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MS-DOS Disk

1-esckþIepþIm kñúgEpñkenH eyIgelIkykmkEtEpñkRKwHmYycMnUYn énRbB½n§tMeNIrkar edIm,IgayRsYl kñúgkar EsVgyl; MS-DOS nig eRbIR)as;bBa¢a rbs; . EtmunnwgsikSaeTAelIRbB½n§tMeNIrkar Gñk (Commad) DOS MS-DOS RtUvEsVgyl;eGay)anc,as;GMBIGVI ehAfa nig kñúg sin . File, Directory Structure Windows - KWCasMnMuénÉksarEdlpÞúkenAelIépÞ rbs; ehIyvamaneQµaHtMNag nig File Media Disk TItaMgc,as;las;mYy . GacCakmµviFI Éksar b¤ File (Program), (Document) Collection of Data .

.doc

icon Extension Filename - KWCaTU b¤ CaftsMrab;pÞúkral; eTAtamRbePT gayRsYlcMnaM nig Directory or Folder Files EbgEck ehIyenAkñúg mYyGacmanftsMrab;pÞúkral; CaeRcInteTot ehAfa Directory Files Subdirectory or . Subfolder

eTAkan; Path File POD.EXE 2-RbB½n§tMeNIrkarsMrab; IBM-PC kñúgEpñkenHeyIgnwgsikSa Cak;EsþgGMBI EdlCaRbePTkmµviFImYycMa)ac; CaTIbMput sMrab;RbePT DOS IBM-PC bc©úb,nñenH . mann½yfaenAmanRbB½n§tMeNIrkarepSg²CaeRcIneTot dUcCa sMrab;RbePT System Macintosh nigmanRbB½n§tMeNIrkar . ,Windows ... RbB½n§tMeNIrkar KWCaRbB½n§kmµviFImYy eRbIsMrab;RtYtBinitüéntMeNIrkar RKb;RKgkarEbkEck (Operating System) nig eRbIR)as;épñkepSg² énma:sIundUcCa ryHeBlcaM)ac;sMrab; kareRbIR)as;én nwgk¾dUcCa CPU Memory bNþal]bkrN¾xageRkAepSg²eTot . 3- KWCaGVI DOS ? mkBIBaküfa mann½yfaCa RbB½n§tMeNIrkarrukrk nig eFVIkarelI DOS DISK OPERATING SYSTEM Disk (Harddisk or . vaCaRbB½n§RKb;RKg RKb;RKgÉksarenAelI dUcCakarcMlg lubnig karbegáIt Diskette) Disk Space Disk erobcMbegáIt b¤ .l. cUlGñkRsm½yemIlfaebIKµan RbB½n§tMeNIrkar Diectorys, Partition Track and Sector enaHeTetIGñkGacnwgeFVIGVI)an CamYy fµImYy . DOS Harddisk rebobcUleTAkan; manviFIdUcxageRkam DOS () eBl ma:sIunkMBug eLIgcuc a- Boot ALT+F5 eBlma:sIunkMBug eLIgcuc eGayCab;rYceRCIserIsyk b- Boot F8 Prompt Only cuc - , Shut Down, Restart in MS-DOS Mode cuc nigman viFICaeRcIneTotedIm,IcUleTAkan;RbB½n§tMenIrkar d- Start, Program, Ms-Dos Prompt DOS rebobcUleTAkan; manviFIdUcxageRkam DOS ( or XP) eBlma:sIuntMeNIrkardl; cuc a- Windows, Start, Program, Accessories, Command Prompt eBlma:sIuntMeNIrkardl; cuc vayBaküfa cuc b- Windows, Start, Run, CMD OK 4-sBaØaNTUeTAén Command TMrg; nig rebobbBa¢a Command bBa¢arbs; RtUv)anbBa©ÚlRtg;sBaØarg;caMbBa¢a EdlkMBugEtelceLIg . Dos (Prompt or Root A:, C:) bBa¢arbs; GacrYmmanTMrg;dUcxageRkam ³ Dos bBa¢ar  bBa¢ar  / parameters bBa¢ar  Disk Drive\Directory\File cMnaM -XøabBa¢arbs; Gacsresr GkSrFMb¤tUc k¾)an. DOS -eBlbBa¢axusvanwgecjXøafa b¤ “Bad command or file name” (Windows 98) “ 'Command' is not recognized Rkum as an internalrbs; or external command, operable program or batch file.” (Windows 2000, XP) Command DOS bBa¢abs; EckCa 4 RkumKW ³ Dos 1-bBa©aEdlmankarTak;Tgnig man Directory MD, , RD, , XCOPY,. ... 2-bBa©aEdlmankarTak;Tgnig man File , Type, , ..... 3-bBa©aEdlmankarTak;Tgnig man Disk , , ...... 4-bBa©aepSg²eTot man Date, Time, , ...... 5-XøabBa¢arbs; MS-DOS ( DOS Command) bB¢aarbs; EckecjCaBIrya:gKW³ Ms-Dos -bBa¢axagkñúg KWCabBa¢aEdlsßitenAkñúg (Internal Command) System File (COMMAND.COM) CaRkumbBa¢aTaMgLay EdleRkayeBl ma:sIun eyIgGaceRbIR)as;va)aneBal Boot Computer KWmineTomTareGaybBa©ÚlBIeRkA eGayvaeTeRBaH TaMgenaHeRkayeBl vaRtÚv)annaM ecjBI File boot computer eday Etmþg . Memory (RAM) File Command.com rYmman ³ Internal Command DIR, CLS, CD, COPY, DEL, DATE, TIME, , VER, MD, PROMPT, . COPY CON, REN, , ...... RkumbBa¢a minGacemIleXIjedayeRbIbBa¢ar )aneLIy . Note: Internal Command Dir -bBa¢axageRkA KWCabBa¢aEdlsßitenAxageRkA . vasßitenA kñúgfas (External Command) System File (A:,C:,..) NamYyEdlmaneQµaHcab;BI 1tYrdl; 8tYr ehIymanGkSr 3tYrenAxageRkayEdleK eGayeQµaHfa dUcCa CaRkumbBa¢ar TaMgLayEdl ral;eBleRbIR)as;)an (extension) .COM ;.EXE ; .BAT... External Command luHRtaEtmanvaCamun KWeyIgbBa¢Úl TaMgenaHtam ryH xageRkA . Files Disk rYmman ³ External Command , ATTRIB, CHKDSK, FORMAT, SYS, , UNDEL, MEM, UNDELE, . DEFRAG, ... RkumbBa¢a eKGacykvaeTAdak;kñúg . Note: External Command Directory windows\Command (For Win 98) 6-bBa¢asMxan;²EdleyIgRtUvsikSaman ³ CabBa¢armYyeRbIsMrab; emIl nig Ekéf¶ Ex qñaM 1-Date (Internal Command)

C:\>DATE [mm-dd-yy]

Parameters cMnYnExBI : 1 dl; 12 mm : cMnYnéf¶BI 1 dl; 31 dd : cMnYnqñaMBI 1980 dl; 1999 b¤BI 1980 dl; 2099 . yy : bBa¢arsMrab;emIl nig Ek RbBn½§em:ag 2-Time (Internal Command)

C:\>TIME [hh:mm:ss]

Parameters:bBa¢ak;eBlem:agb:unµan man em:ag hh : ( 24 ) bBa¢ak;ry³eBlnaTI dl; 59 naTI mm : (0 ) bBa¢ak;ry³eBlCavinaTI dl; 59 vinaTI ss : (0 ) bBa¢arsMrab;emIleQµaHfas nig elxesrI 3-VOL (Internal Command)

