emeronbEnßm MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System 1-esckþIepþIm kñúgEpñkenH eyIgelIkykmkEtEpñkRKwHmYycMnUYn énRbB½n§tMeNIrkar edIm,IgayRsYl kñúgkar EsVgyl; MS-DOS nig eRbIR)as;bBa¢a rbs; . EtmunnwgsikSaeTAelIRbB½n§tMeNIrkar Gñk (Commad) DOS MS-DOS RtUvEsVgyl;eGay)anc,as;GMBIGVI ehAfa nig kñúg sin . File, Directory Directory Structure Windows - KWCasMnMuénÉksarEdlpÞúkenAelIépÞ rbs; ehIyvamaneQµaHtMNag nig File Media Disk TItaMgc,as;las;mYy . GacCakmµviFI Éksar b¤ File (Program), (Document) Collection of Data . .doc icon Extension Filename - KWCaTU b¤ CaftsMrab;pÞúkral; eTAtamRbePT gayRsYlcMnaM nig Directory or Folder Files EbgEck ehIyenAkñúg mYyGacmanftsMrab;pÞúkral; CaeRcInteTot ehAfa Directory Files Subdirectory or . Subfolder eTAkan; Path File POD.EXE 2-RbB½n§tMeNIrkarsMrab; IBM-PC kñúgEpñkenHeyIgnwgsikSa Cak;EsþgGMBI EdlCaRbePTkmµviFImYycMa)ac; CaTIbMput sMrab;RbePT DOS IBM-PC bc©úb,nñenH . mann½yfaenAmanRbB½n§tMeNIrkarepSg²CaeRcIneTot dUcCa sMrab;RbePT System Macintosh nigmanRbB½n§tMeNIrkar . UNIX,Windows ... RbB½n§tMeNIrkar KWCaRbB½n§kmµviFImYy eRbIsMrab;RtYtBinitüéntMeNIrkar RKb;RKgkarEbkEck (Operating System) nig eRbIR)as;épñkepSg² énma:sIundUcCa ryHeBlcaM)ac;sMrab; kareRbIR)as;én nwgk¾dUcCa CPU Memory bNþal]bkrN¾xageRkAepSg²eTot . 3- KWCaGVI DOS ? mkBIBaküfa mann½yfaCa RbB½n§tMeNIrkarrukrk nig eFVIkarelI DOS DISK OPERATING SYSTEM Disk (Harddisk or . vaCaRbB½n§RKb;RKg RKb;RKgÉksarenAelI dUcCakarcMlg lubnig karbegáIt Diskette) Disk Space Disk erobcMbegáIt b¤ .l. cUlGñkRsm½yemIlfaebIKµan RbB½n§tMeNIrkar Diectorys, Partition Track and Sector enaHeTetIGñkGacnwgeFVIGVI)an CamYy fµImYy . DOS Harddisk rebobcUleTAkan; manviFIdUcxageRkam DOS (Windows 98) eBl ma:sIunkMBug eLIgcuc a- Boot ALT+F5 eBlma:sIunkMBug eLIgcuc eGayCab;rYceRCIserIsyk b- Boot F8 Command Prompt Only cuc c- Start, Shut Down, Restart in MS-DOS Mode cuc nigman viFICaeRcIneTotedIm,IcUleTAkan;RbB½n§tMenIrkar d- Start, Program, Ms-Dos Prompt DOS rebobcUleTAkan; manviFIdUcxageRkam DOS (Windows 2000 or XP) eBlma:sIuntMeNIrkardl; cuc a- Windows, Start, Program, Accessories, Command Prompt eBlma:sIuntMeNIrkardl; cuc vayBaküfa cuc b- Windows, Start, Run, CMD OK 4-sBaØaNTUeTAén Command TMrg; nig rebobbBa¢a Command bBa¢arbs; RtUv)anbBa©ÚlRtg;sBaØarg;caMbBa¢a EdlkMBugEtelceLIg . Dos (Prompt or Root A:, C:) bBa¢arbs; GacrYmmanTMrg;dUcxageRkam ³ Dos bBa¢ar <Enter> bBa¢ar / parameters <Enter> bBa¢ar Disk Drive\Directory\File <Enter> cMnaM -XøabBa¢arbs; Gacsresr GkSrFMb¤tUc k¾)an. DOS -eBlbBa¢axusvanwgecjXøafa b¤ “Bad command or file name” (Windows 98) “ 'Command' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.” (Windows 2000, XP) Rkum rbs; Command DOS bBa¢abs; EckCa 4 RkumKW ³ Dos 1-bBa©aEdlmankarTak;Tgnig man Directory MD, CD, RD, DIR , XCOPY,. ... 2-bBa©aEdlmankarTak;Tgnig man File Copy, Type, Del, Ren..... 3-bBa©aEdlmankarTak;Tgnig man Disk Format, label, Diskcopy...... 