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Podiatric Medical Review New York College of Podiatric Medicine Podiatric Medical Review Volume 28 2019-2020 Effects of Prolotherapy in Insertional and Noninsertional The Psychological Effects of Lower Extremity Amputations Achilles Tendinopathy: on Patients with Diabetes A Literature Review 4 Mujtaba Qureshi, BS; Lindsay Short, BA; Mike Chang, BA; 108 Farah Naz, MS, BS; Jenna Friedman, BA; Nadia Hussain, BS; Sami Ahmed, BA Ravneet Gill, BS Understanding the Pathogenesis and Progression of Chronic Use of Properly Fitted Footwear and Orthoses to Improve the Achilles Tendinopathies 11 118 Quality of Life of Individuals with Down Syndrome Wolfgang Kienzle, BS; Elias Logothetis, BS; William Stallings, Jenna Friedman, BA; Farah Naz, MS, BS; Paul Marinos, BA 11 BS; Megan Mitchell, BS; Ahmad Saad, BS; Kadir Saravanan BS 11 Telemedicine and Diabetic Foot Care: A Literature Review “Unusual Causes Of Plantar Foot Pain”: A Systematic Alexander Malek, MPH, BA, BS; Joann Li, BA; Jasmine Reid, 21 Literature Review 128 BS; Janice Bautista, BA ChristoPher Nguyn, BS; Michelle Cummins, BS; Sherwin Shaju, MS, BS; Heba Jafri, BS Utilizing Computerized Gait Analysis to Achieve Symmetrical Gait in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report 30 Complications Associated with Transmetatarsal Maham Subhani, MPH, BS Amputations in Diabetic Patients 137 Margaret Schadegg, BS; JosePh Pagnotta, BS; Jonathan Kelly, Oral Antibiotics and Shorter Duration IV Antibiotic Therapy BS in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis 40 Spencer Stringham, BA; Ridvan Husic, BS Limb Salvage in Patients with Foot and Ankle Tumors: A Literature Review 146 A Systematic Review of Gait Analysis and Intervention in Nayab Khan, BA; Nichole Mgboji, BS; Navid Rostamian, BS Individuals with Cerebral Palsy 51 Amira AbiHaidar, MS, BS Cytokine Recruitment and Wound Healing Capabilities of Evaluating Factors that Increase Patient Compliance in the Vitamin D Supplementation on Diabetic Foot Ulceration: A Quantitative Systematic Literature Review 151 Podiatric Clinical Setting: A Literature Review for 57 Podiatrists Working in the 21st Century Healthcare System Alex Fleischman, BS Ivan Cruz, BA; Yasamin Daneshvar, BA; Jaffer Shah, BS Efficacy of Assisted Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser 158 A Systematic Review of Subungual Exostosis: The Most Therapy for Treatment of Onychomycosis Laurin Larian, MA, MA, BA Effective Diagnoses and Treatment Outcomes for an 72 Uncommon Podiatric Pathology Yasamin Daneshvar, BA, Ivan H. Cruz, BA The Benefits of Podiatry Interventions in Fall Prevention 164 Zain-ul Sulheri, BS; Vikal Singh, MPH, BS Correlation Between Higher Body Mass Index and Plantar Fasciitis in Adults: A Literature Review 83 A Comparison of Foot Orthoses and Rocker-Sole Footwear Marwa Hmady, BS for Non-Surgical Treatment of First MTP Joint Osteoarthritis: A Qualitative Systematic Review of 170 Effectiveness of Onychocryptosis Treatments in the Pediatric Literature Shanay Fischer, BS; Ayushi Deshwal, BS Population: A Literature Review 89 Joann Li, BA; Alexander Malek, BA, BS, MPH; Emanoil Shafik, BA, MS A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Treatment of Morton’s Neuroma 179 Surgical vs. Functional Rehabilitation for the Treatment of Monica Kelley, BS, BA Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Literature Review 100 Thomas Milisits, BS, MPH; Mohammed Gheith, BS; Gregory Foot and Ankle Synovial Chondromatosis: A Literature Rose, BS; Kenan Redzematovic, BE Review 187 Yolisept C. Bencosme, MS, BA; Stephan L. Joseph, MPH 1 STUDENT JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK COLLEGE OF PODIATRIC MEDICINE EDITORIAL STAFF Editors-in-Chief Jenna Friedman, BA Farah Naz, MS, BS Senior Editors Alexander Malek, MPH, BA, BS Maham Subhani, MPH, BS Junior Editors Spencer Stringham, BA Amira AbiHaider, MS, BS Student Peer Reviewers Faculty Reviewers Ivan Cruz, BA Samuel Adegboyega, DPM Yasamin Daneshvar, BA Sharon Barlizo, DPM Robert Eckles, DPM Anthony Iorio, DPM Kevin Jules, DPM Steven Levitz, DPM Barbara Resseque, DPM Susan Rice, DPM Marianne Surasi, DPM Michael Trepal, DPM Thomas Vitale, DPM Russel Volpe, DPM Faculty Advisor Anthony Iorio, DPM 2 A Note from the Editors The Podiatric Medical Review (PMR) is an extraordinary example of the dedication of aspiring physicians to enhance the field of Podiatry with evidence-based medicine. It is through research that we continue to improve our knowledge of the various foot and ankle pathologies that we see as podiatrists, while simultaneously educating ourselves on conservative and surgical treatment options, both new and old. Thus, it is with great pride that we present the twenty-eighth volume of the Podiatric Medical Review. The manuscripts published in this year’s journal are of the highest quality and span a wide array of topics. We recognize and