C:\>VOL [Drive:] parameter:eQµaH Drive : Disk Drive (A: or C: or ...) dak;eQµaHfas 4-LABEL (External Command) bBa¢arenHsMrab;dak;eGayfasehIy vanwgbgðajeGayeXIjral;eBl Edl emIl Éksar . Dir

C:\>LABEL [DRIVE]\[LABEL]

Parameters:eQµaH Drive : Disk Drive (A: or C: or ...) GkSrtMNageQµaH Gacdak;)anRtwmEt11 tYGkSrb:ueNÑaH . Label : Disk Drive sMrab;emIlCMnan;rbs; 5-Ver (Version) Ms- (Internal Command) MS-DOS

C:\>VER sMrab;sMGateGRkg;rbs; 6-CLS ( Screen) (Internal Command) DOS

C:\>CLS sMrab;pøas;bþÚr 7-Change Drives Drive

C:\>Drive: eg: kñúg]TahrN¾enHeyIgnigC:\>A: pøas;bþÚr BI eTA Drive C:\ A:\ begáItTUdak; 8-MD (Make Directory) (internal Command) File

C:>MD [drive:] [] [Directory Name] parameter:eQµaH drive : Disk Drive pøÚveTAdl;TItaMgNamYy path : eQµaH Directory Name : Directory ebI manehIyvaecj Note : Directory Directory already exists sMrab;BinitüemIl nig Edlmankñúg 9-DIR (Internal Command) Files Directory Drive eyIgeRbIbBa¢a edIm,IIRsg;yk mYycMnYndUcCa³ Dir Information -eQµaHÉksar (File Name) -RbePT (Extension) -TMhMrbs;Éksar

-kalbriecäT nig em:agEdlbegáItÉksarenaH b¤ k¾eBlEdlGs;elakbþÚrvaCacugeRkay . -cMnYnÉksar enAkñúg Disk -TMhMEdlenAsl; nig eRbIGs;kñúg Disk

C:\>DIR [drive] [path] [filename]/[parameter] parameters: Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list. (Could be enhanced file specification or multiple filespecs.) /P Pauses after each screenful of information. /W Uses wide list format. /A Displays files with specified attributes. attributes D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning not /O List by files in sorted order. sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date & (earliest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order A By Last Access Date (earliest first) /S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories. /B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary). /L Uses lowercase. /V Verbose mode. /4 Displays year with 4 digits (ignored if /V also given). lb;TUecjBI 10-RD or (Remove Directory) (internal Command) Disk Removes (deletes) a directory.

C:\>RDDIR [drive:] [path] [Directory Name]

C:\>RD [drive:] [path] [Directory Name]

RtÚvcgcMaeGayc,as;faTU EdlGaclubecjTal;EtCa TUTMenreBalKWKµanÉksar nig TUrg Note : (Sub Directory) eT. cUl b¤pøas;bþÚrTItaMg NamYy 1 1 - CD (Change Directory)(Internal Commnd) Directory

C:\>CD [Drive] \[path] [directory name] Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHDIR [drive:][path] CHDIR[..] CD [drive:][path] CD[..]

Type CD drive: to display the current directory in the specified drive. Typecg;cUl CD without parameters mYykñúg to displayeQµaH the current driveRtUvvaydUcxageRkam and directory. eg:- Directory C:\ Windows - cg;ecjBI C:\>CD windows NamYy Directory C:\windows>CD\ or C:\windows>CD.. sMrab;begáIt Éksar kñúg 12-COPY CON (Internal Command) (File) DOS GnuBaØatieGayeyIgbegáIt ÉksarenAkñúg NamYy b¤ enAkñúgKl;fas Etmþg . Copy Con Directory (Root C:) C:\>COPY CON [Drive:] \[Path]\[FileName.extension] eyIgbegáIt mYyeQµaH Edlman nwgmanTItaMgenAkñúg eday vay eg: File MyFile Extension .txt C:\windows bnÞab;mksresrGtßn½yEdlGñkcg;dak;kñúgC:\>COPY CON C:\windows\MyFile.txt enaHrYc vaedaycuc rYccuc . File Save F6 Enter bBa¢arsMrab;emIlGtßn½yEdlmankñúg 13-TYPE (Internal Command) File Displays the contents of text files.

