Everything Flows Πάντα Ῥει̃: Antony N

| DOI: 10.3933/APPLRHEOL-24-52918 | WWW.APPLIEDRHEOLOGY.ORG

Everything Flows πάντα ῥει̃: Antony N. Beris1, A. Jeffrey Giacomin2*

1 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA 2 Chemical Engineering Department, Polymers Research Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received: 12.3.2014, Final version: 27.4.2014

Abstract: This historical study deepens the rheologist’s understanding of the motto of The Society of Rheology, of its history, and of its many typographies. The motto “ ” is not verbatim something written or said by the ancient Greek Ionian philosopher παντα ῥει̃ Heraclitus, ca. 540 – 480 BCE. Rather it is first encountered much later, in the writings of the Roman Simplicius ca. 490 – 560 CE. Thus, although it is uniformly agreed by Greek scholars that it correctly and concisely distills Heraclitian philosophy, that of constant change, and although this is appropriately used as the motto of The Society of Rheology, there is little point in trying to rewrite it into another form (for example to capitalize it) in an effort to be more faithful to an ancient prototype. Rather, we suggest simply reinstating the two missing diacritical marks, and thus, to express it as “ “ which is the form in which the πάντα ῥει̃ motto was introduced in 1929. This is also consistent with current typography of ancient Greek writings, in use since the ninth century CE, following the byzantine scholars. We provide Table 1 to facilitate accurate typesetting of the motto.

Zusammenfassung: Diese historische Studie liefert dem Rheologen ein vertieftes Verständnis des Leitspruchs der Rheologischen Gesellschaft, seiner Geschichte, und seinen unterschiedlichen Schreibweisen. Der Leitspruch “ ” ist kein Verbatim, das vom frühantiken grie- παντα ῥει̃ chischen Philosophen Heraklit (ca. 540 – 480 v. Chr.) aufgeschrieben oder mündlich überliefert wurde. Im Gegenteil, man trifft auf den Leitspruch zu einem erst viel späteren Zeitpunkt, nämlich in den Schriften des spätantiken griechischen Philosophen Sim- plikios (ca. 490 – 560 n. Chr.). Obwohl es wissenschaftlich erwiesen ist, dass der Leitspruch die heraklitische Philosophie, nämlich die der konstanten Veränderung, in korrekter und prägnanter Weise zusammenfasst, und obwohl dessen Verwendung durch die Rheologische Gesellschaft angemessen ist, gibt es wenig Anlass, dessen Schreibweise zu verändern (z. B. alle griechischen Buch- staben groß zu schreiben), aus der Bestrebung heraus, getreuer an der antiken Urform zu sein. Stattdessen schlagen wir vor, nur die zwei fehlenden diakritischen Zeichen wieder einzusetzen. Der Leitspruch würde dann die Form “ “ annehmen, wel- πάντα ῥει̃ che genau diejenige Form ist, die bei der Einführung im Jahr 1929 verwendet wurde. Das wäre dann auch im Einklang mit der aktuellen Schreibweise, die seit dem neunten Jahrhundert n. Chr., im Anschluss an die byzantinischen Gelehrten, in der antiken griechischen Literatur eingesetzt wird. Wir stellen die Tabelle I bereit, um eine getreue Schreibweise des Leitspruchs der Rheolo- gischen Gesellschaft zu ermöglichen.

Résumé: Cette étude historique approfondit la compréhension pour le rhéologue de la devise de The Society of Rheology, de son histoire et de ses diverses typographies. La devise “ ” n’est pas un verbatim, écrit ou dit par l’ancien philosophe grec Ionien Hera- παντα ῥει̃ clitus, ca. 540 – 480 après Jésus Christ. En revanche, on la trouve pour la première fois plus récemment, dans les écritures du Romain Simplicius ca. 490 – 560 après Jésus Christ. Ainsi, bien qu’il soit uniformément convenu par les disciples grecs que cette devise distille correctement la philosophie héraclitienne, c’est à dire, la philosophie du changement constant, et bien que celle- ci soit convenablement utilisée comme devise de The Society of Rheology, il n’y a aucune raison de réécrire la devise sous une autre forme (par exemple, en la réécrivant en lettres grecques majuscules) en essayant d’être plus fidèle à l’ancien prototype. En revanche, nous proposons un simple rétablissement des deux marques diacritiques absentes et, ainsi, que la devise soit expri- mée sous la forme “ “ , c’est à dire, sous la même forme que celle introduite en 1929. Ceci sera également compatible πάντα ῥει̃ avec la typographie actuelle des écritures grecques anciennes, employée depuis le neuvième siècle, suivant les disciples byzan- tins. Nous fournissons la Table I pour faciliter la composition typographique précise de la devise de la Société.

Key words: Confucius, Greek accents, Greek breathings, Greek typography, everything flows, Heraclitus, panta rhei, rheology motto

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 1 | 1 INTRODUCTION translated unequivocally to its intended meaning, “everything flows.” This motto concisely describes the The motto of the science of rheology, and specifically of omnipresence of flow phenomena. The Society of Rheology, is the ancient Greek proverb: In this paper we explore problems with the literal translation of (Section 2), its ancient histori- πάντα ῥει̃ (1) cal origins, and more importantly, its proper interpre- πάντα ῥει̃ (2) tation (Section 3), and the various accents and breath- πάντα ῥεῖ (3) ings that are needed to properly type it (Section 4). We πάντα ῥει̂ further explore Eugene Bingham’s special role in con- Since and are equivalent forms, and since is a com- necting to the subject of rheology and to The ῖ ι̃ ι̂ πάντα ῥει̃ mon writer’s variant of , Typographies 1 through 3 are Society of Rheology (Section 5) and the many ways that ῖ equivalent. We believe that Typography 1, with three has been typed (Sections 6, and Table 1 and πάντα ῥει̃ diacritical markings, one on the letter , another on the Table 2), and, in Section 7, we conclude that Typogra- ρ first letter , and one last one on the letter , is the wis- phy 1 is the best way to type The Society motto. This α ι est way to type this motto. Further, for epsilon, we paper is based on prior reports [1, 2]. choose the Greek small letter symbol, , over the lunate ε epsilon, ϵ, which is normally reserved for mathematics. For when the motto is typed this way, it can be recog- 2 GREEK GRAMMAR AND nized immediately as Ancient Greek, and can then be πάντα ῥει̃ Were we to overlook the diacritical marking on the letter in Typography 1 we would get: ρ (4) πάντα ρει̃ and if we then attack this phrase with a dictionary of modern Greek1, as an exercise (as many must have certainly done), we find that is the contracted (archaic) ρει̃ form of the third person singular of the verb , and ρέω means “flow” as in “I flow.” During most of the mod- ρέω ern period, in the 19th and 20th centuries, Modern Greek has existed side-by-side in two forms: A mostly written Table 1: Classification codes of Greek small letters for motto “pure” archaic form, called “katharevousa” ( καθαρεύ- typography. ) and a mostly spoken “popular” simplified form, ουσα called “demotic” ( ). The form “ ” as the con- δημοτική ρει̃ tracted form of the verb, would have appeared only in katharevousa, where, as also in the ancient Greek language from which it emanates, it coexists with its non- contracted form “ ”. Only the latter form appears in ρέει demotic Greek. Greek verbs have many forms of infinitive. In An - cient Greek, there are four tenses with three voices of infinitive, and in Modern Greek, one tense with two voices. This is perhaps why grammarians classify Greek verbs by their first person present singular forms, and thus, is classified under its first person present sin- ρει̃ gular form . By contrast, the English verb “flows” is ρέω classified under active voice infinitive “to flow” (Eng- lish admits only the present tense infinitive). If we continue our exercise by turning our attention to the first word in Typography 4, we get two dif- ferent translations for (with the accent on the πάντα first ). One is an adverb meaning “always,” and the α other, the nominative case of the plural form of the pro- Table 2: History of The Society of Rheology Motto. noun “ ”, meaning “everything”. The full cases, gen- πα̃ς

