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Demandes Du Commerce Et Traditions Juridiques. Claire Lemercier

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Demandes Du Commerce Et Traditions Juridiques. Claire Lemercier Demandes du commerce et traditions juridiques. Claire Lemercier To cite this version: Claire Lemercier. Demandes du commerce et traditions juridiques. : La non-création de tribunaux de commerce en Angleterre (1850-1900). 2010. halshs-00565228 HAL Id: halshs-00565228 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00565228 Preprint submitted on 11 Feb 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Manuscrit préliminaire, merci de ne pas citer sans autorisation / commentaires bienvenus Claire Lemercier – [email protected] Demandes du commerce et traditions juridiques. La non-création de tribunaux de commerce en Angleterre (1850-1900) Avertissement : ce document a été au départ écrit comme première version d'un chapitre de livre ; ce chapitre n'existera pas finalement en tant que tel, mais servira de base à un ou plusieurs articles. Je le mets toutefois en ligne comme document de travail, malgré un formatage très imparfait des références en notes (les références complètes sont accessibles sur http://www.zotero.org/clairelemercier/items). Merci de me contacter avant de le citer – tout commentaire est très bienvenu. 1. 1849-1858 : commerçants et réformateurs du droit................................................................4 1.1 Un temps de réformes judiciaires.....................................................................................5 Accès à la justice ou prévention des conflits.....................................................................6 Une alliance possible avec les réformateurs .....................................................................9 1.2 Une véritable campagne publique..................................................................................13 L'Association pour les tribunaux de commerce...............................................................13 1858 : une occasion manquée..........................................................................................17 1.3 Un mouvement lié aux chambres de commerce.............................................................20 1.4 Deux figures de réformateurs.........................................................................................22 1.5 Opposants et indifférents................................................................................................25 Quel commerce ? Banquiers et détaillants.......................................................................25 Divergences entre réformateurs.......................................................................................28 2. 1859-1874 : de l'adaptation nationale à l'abandon du modèle des tribunaux de commerce. 30 2.1 Le rapport aux modèles étrangers..................................................................................30 2.2 Des débats suspendus à l'agenda général de réforme du droit.......................................34 Des propositions relancées depuis les ports.....................................................................35 Une deuxième enquête obtenue par les chambres de commerce.....................................37 Hostilité des réformateurs du droit et divisions des commerçants..................................43 2.3 Dignité des juges et disponibilité des marchands...........................................................50 2.4 La preuve, l'expert et l'usage..........................................................................................56 Des procédures étrangères à l'Angleterre ?......................................................................56 Des doutes plus universels...............................................................................................60 2.5 Prévisibilité et préférences des commerçants.................................................................64 3. 1875-1900 : la stabilisation d'un modèle national dual.........................................................66 3.1 L'arbitrage et le refus du « plus-que-privé » à la française............................................66 Le rêve d'un arbitrage semi-public..................................................................................66 L'échec des projets des chambres de commerce..............................................................69 L'essor tardif et limité de l'arbitrage par les associations de branches............................73 3.2 Commercial Court et arbitrage : une complémentarité plutôt qu'une hybridation entre public et privé.......................................................................................................................75 Une spécialisation au sein des tribunaux supérieurs........................................................76 La naissance d'un système dual.......................................................................................78 Conclusion................................................................................................................................80 1 Manuscrit préliminaire, merci de ne pas citer sans autorisation / commentaires bienvenus Au moment même où l'abolition des tribunaux de commerce commence à être discutée, voire décidée, en Espagne, en Allemagne et en Italie, deux très longs rapports successifs sont produits au Parlement anglais, en 1871 et 1873, pour discuter de l'introduction d'une juridiction qui serait nommée tribunals of commerce ; cinq propositions de lois (bills) sur le sujet sont également déposés en 1871-1874, et trois autres en 1888-18901. Ces débats ne débouchent pourtant pas sur la création d'une institution ressemblant peu ou prou aux tribunaux d'exception français : ils participent à la généalogie d'une forme particulière d'arbitrage, tout autant qu'ils sont inclus dans l'histoire complexe, et encore peu connue dans le détail2, de la réforme générale du droit et des tribunaux anglais qui se cristallise en particulier dans deux grandes lois en 1873 et 1875. S'ils sont donc impliqués dans des évolutions de juridictions que l'on pourrait facilement qualifier de purement privées et purement publiques, et qui maintiennent in fine une séparation entre elles, ce résultat n'apparaît pas du tout donné d'avance à la lecture, par exemple, des rapports parlementaires successifs qui jalonnent des discussions lancées dès 1849. Il est le produit, comme en Italie, de l'échange d'arguments d'ordres variés qui mobilisent notamment des commerçants (en particulier des chambres de commerce) et des juristes. Ces débats ne semblent avoir eu pratiquement aucun écho en France3 et il ne faudrait pas, du fait de l'abondance de sources mobilisées ici, surestimer leur retentissement en Angleterre même4 – même si The Economist qualifie en 1874 la question des tribunaux de commerce de « un plan de réforme judiciaire qui a eu un certain retentissement dans le monde »5. Mais ils sont riches d'enseignements sur plusieurs points. Les rares historiens ou juristes qui leur ont consacré quelques pages6 ont opposé de façon simple la revendication, semblant bien naturelle de la part de commerçants, d'une procédure simplifiée ou d'un certain pluralisme judiciaire – d'un tribunal de l'entre-soi ou d'un droit propre – aux réticences de juristes7 défendant soit leur intérêt direct (la 1 Les rapports parlementaires et bills sur le sujet ont été recherchés (avec des variantes de mots-clés et recherches par sujet laissant espérer l'exhaustivité) dans la base de données à accès restreint House of Commons Parliamentary Papers http://parlipapers.chadwyck.co.uk ; une partie des débats parlementaires proprement dits est librement accessible sur le site http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/, qui propose une recherche plein texte mais ne semble pas encore garantir l'exhaustivité de la numérisation. 2 Michael Lobban, '“Old wine in new bottles”: the concept and practice of law reform, c. 1780-1830', in Arthur Burns, Rethinking the age of reform : Britain 1780-1850, Cambridge UK ;;New York, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 114-135. 3 Par exemple, aucune mention n'en est faite dans la somme de Ernest-Désiré Glasson, Histoire du droit et des institutions politiques, civiles et judiciaires de l'Angleterre, comparés au droit et aux institutions de la France, depuis leur origine jusqu'à nos jours, par Ernest Glasson,.... Époque anglo-saxonne, G. Pedone-Lauriel (Paris), 1882, accédé 16 août 2010, à http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54891914. 4 Je me réfère ici à l'Angleterre parce que la plupart des débats et des propositions de lois ne concernent qu'elle. Écosse et Irlande ne font que de brèves apparitions dans cette histoire ; à un moment où leurs systèmes judiciaires, particulièrement en Écosse, étaient encore spécifiques, elles ne semblent pas avoir connu de demandes de réformes à la même échelle. J'évoquerai en revanche, dans les limites très restreintes de la documentation que j'ai pu consulter, quelques phases du débat qui ont lieu dans l'Empire. 5 « a scheme of judicial reform that has made some stir in the world. » « Tribunals of commerce », The Economist, 1874, p. 524-525. 6 Arthurs Harry, 'Without the law' : administrative justice and legal pluralism
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