C:\>TYPE [drive:]\[path]\[filename] emIlGtßn½yEdlmanenAkñúg eQµaH EdleyIg)anbegáItehIy eg: File MyFile.txt C:\>TYPEkñúgkrNIEdlxøwmsarkñúg C:\WINDOWS\MyFile.txt manTMhMeRcIneFIVeGayelIsmYyeGRkg;én eyIgGaceRbI Note : File Screen Parameter CMnYyedIm,IeGayeyIgemIlGs;Gtßn½yKW b¤ C:\>TYPE C:\WINDOWS\MyFile.txt /p eC:BlenaHvanig\>TYPE C:\WINDOWS GnuBaØatieGayeyIgemIlmþg\MyFile.txt | 1 eGRkg;² . sMrab;emIlxøwmsarÉksar nig begáItÉksar 14-EDIT(External Command) vaCabBa¢amYyRsedognwg Edr . COPY CON or Type C:\>Edit [drive:]\[path]\[filename]

MS-DOS Editor Version 2.0.026 Copyright (c) Microsoft Corp 1995.

EDIT [/B] [/H] [/R] [/S] [/] [/?] [file(s)]

Parameter: /B - Forces monochrome mode. /H - Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware. /R - Load file(s) in read-only mode. /S - Forces the use of short filenames. / - Load binary file(s), wrapping lines to characters wide. /? - Displays this screen. [file] - Specifies initial files(s) to load. Wildcards and multiple filespecs can be given. sMrab;eFVIkarCamYyÉksar 15-Attrib (External Command) bBa¢arenHeRbIsMrab;erobcM dUcCaRKan;EtGan b¤ RKan;Etsresr nigkarkMNt; siT§ieGay . Files (read/write) Files Displays or changes file attributes.

C:\>ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S]

+ Sets an attribute. - Clears an attribute. R Read-only . A Archive file attribute. S System file attribute. H Hidden file attribute. /S Processes files in all directories in the specified path. lak; eQµaH eGaykøayeTACa lak;xøÜn eg: file MyFile.txt File C:\>ATTRIBedaH eQµaH+H C:\ windows\MyFile.txteGaykøayeTACa Fmµtavij eg: file MyFile.txt File C:\>ATTRIB -H C:\windows\MyFile.txt ftcMlgÉksarBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot 17-Copy (Internal Command) Copies one or more files to another location. Cannot copy directory.

C:\>COPY [drive:]\[path]\[filename] [drive:]\[path] cMnaM munnwgeRbIR)as;bBa¢arenHeyIgRtUvsÁal;BISource Target TItaMgRbPB nigTisedA . (Source) (Target) cMlgmYy File cMlg mYyeQµaH BI eTAdak;kñúg eg: File MyFile.txt C:\ (A:\) C:\>copy MyFile.txt A:\ cMlgeRcIn kñúgeBlEtmYy Files cg;cMlg TaMgGs;enAkñúg eTAdak;kñúg eg: Files A:\ C:\ C:\>COPY A:\*.* C:\ cMlgeRcIn kñúgeBlEtmYyedaykMnt;BIRbePT EdleyIgcg;cMlg Files File cMlg TaMgGs;Edlman BI eTAdak;kñúg eg: Files Extension (Doc) A:\ C:\MyDoc C:\>Copy A:\*.doc C:\MyDoc ftcMlgTaMg nig 18-XCOPY(External Command) File Directory bBa¢ar eRbIsMrab;ftcMlgÉksar nig ftTaMg pgRbsinebI enaHman ehIycMeBaH Directory Directory File File RbBn§½ nig lak;vaminfteT . File

C:\>xcopy [drive:] [path] [parameters] [drive:] [/path] parameters:ftTaMg nig /s : File Directory cMlgEtÉksarEdl)anbegáItkñúgeBl nig eRkayklbriecäTEdl)ankMNt;enH . /d : mm-dd-yy

/p : eGaymankarbgðajB½t’manmuneBlvacMlgÉksarnImYy² lb; 19-DEL(Internal Command) File Deletes one or more files.