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 2 | ders and number forms of the pronoun “ ” have been 3 ANCIENT GREEK HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY πα̃ς preserved only in katharevousa. In demotic Greek we only encountered certain isolated forms (always with The aphorism has been circulating for quite some time articles) that have since become nouns with very spe- and it is attributed to perhaps the greatest of the Greek cific meaning, such as the singular form “ ” mean- Ionian philosophers, Heraclitus2, ca. 540 – 480 BCE [5]. το παν ing the whole or the universe and the plural form “ He lived in ancient Ephesos at the shore of Asia Minor, τα ” meaning everything. by the Aegean sea, at the end of the sixth century and πάντα One further item to note regarding Typographies 1 through the beginning of the fifth century BCE3. Eph- or 4 is the lack of concordance between the form (plur- esos eventually became the largest commercial city of al) of the (pro)noun and that (singular) of the verb! This Asia minor after the destruction of Miletus by the Per- is a syntax anomaly dating from Homeric times, and is sians in 494 BCE [6]. Heraclitus’s family was aristocrat- fairly common in the old Attic Greek dialect used in both ic. This influenced Heraclitus in that he was always in poetry and prose, thus called “Attic syntax” or “ favor of the few, “aristoi” (the experts), as opposed to αττική ” [3]. It has only been preserved in modern the many, “plethos” (the crowd), and he was against σύνταξη Greek in certain proverbial expressions such as “ the “tyrants” (dictators). The key element of Heracli- τα παι- ” (the kids are playing). The concept behind tus’s philosophy is that of continuous change. Howev- δία παίζει its use is that of emphasizing a singular idea within the er, he also believed in an underlying unchanged unified use of the plural form [3], something certainly appro- rule of natural law. This contrast between the unity and priate with our particular case. Interestingly, the form constancy of the law, and the multiplicity and variabil- of the corresponding English term “everything” ap - ity of the forms to which it applies, makes the first pearing in the translation of “ ” is singular. instance of the concept of “duality” that is now under- πάντα We might expect to remove this always-every- lying so many modern physical concepts (contrast that thing ambiguity existing in modern Greek by preced- of energy, which is conserved, and time, which con- ing the noun with an article (since an article can- stantly changes, and their dual relations in quantum πάντα not precede an adverb). Specifically, we might expect theory). In its time, this was truly a revolutionary idea the little word , the nominative plural neuter form of that thus took twenty-four centuries to be appreciat- τα the definite article, to precede the noun . Indeed, ed. As a consequence, many of Heraclitus’s sayings πάντα the Hellenic Society of Rheology did just this for their remained difficult to understand for long times, and motto (see Figure 7 and Typography 11 below). this earned him the characterization as “skoteinos” However, Typography 1 differs importantly from (dark) philosopher. For instance, consider his saying [7 Typography 4, by the diacritical marking on the letter (page 264)]: “ ποταμοι̃ς τοι̃ς αὐτοι̃ς ἐμβαίνομέν τε καὶ , and we believe this makes all the difference. Called (we enter the ρ οὐκ ἐμβαίνομεν, εἶμέν τε καὶ οὐκ εἶμεν a breathing, by convention since the Hellenistic period, same rivers and we do not enter [the same rivers], we this typography, developed to represent the breathing are [there] and we are not [there]).” “h” to distinguish from the letter eta “H,” has since 1981 The “ ” aphorism, aims to concisely πάντα ῥει̃ only been included to represent Ancient Greek [4]. de scribe the central philosophical position of “becom- Hence, the alerts both readers and translators alike, ing” or “change” of Heraclitus, in the form of a meta - ῥ that the Greek text is Ancient Greek, and that phor of “flowing” or “streaming” [8 (page 178)]. How- πάντα ρει̃ is not modern Greek. In contrast to modern Greek, in ever, a more careful investigation on the actual source Ancient Greek, has just one meaning. Thus of this aphorism, reveals that its first report was long πάντα is translated unambiguously as “everything.” after Heraclitus’s time, by the Roman Simplicius, πάντα The uninitiated might worry here about the form ca. 490 – 560 CE [5, 8 (page 178), 9, 10 (page 135), 11 of Ancient Greek. Specifically, Homeric Ancient Greek (page 209)], who wrote (Simplicius 1313.8 [5 (page 288]) (which has no definite articles) and Attic Ancient Greek extended according to reference [12 (pages 752 – 753)]): (which does have definite articles). However, in either “ τοὐς δὲ περὶ Ἡράκλειτον φυσιολὸγoυς εἰς τὴν ἐνδε- form, the word has just one meaning, and thus, πάντα λεχη̃ τη̃ς γενέσεως ῥοὴν ἀφορω̃ντας, {καὶ ὅτι γινόμε- translates unambiguously to “everything.” So even in να καὶ ἀπογινόμενα πάντα ἐστὶ τὰ σωματικά, «ὄντως the Attic form, to communicate “everything flows” δὲ οὐδέποτε ὄντα», ὡς καὶ ὁ Tίμαιος εἶπεν,} εἰκός ἐστι unambiguously, no definite article is used. Having com- λέγειν ὃτι ἀεὶ πάντα ῥει̃ καὶ ὃτι εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν ποταμὸν pleted our exercise in literal translation, we now turn (The physical philosophers following δὶς οὐκ ἄν ἐμβαίης our attention to the more important subject of con- Heraclitus, turning their attention to the continuous flux textual translation and to the interpretation of of becoming, {and (who considered) that all that is cre- πάντα . ated and (all that) is destroyed are corporal «in reality ῥει̃ never existing», as Timaios has also said} they had rea-