appreciate the hard work put in by all of the students who contributed to this year’s edition of PMR through their well-conducted research. We would like to express our utmost gratitude to the senior editors, junior editors, and peer reviewers for their commitment to this volume; without their dedication, publication would have been nearly impossible. We would also like to thank our faculty advisor, Dr. Iorio, as well as the other professors who contributed to this journal via their ideas, edits, and unyielding support. Our hope is that readers utilize this journal not only to further their knowledge of the topics presented, but also to apply what they have learned to improve the care of our patients as they progress in their career. It is without further ado that we present to you the twenty-eighth volume of the PMR. Jenna Friedman, BS Farah Naz, MS, BS Editors-in-Chief Jenna Friedman Farah Naz 3 Effects of Prolotherapy in Insertional and Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy: A Literature Review By: Farah Naz, MS, BS; Jenna Friedman, BA; Nadia Hussain, BS; Ravneet Gill, BS ABSTRACT Introduction Achilles tendinopathy is a chronic, non-inflammatory, degenerative condition which affects both sedentary and athletic individuals and is associated with repetitive microtrauma, aging, and chronic tendinitis. Prolotherapy has been used as a prolonged treatment regimen for chronic muscle pain, in which small amount of irritant solution (hyperosmolar dextrose) is injected at the site of the tendon, inducing intentional local cell necrosis due to osmotic shock thus initiating inflammation cascade, formation of granulation tissue, and matrix formation, causing the collagen fibers to align in the direction of the stress.4,6 The purpose of this literature review is to analyze prolotherapy as treatment for both insertional and noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy. Study Design: Qualitative Systematic Review of Literature Methods Pubmed database search was conducted to include “prolotherapy AND Achilles tendinopathy” and “dextrose AND Achilles tendinopathy.” The search was further restricted to include articles which included both children and adults, consisted of “prolotherapy and Achilles tendinopathy” or “dextrose and Achilles tendinopathy” keywords in the title and/or abstract, printed in English, and articles with full text availability. After reading, evaluating, and assessing the abstracts for relevance to the topic, 10 out of 45 articles were included. Results Pubmed database search resulted in 45 articled. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 articles were ultimately used in the literature review to discuss prolotherapy as an isolated treatment for Achilles tendinopathy. There was a net decrease in tendon size, neovascularity, and pain on VAS scale that was found in the studies assessed. Conclusion Achilles tendinopathy is commonly associated with athletes however, it affects people who are sedentary as well. Prolotherapy is considered to be a safe and cost effective treatment that can be added adjunctively to other treatment options for Achilles tendinopathy due to minimal adverse effects indicated in research. Further research is deemed important to gain further clinical relevance of prolotherapy for Achilles tendinopathy with the addition of a longer follow up duration, increased sample size, and presence of control group. Keywords: Prolotherapy, insertional Achilles tendinopathy, intratendinous Achilles tendinopathy, hyperosmolar dextrose, noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy Level of evidence: 4 4 INTRODUCTION a clinical diagnosis, however radiographic findings such as the presence of traction Achilles tendinopathy is the sixth most spurs and bony prominences can support the common injury that occurs in athletes, clinical diagnosis. 5 The mainstay especially those that place considerable load radiographic testing includes ultrasound on the tendon during running and jumping. imaging and magnetic resonance imaging It also prevalent in the general population, (MRI), which are useful in demonstrating which lead a more sedentary lifestyle than changes in signal intensity, edema, changes athletes.3,8 It is associated with decreased to the thickness of the tendon, and the vascularity, repetitive microtrauma, chronic severity of the disease.5 Ultrasound findings tendinitis, and aging. There are several show hypoechoic areas and increased etiologic factors that can be associated with neovascularization power, utilizing the symptomatic Achilles tendinosis including doppler setting.8 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and steroid use.5 Insertional Achilles tendinopathy Imaging can be useful in directing the exact occurs at the point of where the Achilles location of the injury which becomes tendon inserts into the posterior aspect of the
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