C:\>DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] C:\>ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P]

[drive:][path] : filename Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple files by using wildcards. /P : Prompts for confirmationlb;TaMg before deletingnig eachEdlmankñúg file. enaH 20-DELTREE (External Command) Directory Files Directory Deletes a directory and all the subdirectories and files in it.

To delete one or more files and directories:

C:\>DELTREE [/Y] [drive:] \[path] [[drive:]path[...]]

Parameters /Y Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to delete the subdirectory. [drive:][path] Specifies the name of the directory you want to delete.

Note: Use DELTREE cautiously. EveryerobcMkEnøgeGayfas file and subdirectory within the specified directory will be deleted. 22-Format (External Command) mann½yfaerobcM begáIteGayman GñkerobcMTItaMgnig eGay Format ( Address File or Directory GacmansiTi§cUleTATItaMgNamYyrbs; dl; . Disk Space) Disk (A,C...)

C:\>Format [Drive:] [/option] kareRCIserIsnUvlkçN³epSg²kñúgeBl Options ( Format) erobcMTukkEnøgsMrab;dak; /B : System Files eRkayeBl ehIyvanig cUleTA eday sV½yRbvtþi /S : Format Copy System File Disk kMnt;cMnuHfasenAeBl /F:size Format Rby½tñ ³ munnwg GñkRtUvBinitünig BicarNaeGay)anc,as;las;faetI NamYyEdlGññññkcg; Format Disk Format eRBaHkar nwgRtUvlb;ral; Éksar TaMgGs; EdlmanenAkñúg enaH. Format (File and Directory) Disk rebobeFVI Disk boot (Startup disk) KWCa mYypÞúknUv EdlmanlT§PaB RbB½n§)anenAeBl RbB½n§ Startup disk Disk System Files Startup (System Files) enAelI manbBaða . Disk rebobTImYy -tam vay DOS C:\>format A:/s or C:\>sys A: rebobTIBIr

-eBleyIg vaGnuBaØatieGayeyIgbegáItpgEdl Set up windows rebobTIbI -tam cuc rYcyk Windows , Start, Settings, Control panel, Add/Remove Programs, Start up Disk Disk A:\ fIµmYydak;kñúg rYccuc Drive Create . cMnMa eBlEdlGñkeFVI rYcGñkGac epSg²dak;kñúg enaH edIm,ICMnYydl;karrkemIl Disk boot Copy File run Disk kñúg ma:sIun)an. error epÞrRbBn½§ 23-Sys (System) (External Command) Copies MS-DOS system files and command interpreter to a disk you specify.

C:\>SYS [drive1:][path] [drive2:]

[drive1:][path] Specifies the location of the system files. [drive2:]epÞrRbB½n§ BI Specifies eTA the drive the files are to be copied to. eg: C: A: eRkayeBl vanigbBa¢Ún RTRTg;m:asIun cMnYn 4 KW C:\>sys A: Enter System files (Files ) IO.sys, Msdos.sys eTAkan; ,Command.com, Drvspace.bin A: sMrab;RtYtBinitü nig elI épÞ 24-Scandisk (External Command) Check Error Disk

C:\>Scandisk [drive:]/[parameter] parameters: vanig TMagGs; /All Scan disk vanig emIlépÞ /surface Check Disk kar emIl rbs;vanigyktamkarkMnt;kñúg /custom Check Disk File scandisk.ini /autofix

26-Fdisk(fix disk)

Configures a hard disk for use with MS-DOS.