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 3 | son to say that naturally continuously everything flows time), “ ”. precisely means “everything flows.” πάντα ῥει̃ and that in the same river you cannot enter twice)”. Graham [10] translates “ ” as “all things πάντα χωρει̃ So Simplicius includes “ “ before “ ”, at pass”. Nevertheless, later in the same sentence, Plato ἀεὶ πάντα ῥει̃ a time when “ ” meant “everything,” and when does mention flow in a river “ .” πάντα ποταμοῦ ῥοὴ “ “ meant “continuously” or “always.” It is therefore The second source is Diogenis Laërtius, a writer ἀεὶ of interest that in modern Greek “ ” has also who lived around 200 – 300 CE and to whom we owe πάντα acquired the meaning of “always.” But the most impor- one of the first lists of biographies of great persons in tant remark to make here is that no independent con- Greek antiquity [14]. In that work, sure enough, one nection of “ ” to a more ancient source than finds an entry for Heraclitus from where the closest πάντα ῥει̃ Simplicius 1313.8 exists! This is one of many instances entry to “ ” reads as follows: “ πάντα ῥει̃ γίνεσθαί τε where something well known, attributed as a key char- πάντα κατ' ἐναντιότητα καὶ ῥει̃ν τὰ ὅλα ποταμου̃ δίκην acterization to a great person, cannot be linked to his (everything occurs in opposites and everything flows writings! like a river).” The closest that we come to tracing the source of This best describes Heraclitus’s philosophy and as this aphorism to Heraclitus himself is in the writings of such the aphorism “ ” can also be considered as πάντα ῥει̃ two others of antiquity: Plato and Diogenis Laërtius. Pla- a valid statement and therefore is also very fitting to use to, the famous Greek philosopher, in his dialogue Kraty- as an emblem for rheology. This seems to be the conclu- los, puts in the mouth of Socrates (Crat. 402a) [5, 13]: sion of perhaps the most informed scholar on the work “ of Heraclitus, Russian-born Professor Serge Mouraviev of λέγει που Ἡράκλειτος ὃτι “πάντα χωρει̃ καὶ οὐδὲν Université de Paris-IV, who recently detailed an account- μένει”, καὶ ποταμοῦ ῥοὴ ἀπεικάζων τὰ ὄντα λέγει ὡς (Heraclitus ing of Heraclitus’s fragments and all known ancient “δὶς ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν ποταμὸν οὐκ ἄν ἐμβαίης says, you know, that all things move and nothing sources [11]. In the same work, Mouraviev evaluated the remains still, and he likens the universe to the current of fragments depending on (a) their authenticity, (b) a river, saying that you cannot step twice into the same whether they represent something that Heraclitus real- stream).” ly wrote verbatim, and (c) whether they express exactly Now Cratylus was a disciple of Heraclitus and also something that he could have said or written. Regarding happened to teach Plato. Thus, one can place confidence the particular fragment, “ ” (catalogued as frag- πάντα ῥει̃ in the above attribution from the dialogue Kratylos to ment F81Bb), Mouraviev gives a perfect rating in terms Heraclitus himself. However, some [9 (page 68)] consid- of authenticity (a) and for exactitude (c), but it gives er it as an expansion of Heraclitus’s teachings, going almost a failing grade (2 of 5) for whether it represents a beyond what he actually believed and said. This latter is verbatim rendition [11]. It is also instructive to note here reinforced by a relative comment put forward by Aristo- that the above discussion corroborates with earlier tle in his metaphysics [5 (pages 286 – 287, Aristotle Meta- thoughts on the matter offered in the Section “Our Mot- physics 1010a13)] mentioning Kratylos’s criticism on Her- to – ”, by Markovitz in [15] in a historically ori- πάντα ῥει̃ aclitus flux philosophy: “ ented article that appeared in the Journal of Rheology in Ἡρακλείτω ἐπετίμα εἰπόντι ὃτι 1985 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of The Soci- δὶς τῷ αὐτῷ ποταμῷ οὐκ ἐστὶν ἐμβη̃ναι αὐτὸς γὰρ ὢετο (Kratylos criticized Heraclitus because he said ety of Rheology. Nowadays, so closely do engineers οὐδ’ ἅπαξ that one cannot enter the same river twice; since he attach the concept of flow to Heraclitus, that any dimen- believed himself that one cannot do it even once).” sionless group comprising a ratio of fluxes has been However this last comment teaches us about the called Heraclitian (see Section 7.3 of [16]). significant difference in the views held between Hera- Heraclitus was the first but not the only one in antiq- clitus and Kratylos, the last one wanting to bring the uity to embrace flow and motion as a dominant charac- argument to the extreme (and rather unattainable teristic of nature. Among ancient Greek philosophers one position) that constant change does not allow knowl- must cite the atomists Leucippus (ca. 500 – 430 BCE) and edge to be built. The position that the theory of flux is Democritus (460 – 370 BCE) as well as Epicurus (341 – 270 not of Heraclitus, has also been criticized heavily by oth- BCE). As an inherent component of the atomic nature of er investigators [9 (page 69)] with several independent matter, all of these philosophers and their schools and references by other writers in antiquity having been col- followers were also fundamental in introducing its con- lected, such as Plutarch, Seneca and Simplicius. These tinuous motion. This is most beautifully described a few leave little doubt about the position that the theory of centuries later by the Roman poet Lucretius in his poem flux is of Heraclitus [5 (page 286)]. However, in this ex - “de rerum natura” about the nature of things (see also cerpt, Plato mentioned “ ”, which differs Section 7 of [2]). However, independent of Heraclitus and πάντα χωρει̃ slightly from “ ”. Whereas “ ” at about the same time as his, the notion of flow also πάντα ῥει̃ πάντα χωρει̃ means “everything passes” (as with the passage of appeared far away from Greece, in China with Confucius.

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 4 | To Confucius (孔夫子, 551 – 479 BCE), a contempo- flows” into Chinese is a simpler matter, and this is done rary of Heraclitus, we attribute “逝者如斯夫!不舍晝夜.” in Table 3. [or in the simplified Chinese script, “逝者如斯夫! 不舍昼 The present section shows that “everything flows” 夜.”] (which, for Mandarin Chinese, we Romanize using is a proper contextual translation and interpretation of the popular Hanyu Pinyin system as “shìzh rús f , and these are the two most important results πάντα ῥει̃ bùshè zhòuyè.”) the Chinese equivalent to “ ě ī ū!”. of this work. Table III undertakes the far simpler tasks of πάντα ῥει̃ This saying has been translated to “Everything flows like translating “everything flows” literally into a few other this, without ceasing, day and night.” (see entry 9.17 on languages. These translations were done by members of page 41 of [17]). Confucius is said to have spoken this on The Society of Rheology, and in some cases, by their col- a river bank. We find this in Book IX of the most com- leagues (see Acknowledgments below). monly studied version, the Y (魯) version, of the Analects (see saying 十六章 atopǔ page 222 [columns 5 and 6 counted from the right] with its corresponding 4 ACCENTS AND BREATHINGS translation into English, numbered “Chapter XVI.” [18, 19]), compilations of Confucian sayings, mainly by stu- This section is designed to deepen the reader’s under- dents of Confucius, or by their students. Saying (論語, standing of the diacritical markings appearing in the Book IX, CHAP. VI, Verse 4) is sometimes numbered sep- various Typographies arising in this paper (1 – 4 above, arately and as its own chapter (論語, Book IX, Chapter VII and 6 – 12 and 14 below). The ancient Greek language as in [18]), in which case the “everything flows” saying is was tonal (pitched). In the old Attic writing used by offi- numbered (論語, Book IX, Chapter XVII as in [17]). Other- cial Athens before 403 BCE [21], the letter H was wise, the “everything flows” saying is numbered (論語, employed to denote the rough breathing in the begin- Book IX, Chapter XVI) [20 (page 15)]. Not unlike the con- ning of a word-like the sound “h” in the word “here”. nection between “ ” and Heraclitus, the con- Traditionally in the ancient Greek language this rough πάντα ῥει̃ nection between “ ” and Confucius is thus indi- breathing always follows the consonant “rho” when it πάντα ῥει̃ rect. Remarkably, both Confucius and Heraclitus con - appears in the beginning of a word, resulting in the fol- ceived “ ” independently and contemporane- lowing typography: πάντα ῥει̃ ously. Of course, the literal translation of “everything

(5)

This typography is to be contrasted with Typography 1, which is easier to pronounce, and which is now used universally to represent Ancient Greek writing. The practice of denoting the rough breathing (/h/ sound at the beginning of a word) by H (called “ δασὺ ” (dasù pneûma) in Ancient Greek, and “spiritus πνευ̃μα asper” in Latin) has been followed to our days, through the evolution of the Chalkidean alphabet (named after the city of Chalkis, about 40 miles northeast of Athens) to the Latin [21] and therefore to the English language when we express with Latin characters words of Greek origin that used to have the rough breathing (compare history, rhapsody, rhinoceros, etc.). Furthermore, al - though the notation of the rough breathing by H dates from the earliest instances of the Greek alphabet, such as the Chalkidean [2] and the Attic alphabet used in Athens before 403 BCE [21, 22] as mentioned above, it dis- appeared rather quickly afterwards in the Ionian dialect [23] due to the confusion that it created with the use of the same symbol to denote the vowel “eta”. Thus, al - though in conversations, people continued to respect the changes that used to be indicated by H (rough breathing, /h/ sound) before the initial vowels of words and Table 3: Translations of “Everything Flows”. after the consonant “rho,” they omitted it from the writ-

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 5 | ten words. As mentioned, the Ionian dialect was officially ety of Rheology in 1929 by at least four years [32]. Con- espoused by Athens in 403 BCE and eventually by most sider his groundbreaking paper where he introduces of the Greek (and through Philip and Alexander the the yield point and what we now call the Bingham flu- Great) and also the Hellenistic world. id [32 (first equation on page 1204)]. About the plastic However, the written indication of the rough deformation of solids, Bingham writes: “Our discussion breathing reappeared shortly afterward, in certain of plasticity therefore concerns itself with the flow of Greek dialects used in southern Italy, transformed solids, which is certainly broad enough to suit the most though as half H to avoid the above-mentioned confu- catholic taste, for the Greek philosopher Heraklitus (sic) sion, . At the same time, they espoused the use of its was literally correct when he said that ‘Everything ⸠ mirror symmetric symbol, , to indicate its opposite, flows’ [32].” In Bingham’s book of 1922, we find no men- ⸡ “smooth breathing”, i.e. the absence of an /h/ sound, tion of , not even when discussing yield [33 πάντα ῥει̃ (called “ ” (psil n pneûma) in Ancient (before and after Equation 83)]. ψιλὸν πνευ̃μα Greek, and “spiritus lenis” in Latin)ὸ [24]. It is from these In 1929, Typography 1 appeared on a banner two notations that the modern polytonic Greek breath- beneath the hourglass on the first cover of the Journal ing symbols originated, “ “(daseia) [25] and of Rheology as shown in Figure 1 (then edited by E.C. δασεία “ ” (psili) [26], ( ) and ( ), respectively, along with Bingham, later renamed The Transactions of The Soci- ψιλή the accents acute῾ “ ᾿” (oxeia), grave “ ” ety of Rheology, before eventually reverting to its orig- οξεία βαρεία (vareia) and circumflex “ ” (perispomeni) inal name (for a detailed history, see Section 7; see also περισπωμένη [21] to denote word intonation. All these common forms Figures 2–3.)). In 1930, referring to the motto and still of the polytonic version of the Greek language were using Typography 1, Bingham wrote: “The stream of developed by the turn of the 3rd to the 2nd century BCE, knowledge in regard to the nature of flow was fairly (but used irregularly in the beginning, primarily as a turbulent two centuries ago, but later it seemed to be - means to distinguish between words that differ only in come viscid, no longer exemplifying that classical dic- their accents) by the Alexandrian philologist Aristo- tum of Heraclitus , “everything flows”. Par- πάντα ῥει̃ phanes from Byzantium [23, 27]. The accents were de - enthetically, Bingham credits the creation of the word veloped in the transition of the Ancient Greek Language “rheology” to his colleague John R. Crawford, Professor to the modern “Koine” form when the tonal, pitched of Latin at Lafayette College (see entry for “Rheology” ancient form of pronunciation was transforming to a in [34]), but the choice of The Society motto seems to stressed one. However, it was not until much later, in have been Bingham’s own, and his choice for its ren- the ninth century CE, that the small (lower case) letters dering seems to have been Typo graphy 1. were developed in Byzantium. They have been pre- Bingham founded The Society of Rheology in 1929, served to modern times in the modern Greek language, and shortly thereafter was regarded as The πάντα ῥει̃ albeit since the beginning of the last century several Society motto. Consider the celebrated British rheolo- simplifications took place, first abolishing daseia on gist Scott Blair (1902 – 1987) writing about soil pastes in consonants, like on the letter [24, 28]. In 1981, by Greek 1930 in the second volume of the Journal of Rheology: ρ law, all breathings and accents have been abolished in “In this suspicion we are fully justified, for not only does the modern Greek language with the exception of the her infancy reach back to the days of the Greek philoso- oxeia, “ “ and the diacritical marks, “ ¨ “ [24, 28]. Short- phers (as the motto of our Society reminds us), but our ´ ly afterwards it was decided though to keep them in the recent efforts to apply the methods of Rheology to the rendering of the ancient Greek language. investigation of the parent of all materials, the soil, The diacritical markings in Greek affect pronuncia- reveal most clearly the truth of the old saying that tion. How Ancient Greek (Typographies 5 and 13) was pro- ‘There is nothing new under the sun’ [35].” nounced is un known. Many pronounce The Society mot- In 1935, The Society and especially its motto at - to “pahn-tah ray”, and some, “pahn-tah ree”. tracted national attention when St. Clair McKelway (1905 – 1980), a new reporter for the The New Yorker, published an article titled “Everything Flows”, a lay per- 5 EUGENE BINGHAM AND son’s three-page account of the 7th Annual Meeting at ̃ πάντα ῥει̃ the Bell Telephone Building in New York City [30]. McK- According to Reiner, the American rheologist Bingham elway reports that “Professor Bingham brought forth (1878 – 1945) chose as the “motto of the sub- at this conference not only a word for the work of the πάντα ῥει̃ ject” of rheology [29], rather than as the motto of a soci- scientists gathered there but a motto, taken from a say- ety. Indeed, Bingham’s fascination with pre- ing of Heraclitus: ‘panta rhei,’ or ‘everything flows.’ It πάντα ῥει̃ dated his choice of the word rheology in 1926 by at least sounds a little gay now, but it was thought up eight one year [30 (page 85), 31], and of his founding The Soci- years before Cole Porter decided that anything goes.”

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 6 | Figure 1: Logo of The Society of Rheology on first cover of Figure 2: Logo of The Society of Rheology on cover of Rheolo- Journal of Rheology with three diacritical marks in motto (see gy Leaflet with three diacritical marks in this typography of Typographies 1 and 3). Original printing (left) and its 1979 the motto (see Typography 1). replica (right).

A decade later, in his unpublished history of The Soci- ed this confusion. Rheology cannot be classed under ety, produced one decade after this meeting, Bingham water or Petroleum because it is not a substance; it can- muses over McKelway’s comparison of “everything not properly be classed under Physical Chemistry or Met- flows” with its rhyme, the theme of Cole Porter’s song. allurgy because it is neither of them. It is a dist(i)nct (sp) On this article, Bingham later wrote: “He, too, got the branch of knowledge.” In 1945, in memorial tribute to picture of the waifs in the Orphanage on Christmas Bingham, his colleague Professor Kunkel spoke [36]: “His morning, and he was im pressed that “everything flows” special field of scientific interest was rather beyond the is not as trivial as Cole Porte r’s declaration that “every- knowledge of most of us. Until he invented the term thing goes”.” [31]. “rheo logy,” or the science of flow, we had little idea that In 1985, is again explicitly declared the there was anything to flowing than simply running. We πάντα ῥει̃ motto of The Society of Rheology (see Section “Our had little idea that it mattered much where it was pos- Motto – ”, by Markovitz in [15]; see also Fig- sible to measure the flowing qualities of limpid fluids like πάντα ῥει̃ ures 4 – 6). Markovitz, we think wisely, observes that alcohol and water and thick, sticky materials like tar and “This phrase is not the sole property of our Society.” This the proverbial molasses in January. But Professor Bing- is why The Society has always encouraged other soci- ham’s heart was so full of rheology that from the abun- eties of rheology to use the motto as they see fit. To wit, dance of his heart his mouth spoke to his associates so the Hellenic Society of Rheology and the German Soci- that they soon came to realize that the famous aphorism ety of Rheology both incorporate their own versions of of Heraclitus that everything flows was a reality.” into their logos (see Figures 7, 8 and 9). πάντα ῥει̃ Table 1 lists all letters appearing in Typographies 1, 4, or 6 – 9 along with their English names. Table 2 lists 6 MOTTO TYPOGRAPHY AND SOCIETY the history of The Society motto, and the Appendix PUBLICATIONS compares the complicated history of the Journal of Rhe- ology with that of the motto, often appearing on the In March 1937, The Society motto appeared below the journal cover. From Table 2, we learn that for twenty hourglass on the first cover of the Rheology Leaflet years (1957 – 1976), the Transactions of The Society of (No. I) just this once with the following typography: Rheology were published without motto, though by comparing Table 2 to the Appendix, we see that in the (6) παντα ῥει̃ subinterval 1964 – 1966, the motto did appear on the cover of the Rheology Bulletin, and this with Typogra- and by contrast, then again, at the top of Page 1 of the phy 7. In fact, from Table 2, we can see that Typogra- same issue, with Typography 1. We know of no other phy 7 originated in 1945 on the cover of the Rheology occurrence of Typography 6, and thus chalk this one up Bulletin, then co-edited by N.W. Taylor and T. Alfrey. to error. Thereafter, when the Rheology Leaflet includ- In 1941, 12 years after founding The Society of Rhe- ed the motto, it adhered to Typography 1 (Figure 2). ology and printing its motto on the Journal cover, we find Typography 1 was therefore that with which the motto Bingham’s first comment on the motto. In a short com- was originally introduced and used initially (Figure 3). plaint about how Chemical Abstracts classifies literature Table 2 lists this and each subsequent departure from on rheology, Bingham writes: “Heraklitus (sic) would tell or return to Bingham’s original Typography 1. Table 2 us that since everything flows, we should have expect- shows that in 1945 the Rheology Bulletin of The Society

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 7 | Figure 4: First appearance of Typography 7 of the current motto of The Society of Rheology (left) on upper left cover of Volume XVI, No. 1 of Rheology Bulletin and (right) years later on upper right cover of Volume 21 (Issue 2) of the Transac- tions of The Society of Rheology.

Figure 3: Magnifications of logos of The Society of Rheology on cover of Rheology Bulletin (top, from Figure 1) and Rheo - logy Leaflet (bottom, from Figure 2) each with three diacritical marks in motto (Typography 1). of Rheology and formerly the Rheology Leaflet, without comment from co-Editors Taylor or Alfrey, stripped away the diacritical markings from the vowels from Typography 1 and introduced:

(7) παντα ῥει leaving just one diacritical marking, on the letter (see ρ Figure 4). However, in 1946, to commemorate Bingham, the cover of the Rheology Bulletin reintroduced Bingham’s Figure 5: Logo with Typography 7 used on both items of Fig- original Typography 1, without comment from then Edi- ure 4. This is the current typography for the motto of The tor Markwood. Editor Myers reintroduced the simpli- Society of Rheology. fied Typography 7 onto the covers of the Transactions of The Society of Rheology, and he continued this onto the Journal of Rheology. This particular typography is tion to drop all accents, except oxeia, was adopted for inscribed on the bases of the hourglass in The Society’s typing written Greek [24, 28]. Perhaps we should not logo, and this now appears on the cover of both print overanalyze this partial extinction of the diacritical editions of the Journal of Rheology (see Figure 5). In 1977, marks from the motto on the journal cover. After all, close Editor Myers also reintroduced this logo with motto in inspection of a 1948 casting [40] of the first Bingham Typography 1 to the covers of the Rheology Bulletin, and medals uncovers yet another typography: this persisted on Rheology Bulletin covers till 2005. This makes it all the more surprising that The Soci- (8) παντα ῥει̃ ety of Rheology, once having typed its motto with both accents and breathings (as Typography 1), dropped the where the diacritical marking in the first word was accents but kept the breathing, and specifically, kept the dropped, but both markings retained in the second breathing on the letter (as Typography 7). This is why word of the motto (Figure 6). In 2013, the casting of the ρ we cannot rationalize The Society’s alteration from Ty- second lot of Bingham medals was commissioned with pography 1 to 7. This problem has been the subject of for- Typography 1. mal discussion by The Society of Rheology, at both an We see great wisdom in the use of Greek script for Executive Committee Meeting, a subsequent Business The Society motto, rather than having Romanized it as, meeting [37, 38] and of informal discussion at a recent for example, “panta rhei”, or conforming to Reference presentation [39]. In 1981, the further general simplifica- [41], as “panta rei”. The Greek script wisely circumvents

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 8 | Figure 6: Motto of The Society of Rheology cast in bas-relief Figure 7: Logo of the Hellenic Society of Rheology with face of on banner beneath hourglass logo on the Bingham medal Heraclitus in faux bas-relief (using Typography 9 for its motto). (this 1948 casting [40] uses Typography 8).

Therefore, the proper translation into modern Greek of the choice of any particular Romanization system [41], the aphorism is: and more importantly, employs symbols with which nearly all rheologists are familiar (the last letter, iota, (12) Τα πάντα ρέουν being the single possible exception, as it is rarely used in rheology). More recently, in 1996, its longer form with Yet even more typographies are possible. First, the more typography: truthful to a possible ancient Ionian Greek rendition of the motto is: (9) Τά πάντα ῥει̃ (13) was adopted as the motto of the then newly established Hellenic Society of Rheology ( This Ionian writing had been officially adopted by ancient ), and this motto appearsΕλληνικός below a Σύλλογος faux bas- Athens in 403 BCE [21] (although it had wide informal use Ρεολογίαςrelief of the philosopher’s face (Figure 7). This rendition before then). Typography 13 involves capital letters, no precedes the aphorism with the article “ ” (unfortu- spaces between words, no accents or breathing marks. In Τά nately with the wrong accent! The correct one is “vareia” fact, even the rules for accent positioning in Greek remain as “ ”), leading to: a matter of scholarly research [42]. Τὰ Incidentally, although the ancient Greeks only (10) used capital letters and did not use any spaces between Τὰ πάντα ῥει̃ the words, currently and internationally all use small As this involves the article, it is thus closer to modern letters with the diacritical marks (as used in the title of Greek usage, albeit it preserving the older “polytonic” this paper) for all modern typographies of the ancient system of accents and breathings (collectively called Greek texts. We thus think that it makes perfect sense diacritical marks): In modern Greek the accent in the to use small letters to type The Society motto. After all, article “ ” would not have been there, neither would the ancient Greeks limited themselves to capital letters τά the rough breathing ( ) in the word “ ” also with its mainly because they needed letters that could be easi- ῥει̃ accent being replaced῾ from circumflex ( ) ly sculpted into tablet stone, and thus, each one with a περισπωμένη to acute ( ), the modern Greek equivalent of the few straight marks. We thus recognize that the choice οξεία aphorism being therefore: of small Greek letters to type The Society motto, flows with the natural evolution of the Greek script. The logo (11) of the German Society Rheology (founded in 1951) also Τα πάντα ρεί bears the “everything flows” motto, in Greek, which This is why, whereas The Society’s intended meaning was introduced specifically using its own typography was and remains “everything flows”, most Greeks (Figure 8): would translate the word , unpreceded by an arti- πάντα cle, as “always”. By contrast, outside the context of Her- (14) πάντα ρεῒ aclitus, “everything flows” is now normally translated to “ ”. Moreover, in modern Greek one where the is the Greek small letter iota with dialytika Τα πάντα ῥει̃ ῒ would have used neither the attic syntax (that pairs a and oxeia. However, in the website of the German Soci- plural noun with a singular verb – see relevant discus- ety of Rheology [43] the logo now appears with the cor- sion in Section 2) nor the contracted form of the verb. rect Typography 1, as shown in Figure 9.

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 9 | Figure 8: Initial Logo of the German Society of Rheology Figure 9: Current Logo of the German Society of Rheology [43] (using Typography 14 for its motto). (using Typography 1 for its motto).

7 CONCLUSION

Whereas any attempt to modify The Society of Rheolo- I In its second lifetime, 1933 – 1935, when the journal gy motto to be “more correct” (i.e. to be truer to the was subsumed [45] into the journal Physics (as discrete original aphorism as expressed by Heraclitus himself) quarterly sections called “Rheology Numbers” in Vol- is futile, due to the lack of more detailed information, umes 4 through 7 [4(3) 87 – 128; 4(6) 203 – 236; it is certainly a good and appropriate motto and it does 4(8) 265 – 290; 4(11) 387 – 408; 5(2) 39 – 60; 5(5) 125 – 146; express with exactitude and authenticity the Heraclit- 5(8) 193 – 224; 5(11) 321 – 362; 6(2) 53 – 80; 6(5) 159 – 178; ian philosophy of ubiquitous flow and change that is so 6(8) 257 – 278; 6(11) 351 – 366 (1933 – 1935)]. On their cov- very relevant to rheology. Thus, we conclude that its ers or on pages i of Volumes 4 through 7 (1933 – 1936) diacritical marks should be restored to the original form we find “Published for the American Physical Society “ ” (Typography 1). Its writer’s variant (Typog- and The Society of Rheology by the American Institute πάντα ῥει̃ raphy 3) was printed on the first cover of Volume 1 of of Physics Incorporated”.). In this second lifetime, The the Journal of Rheology in 1929. Typography 1 also aligns Society motto is absent from the journal Physics. The the motto with the most widely accepted and current second lifetime ends abruptly [46, 47], with Volume 7, representation of Ancient Greek text. We provide Ta - when the American Institute of Physics embraced the ble 1 to facilitate the typesetting of The Society motto. journal Physics, and renamed it Journal of Applied We further suggest that The Society motto “ ” Physics beginning with Volume 8. Curiously, as late as πάντα ῥει̃ be officially added to the Constitution and Rules of The 1941, Article III, Section 1 of The Society By-Laws read Society of Rheology, and specifically with Typography 1. “Technical papers presented to the Society of Rheology which are approved by the editor of the Society shall be submitted for publication among the Contributed APPENDIX: HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY Papers published in the Journal of Applied Physics” [48, PUBLISHING 49]. By 1947, we find no mention of the Journal of Applied Physics in said By-Laws [50]. The Journal of Rheology has had four distinct lifetimes (and not just three as the current journal entry page I In the journal’s third lifetime, begun in 1947 [51], The asserts [44]): Academic Press published one yearly issue for The Society of Rheology of papers on rheology in Volumes 2 through I In its first lifetime, 1929 – 1932, Volumes 1 – 3 are num- 7 of the Journal of Colloid Science [2(1) i – vi, 1 – 222; 3(2) bered with Arabic numerals (though the covers and the 73 – 183; 4(3) 185 – 347; 5(3) 197 – 314; 6(2) 93 – 210; 7(3) header of the tables of contents of Issues 2(2) through 199 – 345 (1947 – 1952)]. In this third lifetime, The Society 3(4) are numbered with Roman numerals, the odd-page motto is absent from the journal Journal of Colloid Science. header of each page in the Issues of Volume 3 numbers In 1951, when the publisher The Academic Press imposed these issues with Arabic numerals), and published as the a 100-page limit on The Society publication (see page 25, Journal of Rheology (whereupon The Society motto column 1 of [52]), dropped the special issue devoted to The appeared on each cover with Typography 1). In this first Society publication. Instead, members of The Society of lifetime, Issues 1(1) through 3(2) were published by The Rheology continued to publish in the Journal of Colloid Sci- Society of Rheology with the cooperation of The Chemi- ence, which interspersed their papers with other subjects. cal Foundation, Inc., and Issues 3 (3 – 5) were then pub- This important journal continues to this day as the Jour- lished by the American Institute of Physics under the nal of Colloid and Interface Science, published by Elsevier; supervision of The Society of Rheology. the Journal of Colloid Science and its successor are thus

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 10 | archived together electronically. This third lifetime is ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sometimes overlooked [44]. ANB initiated this work in his fall 2006 sabbatical and I In its fourth lifetime, 1957 – present, The Society visiting professorship, in the Department of Chemical journal was initially named Transactions of The Society Engineering at the University of Patras, Greece. ANB of Rheology, and began with Vol. I, numbered with further acknowledges Dr. Vlasis Mavrantzas for his Roman numerals through Vol. VIII, then with Arabic hospitality and for supporting this visiting professor- numerals from Vol. 9 forward [whereupon in Issues 2 ship. AJG thanks Dean Shi-Chang Tseng (曾世昌) of the through 4 of Volume 21, the motto reappeared on the Na tional Yunlin University of Science and Technology covers, but with Typography 7], and was then renamed ( 國立雲林科技大學) in Douliou, Taiwan, for hosting Journal of Rheology from Vol. 22 forward [whereupon and supporting his visiting professorship. The encour- the motto has continued on the journal covers with agement and help in editing an earlier version of this Typography 7]. document by Professor R. Byron Bird of the University of Wisconsin at Madison is also warmly acknowledged. Volume 1 (1929 – 1930) had Issue Number 1 pub- The authors also recognize Mr. Yioryos Papakonstan- lished in 1929 and then continued in 1930 with Issue topoulos of the Chemical and Biological Engineering Numbers 2 – 5, Volumes 2 – 3 (1931 – 1932) were each Department of the University of Wisconsin-Madison published in Issue Numbers 1 – 4, Volumes I – VIII in sin- for having brought the need for this study to the atten- gle unnumbered issues, Volumes 9 – 10 in Parts 1 – 2, tion of the Executive Committee of The Society of Rhe- Volumes 11 – 12 as Issues 1 – 3, Volumes 13 – 21 as Issues ology in the fall of 2006. The authors acknowledge the 1 – 4, and since, as Issues 1 – 6. Whereas the header on help of Ms. Lindsey Gumb, Ms. Melanie Mueller and Dr. each cover in Volume 1 just read “Rheology,” the corre- Joe Anderson of the Niels Bohr Library and Archives at sponding headers on each cover in Volumes 2 through the American Institute of Physics in College Park, MD. 3 was improved to “Journal of Rheology”. Although We thank Larry Belmont of the American Institute of these changes were made to the covers, the odd-page Physics for his help with the Appendix, and specifically running title atop each page in Volume 1 through 3 nev- with details of the earliest issues (1929 – 1932), some- er departed from “Journal of Rheology”. times called Jurassic JOR. Finally, we thank Professor We hope that this Appendix will be useful to librar- Manfred H. Wagner of the Technische Universität ians, since librarians have great difficulty in properly cat- Berlin for providing information on the history of the aloging The Society journal. We also hope that this logo of the German Society of Rheology. The authors Appendix will help rheologists understand why citations are also greatly appreciative of H.M. Baek (백형민) of to The Society journal are often uneven. The Transactions the Mechanical Engineering Department of the Uni- of The Society of Rheology were first published by Inter- versity of Wisconsin at Madison, for his help with Sec- science Publishers which became a division of Wiley in tion 3. The authors also thank Professor Manos Mavri - 1962, and Wiley continued publishing The Society jour- ka kis of the University of Wisconsin at Madison, Pro- nal through to 1989, after which the cost of exceeding fessor Marianna Kontopoulou of Queen’s University at the Wiley page limit caused The Society to switch to the Kingston, Professor Evan Mitsoulis of the National American Institute of Physics for its journal publishing. Technical University of Athens, and Professor John Vla- The Society of Rheology has also relied on its Rhe- chopoulos of McMaster University for helpful com- ology Leaflet [Numbers 1 – 15 (1937 – 1940)] and on its ments. A.J. Giacomin is indebted to the Faculty of successor, the Rheology Bulletin [Volumes XII – XVI Applied Science and Engineering of Queen’s University (1941 – 1945), 17 – present (1946 – present)] for archival at Kingston, for their support through a Research Initi- publication. Indeed, between lifetimes, over the peri- ation Grant (RIG). ods 1936 – 1946 and 1953 – 1956, The Society relied We thank Professors Patrick Anderson, Corneliu entirely on its Rheology Leaflet and on its Rheology Bul- Balan, Ali Berker, R. Byron Bird, Victor Breedveld, Tomas letin. These are properly archived by the Niels Bohr Co, Lourdes De Vargas, Luca Deseri, Shailesh Doshi, Igor Library and Archives at the American Institute of Physics Emri, Furong Gao (高福榮), David Githuku, Konstantin in College Park, MD. See Table 2 to see how The Society Golemanov ( ), Rainer Hal - motto is intertwined with the histories of the Rheolo- den wang, OleКонстантин Hassager, Wendy Големанов Heuvel, Jae Chun Hyun gy Leaflet and then the Rheology Bulletin. (현재천), Azuraien Jafaar, Musa Kamal, Chanyut Kolita- wong, Sandris L cis, Francis Lai (賴芳雄), João Maia, Iri- na Masalova ( ā ), Rossana Pasquino, Nhan Phan-Thien,Ирина Seppo Масалова Syrjälä, Zehev Tadmor, Tom Lih-Sheng Turng (童立生), Bruno Vergnes, Jan Vermant,

