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Ensino Individualizado E Escolas De Área Aberta Em Portugal 13 Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências da Educação 2007 Maria de Lurdes Ensino individualizado e Carvalho Figueiredo escolas de área aberta em Portugal Silva Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Ciências da Educação 2007 Maria de Lurdes Ensino individualizado e Carvalho Figueiredo escolas de área aberta em Portugal Silva Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação na área de especialização de Formação Pessoal e Social, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. Carlos Meireles Coelho, professor associado do Departamento de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Aveiro o júri presidente Prof. Dr. Luís de Jesus Ventura de Pinho professor associado da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Pereira de Meireles Coelho professor associado da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Dr. José Augusto Branco Palhares professor auxiliar da Universidade do Minho Prof. Dra. Irene da Purificação Gonçalves professora coordenadora da Escola Superior de Educação de Coimbra Ao meu pai e à memória de minha mãe pelo exemplo de força de vida. Ao meu marido Bruno, o meu grande companheiro. Ao meu filho Tiaguinho, um amor incondicional. Aos meus alunos. agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Carlos Meireles Coelho, pela sua amizade, disponibilidade e contributo fundamental, mas também pelo seu exemplo da prática da individualização, assente na dignidade de cada pessoa humana. A todos os professores e colaboradores deste mestrado, pela dedicação e apoio, em particular aos Professores António Vítor Carvalho e Manuel Ferreira Rodrigues. Às Dras. Maria Helena Mendes e Filomena Beja e à Arquitecta Júlia Serra pela amabilidade, disponibilidade, ajuda e testemunho, bem como pelos materiais gentilmente cedidos, que se revelaram essenciais à realização deste trabalho. Às Professoras Ilda Lopes e Anália Caleça, às Sras. Emília Sousa, Maria António Baptista e Ana Paula Santos pela sua colaboração e prontidão na realização do exercício de memória. Ao meu marido, Bruno, pelo carinho, incentivo, apoio e, principalmente, pela partilha deste caminho. A todos os meus colegas do curso, em especial à Sara Lúcia Ferreira e à Teresa Izquierdo pela amizade e momentos de entreajuda. Ao meu irmão, Domingos Figueiredo, pela leitura paciente e crítica deste trabalho, bem como pelas múltiplas sugestões que fez. A todos os meus amigos e familiares, em especial à Paula Aguiar, à Isabel Fonseca, à Cristina Figueiredo e à Isabel Pinto por toda a disponibilidade, ajuda e apoio nos momentos em que mais precisei. A todos aqueles que, embora não nomeados, me ofereceram inestimáveis apoios em vários momentos e pela sua presença afectiva, o meu reconhecido e carinhoso muito obrigado! palavras-chave ensino individualizado, escolas de área aberta, escolas P3, métodos activos, processo de inovação em educação resumo A melhor educação para cada um é hoje um direito para todos. Com o movimento da escola nova apareceu a perspectiva da escola activa e do ensino individualizado que em Portugal não teve grande expressão. Quando nos anos 1960 Portugal foi pressionado para fazer evoluir o seu sistema educativo, nomeadamente para introduzir novos métodos activos de ensino individualizado no ensino primário, deparou-se com a dificuldade de introduzir inovação num sistema fechado e autoritário. As escolas de área aberta, conhecidas por escolas P3, são o caso paradigmático da tentativa de introdução de uma inovação num sistema que não suportava inovações. Convém rever agora noutro contexto a experiência fracassada das escolas de área aberta para poder avaliar o que se passou e por que se passou e o que ainda se pode vir a passar numa escola para todos onde se procura a melhor educação para cada um. keywords Individualized teaching; open plan school; P3 schools; active methods; innovation process in education abstract The best education for everyone is a right for us all today. The new school movement brought the perspective of the active school and the individualized teaching, which wasn’t widely adopted in Portugal. In the sixties, when Portugal was pressured to develop its educational system, by introducing new active methods of individualized teaching in primary teaching, the country faced the huge difficulty of introducing innovation in a closed and authoritarian system. The open plan schools, also known as P3 schools, are the paradigm of that unsuccessful attempt. It is convenient now to review, in a different context, the failed experience of the open plan schools in order to assess what happened, why it happened and what still may happen in a school for all where the best education for everyone is sought. Ensino individualizado e escolas de área aberta em Portugal 13 Índice Introdução.......................................................................................................15 Primeira parte: Ensino individualizado ........................................................19 1. Perspectiva histórica ........................................................................................ 23 1.1 Raízes do ensino individualizado ......................................................................23 1.2 Experiências de individualização ......................................................................32 2. Escola para todos e educação para cada um ................................................ 45 2.1. Democratização da educação: escola para todos............................................45 2.2. Equidade de oportunidades na educação: uma educação para cada um........53 2.3. Educação inclusiva ..........................................................................................54 3. Organização do ensino individualizado.......................................................... 58 3.1. Ritmos diferenciados de desenvolvimento.......................................................58 3.2. Diferenciação pedagógica................................................................................59 3.3. Ensino colectivo e trabalho individualizado ......................................................61 3.4. A liberdade e o trabalho ...................................................................................62 3.5. Actividades diversificadas ................................................................................63 3.6. Trabalho de grupo............................................................................................65 3.7. Escola sem classes..........................................................................................67 Segunda parte: As escolas de área aberta (P3) em Portugal.....................69 1. Aparecimento do projecto das escolas de área aberta em Portugal ........... 73 1.1. Clima internacionalmente favorável .................................................................73 1.2. Grupo de Trabalho sobre Construções Escolares ...........................................76 1.3. A Escola-Piloto de Mem Martins ......................................................................77 1.4. Direcção-Geral das Construções Escolares e equipa de projecto P3..............78 2. O projecto arquitectónico ................................................................................ 81 2.1. Projecto normalizado de escolas primárias......................................................81 2.2. Área aberta: programação dos espaços, mobiliário e equipamento ................82 2.3. Esquema de solução........................................................................................88 3. O modelo pedagógico das escolas de área aberta........................................ 90 3.1. Elementos de base ..........................................................................................90 3.2. Dimensões da abertura....................................................................................90 3.3. Objectivos das escolas de área aberta ............................................................95 3.4. Socialização .....................................................................................................95 3.5 Individualização e actividade.............................................................................96 4. Implementação das escolas de área aberta em Portugal ............................. 99 4.1. Pareceres emitidos pelos serviços do MEN sobre o projecto P3 .....................99 4.2. Relatório de inspectores.................................................................................100 4.3. Programa tardio de apoio para professores...................................................101 4.4. Experiência pedagógica em edifícios escolares de área aberta tipo P3 ........107 4.5. O fracasso previsível......................................................................................118 5. O processo de mudança das escolas de área aberta em Portugal............ 120 5.1. Processos de mudança..................................................................................120 5.2. Implementação das inovações.......................................................................130 Conclusão.....................................................................................................137 Bibliografia....................................................................................................145 14 Maria de Lurdes Carvalho Figueiredo Silva Principais siglas usadas: DEEB – Development and Economy in Educational Building DGCE – Direcção-Geral das Construções Escolares (MOP) DGEB – Direcção-Geral
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