C:\>FDISK [/STATUS] /X

/STATUS Displays partition information. /X Ignores extended disk-access support. Use this switch if you receive disk access or stack overflow messages. KWCabBa¢amYyeRbIsMrab;begáIt épÞfasEdltMNagedayGkSr mYy eGay Fdisk Partition Table (Disk ) ( Drive ) .eKeRbIbBa¢aenHedIm,IEck Eck Disk Logical Disk Drive ( Partition Harddisk) eyIgykfas mYyEdl)anbBa©Úl ehIymk nig eg: A: System Copy file Format.com Fdisk.exe

A:\>Fdisk

1-Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive. 2-Set active partition 3-Delete partition or logical DOS drive 4-Display Partition information 5-Change current fixed drive Enter : [-] (1,2,3,4,5) eyIgbegáIt eGay fµImYyEdleTIbecjBIeragcRk eyIgykEt mYyKt;KW I- Partition Hardisk ( Drive Drive C:) viFIeFIV

-eyIgykfas xagelIeTA rYcvay A: Boot A:\>Fdisk -eRCIserIsykelx 1 edIm,IbegáIt eGay Partition Disk (Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive.) - eRCIserIsykelx 1 mþgeTot (Create primary DOS partition) -rYcyk mann½yfa YES ( Create Maximize partition) -eRkayeBlcaMmYysnÞúH nig Fdisk Restart Machine -rYceyIg CaeRkay Format C: (A:\>format C:/s) cUrGñkEck xagelICaBIr II- Hardisk Partition(C: & D:) -ykfas xagelIeTA A: Boot -rYctMeNIrkar mþgeTot Fdisk -eRCIserIsykelx 1 edIm,IbegáIt eGay Partition Disk (Create DOS partition or logical DOS drive.) -bnþykelx 2 ehIyyk NO -rYcbMeBjtMélTMhMcMnuHeTAeGay TI 1 Disk Partition (eg:4000) -bnÞab;mkeyIgcuc edIm,IvileTAkan; rbs; rYceRCIserIs ykelx 2 ESC Main Menu Fdisk (Set active partition) -kñúg GñkeRCIserIs ykelx 1 sarCafµI Main Menu -kñúgenaHeyIgbnþykelx 2 (Create extended DOS partition) -rYc rYc Enter ESC -eRCIserIsykelx 4 én edIm,IRtYcBinitüsarCa fIµnUv Main Menu (Display Information Partiotion) Partition TaMgLayEdleyIg)anbegIþtehIy. -cuc edIm,ItMeNIrkareday sarCafIµrYc fasTaMgBIrenaHCabnþbnÞab; ESC A: Format -A:\>Format C:/s -A:\>FormatcakecjBI D: 28-Exit DOS C:\>exit eyIgGaceRbIR)as;bBa¢amYyedIm,IeGay NamYy Note: Dos bgðajnUvB½t’manCMnYyEdlTak;Tgnig Command eday ³

C:\>commnad_name /? or C:\>commnad_nameKWCaeQµaH ? rbs; EdlmanvtþmanenAkñúg . Command_name : Internal or External Command Dos Current Disk Drive sMnYrrMlwkemeroneg: C:\>dir /? edayeRbI bBa¢arrbs; cUr³ DOS 1-begáIt dak;eTAkñúg dUckñúgrUb edaybBa¢aecjBI Directory Drive A: Prompt C (C:\>)

2 -begáIt mYyeQµaHfa dak;eTAkñúg . kñúg File hello.txt Directory Letter (A:\mydoc\letter) File manGtßn½yfa . “Hello world…” 3-lb; ecjBI Directory TC A: 4-ebIkemIl File Hello.txt 5-cMlg BIkñúg cUleTAkñúg File Hello.txt A: C:\mydocument 6-lb; ecjBIkñúg File Hello.txt A: 7-lb; ecjBI Directory Mydoc A: 8-eRbI EqkemIl enAkñúg Command DOS Directory Mydocument Drive C: