARIETINUM. - Neelam Tank and Dr. Meenu Saraf* 71

12. ON INFLATED GENERALIZED POWER SERIES DISTRIBUTION WITH TWO PARAMETERS - Amish I. Patel 78

13. RESPONSE IN FLOWERING & YIELD OF ZINNIA ELEGANS TO FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GA&3 & MH - Goral Jani & *Archana Mankad 84 4 14. DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL OILS AT RADIO AND LOWER MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES - Dr. Deepti Tripathi, S. P. Bhatnagar and A. D. Vyas 90

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¥…t… VIDYA

A JOURNAL OF THE GUJARAT UNIVERSITY Vol. I March, 2006 No. 1 CHIEF EDITOR ______DR. PRASAD BRAHMBHATT (Gujarati)

EDITORIAL BOARD ______DR. A.C. BRAHMBHATT (Management) DR. K.M. KULKARNI (Geography) DR. RANJANA ARGADE (Hindi) DR. KAUSHIK RAVAL (Law) DR. ASHVIN JANSARI (Psychology) PROF. SARMAN ZALA (Politics) DR. KIRTIDA SHAH (Gujarati) PROF. SONAL PANDYA (Journalism) PROF. MALATI MEHTA (C.D.C.)

ADVISORY BOARD ______DR. U.C. PANDEY (Chemistry) DR. VASANT BHATT (Sanskrit) DR. HARISH S. OZA (Commerce) DR. M.V. RAO (Zoology) DR. RANJANA HARISH (English) DR. ARCHANA DHOLAKIA (Economics) DR. SAVITA GANDHI (Computer) DR. MANHAR PATEL (Statistics)

INVITED MEMBERS ______DR. A. V. BHANDARI (Registrar) MR. K. D. VORA (Publication Officer) MRS. VAISHALI PADHIYAR (Development Officer) MR. NARENDRA PATEL (Press Manager) MR. RAMANBHAI PATEL (Librarian) PUBLISHED BY ______GUJARAT UNVIERSITY, NAVRANGPURA, AHMEDABAD-380009 III VIDYA A Journal of The Gujarat University Issued Twice a Year (March and September)

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VIDYA GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS 1. Manuscripts for Pulication should be addressed to `The Chief Editor, Editorial Board, `Vidya', Academic Staff College, School of Social Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380 009. 2. The Editorial Board will be the sole judge for inclusion or otherwise of an article in the journal. 3. The journal of Gujarat University is primarily intended to publish research work by teachers and students of the Gujarat University and its affiliated colleges and recongnised institutions and post-graduate departments. 4. Contributions embodying original research, abstracts of theses accepted by the University, learned reviews of books and review articles, extra-mural lectures or abstracts there of will be published in `Vidya' 5. Students and research fellows shall submit their contributions only through the heads of their departments or research guides. 6. The manuscripts and the data to be published in `Vidya' should be an original and should not have been published or submitted elsewhere for publication. 7. Manuscripts for illustrations will not be returned to the authors after publication. Articles not accepted for publication will be returned to the contributors provided a self addressed envelope with proper stamps afixed on it is enclosed with the article. 8. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be typed on one side of good quality paper (approximate page size 17 X 25 cm.; Matter size 12.5 X 20 cm.) with clear margin on all sides. If the matter is selected for publication then the contributor must preferably provide a soft copy of the said matter on CD only with understated specifications : The English matter should be in Times New Roman fonts having font size 10. The Gujarati matter should be in Gj-Krishna or any other ISM supported fonts having fonts size 12. The Hindi/Sanskrit matter should be in DV_Yogesh or any other ISM supported fonts having font size 13. 9. The title of the manuscript should be followed by the name of the author and the address of his institutions. 10. Every contribution must be accompanied by an abstract not exceeding 100 words. 11. Foot-notes, if given should be serially numbered. 12. Tables, figures, line drawings or photographs should be given separately. Their places of insertion on the paper should be indicated in the margin of the manuscript. Diagrams should be drawn in Indian ink on white drawing paper (preferably Bristol Bristol Board). Figures, Drawings and letterings should be approximately twice the printed size. Photographic prints should be clear and on glossy paper. 13. References to literature should be arranged in alphabetical order in a separate list at the end of the article. A specimen for quoting a reference is given below. Sen, P. K. (1945). On the flowering on stock stem of mango grafts at nursery stage. Indian J. Hort., 3,92. 14. An article in Gujarati should as far as possible be accompanied by a summary in English not exceeding 100 words. 15. Contributors will be given one copy of the issue free of charge. ❑