© Appl. Rheol. 24 (2014) 52918 | DOI: 10.3933/ApplRheol-24-52918 | 11 | [4] Babiniotis G: http://www.babiniotis.gr/wmt/user- Manfred Wagner, Hiroshi Watanabe (渡辺宏), Rhodri files/File/ synoptikh_istoria_ell_glws_tonoi_pneuma- Williams, Hyun Wook Jung (정현욱), Martin Zatloukal, ta.pdf and Drs. Katie Pitts, Osman Polat and Chia Yen Tseng [5] Heraclitos: Complete Works ( ), Series on Ancient Απαντα (曾家彥), and Mssrs. Hyung Min Baek (백형민), Tiong- Authors ) Volume 8, Falcos-Arvan- (Ἀρχαίοι Συγγραςει̃ς Boon Seet ( 薛忠文), Zhanibek Yessimbekov ( itakis T (translator), Zitros Publishing, Thessaloniki, ) and Haibin Zhao (赵海滨), and Mss.Жанибек Patri- Greece (1999, in Greek). Есимбековcia Lacroix, Aryn Lesage, Li-Ping Lin (林莉娉), Samaneh [6] Zeller E, Nestle W: History of Greek Philosophy, trans- Khanlari and Burcu Ugur for their contributions to lated from original German into modern Greek by Ch. Theodoridis, 13th Edition, 1997 printing, Estia Publishing Table 3. House, Athens, Greece (1980). We are also grateful to Professor Bruno Vergnes of [7] Mouraviev SN: Heraclitea II.A.2, TRADITIO (A), Academia École des Mines de Paris (Sophia Antipolis) for translat- Verlag, Sankt Augustin, Germany (2000). ing the abstract into French, and to Professor Natalie [8] Peters FE: Greek Philosophical Terms, A Historical Lexi- Germann of the Technical University of Munich for trans- con, New York University Press, New York (1967). lating the abstract into German. [9] Barnes J: The Presocratic Philosophers, Volume 1, Rout- ledge and Kegan Paul Publishers, London (1979). [10] Graham DW: The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy, Part 1, translated (and edited) from Ancient Greek into English DEDICATION by author, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK (2010). This paper is dedicated to Professor Emeritus R. Byron [11] Mouraviev SN: Heraclitea III.3.B/i, Recencio: FRAGMEN- Bird of the Rheology Research Center, and of the De - TA, Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin, Germany (2006). partment of Chemical and Biological Engineering of the [12] Mouraviev SN: Heraclitea II.A.3, TRADITIO (A), Academia University of Wisconsin-Madison in celebration of his Verlag, Sankt Augustin, Germany (2002). 90th birthday, February 5, 2014. [13] Anon, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi bin/ptext? lookup=Plat.+Crat.+402a This text is based‑ on the following book: Plato, Plato in Twelve Volumes, translated from Ancient Greek into English by Fowler HN, Harvard FOOTNOTES University Press, Cambridge, MA; William Heinemann Ltd., London (1921) Vol. 12. 1 In this paper, we distinguish “modern Greek” from [14] Diogenis Laërtius: The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers ( “Modern Greek” by capitalizing the “M”. Whereas “mod- Διογένης Λαέρτιος. Βίοι και γνώμαι των ), Long HS, ed., Oxford ern Greek” refers to contemporary Greek usage, “Mod- εν φιλοσοφία eυδοκιμησάντων (1964), from , http://www.mikros- ern Greek” refers to usage common to most of the mod- Μικρo´ς Απo´πλους ern period, and by modern period, we mean most of the apoplous.gr/ (2012f) [15] Markovitz H: Rheology: In the Beginning, J. Rheol. 29 19th and 20th centuries. Thus, Modern Greek and modern (1985) 777 – 798. Greek intersect, but neither is a subset of the other. [16] Becker HA: Dimensionless Parameters: Theory and Meth - 2 In English, it is customary to use the Latin transcription odology, Applied Science Publishers, London (1976). of scholars’s names (Confucius, Demetrius, Democritus, [17] Leys S: The Analects of Confucius: Translation and Notes, Diogenes Laërtius, Epicurus, Heraclitus, Kratylos, Leucip- W.W. Norton & Co., New York (1997). pus, Plato, Seneca). 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