4-bBa©aepSg²eTot man Date, Time, Cls, Ver....... 5-XøabBa¢arbs; MS-DOS ( DOS Command) bB¢aarbs; EckecjCaBIrya:gKW³ Ms-Dos -bBa¢axagkñúg KWCabBa¢aEdlsßitenAkñúg (Internal Command) System File (COMMAND.COM) CaRkumbBa¢aTaMgLay EdleRkayeBl ma:sIun eyIgGaceRbIR)as;va)aneBal Boot Computer KWmineTomTareGaybBa©ÚlBIeRkA eGayvaeTeRBaH TaMgenaHeRkayeBl vaRtÚv)annaM ecjBI File boot computer eday Etmþg . Memory (RAM) File Command.com rYmman ³ Internal Command DIR, CLS, CD, COPY, DEL, DATE, TIME, VOL, VER, MD, PROMPT, . COPY CON, REN, EXIT, ....... RkumbBa¢a minGacemIleXIjedayeRbIbBa¢ar )aneLIy . Note: Internal Command Dir -bBa¢axageRkA KWCabBa¢aEdlsßitenAxageRkA . vasßitenA kñúgfas (External Command) System File (A:,C:,..) NamYyEdlmaneQµaHcab;BI 1tYrdl; 8tYr ehIymanGkSr 3tYrenAxageRkayEdleK eGayeQµaHfa dUcCa CaRkumbBa¢ar TaMgLayEdl ral;eBleRbIR)as;)an (extension) .COM ;.EXE ; .BAT... External Command luHRtaEtmanvaCamun KWeyIgbBa¢Úl TaMgenaHtam ryH xageRkA . Files Disk rYmman ³ External Command TREE, ATTRIB, CHKDSK, FORMAT, SYS, FDISK, UNDEL, MEM, UNDELE, . DEFRAG, ... RkumbBa¢a eKGacykvaeTAdak;kñúg . Note: External Command Directory windows\Command (For Win 98) 6-bBa¢asMxan;²EdleyIgRtUvsikSaman ³ CabBa¢armYyeRbIsMrab; emIl nig Ekéf¶ Ex qñaM 1-Date (Internal Command) C:\>DATE [mm-dd-yy] Parameters : cMnYnExBI 1 dl; 12 mm : cMnYnéf¶BI 1 dl; 31 dd : cMnYnqñaMBI 1980 dl; 1999 b¤BI 1980 dl; 2099 . yy : bBa¢arsMrab;emIl nig Ek RbBn½§em:ag 2-Time (Internal Command) C:\>TIME [hh:mm:ss] Parameters:bBa¢ak;eBlem:agb:unµan man em:ag hh : ( 24 ) bBa¢ak;ry³eBlnaTI dl; 59 naTI mm : (0 ) bBa¢ak;ry³eBlCavinaTI dl; 59 vinaTI ss : (0 ) bBa¢arsMrab;emIleQµaHfas nig elxesrI 3-VOL (Internal Command) C:\>VOL [Drive:] parameter:eQµaH Drive : Disk Drive (A: or C: or ...) dak;eQµaHfas 4-LABEL (External Command) bBa¢arenHsMrab;dak;eGayfasehIy vanwgbgðajeGayeXIjral;eBl Edl emIl Éksar . Dir C:\>LABEL [DRIVE]\[LABEL] Parameters:eQµaH Drive : Disk Drive (A: or C: or ...) GkSrtMNageQµaH Gacdak;)anRtwmEt11 tYGkSrb:ueNÑaH . Label : Disk Drive sMrab;emIlCMnan;rbs; 5-Ver (Version) Ms-dos (Internal Command) MS-DOS C:\>VER sMrab;sMGateGRkg;rbs; 6-CLS (Clear Screen) (Internal Command) DOS C:\>CLS sMrab;pøas;bþÚr 7-Change Drives Drive C:\>Drive: eg: kñúg]TahrN¾enHeyIgnigC:\>A: pøas;bþÚr BI eTA Drive C:\ A:\ begáItTUdak; 8-MD (Make Directory) (internal Command) File C:>MD [drive:] [path] [Directory Name] parameter:eQµaH drive : Disk Drive pøÚveTAdl;TItaMgNamYy path : eQµaH Directory Name : Directory ebI manehIyvaecj Note : Directory Directory already exists sMrab;BinitüemIl nig Edlmankñúg 9-DIR (Internal Command) Files Directory Drive eyIgeRbIbBa¢a edIm,IIRsg;yk mYycMnYndUcCa³ Dir Information -eQµaHÉksar (File Name) -RbePT (Extension) -TMhMrbs;Éksar -kalbriecäT nig em:agEdlbegáItÉksarenaH b¤ k¾eBlEdlGs;elakbþÚrvaCacugeRkay . -cMnYnÉksar enAkñúg Disk -TMhMEdlenAsl; nig eRbIGs;kñúg Disk C:\>DIR [drive] [path] [filename]/[parameter] parameters: Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list. (Could be enhanced file specification or multiple filespecs.) /P Pauses after each screenful of information. /W Uses wide list format. /A Displays files with specified attributes. attributes D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning not /O List by files in sorted order. sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date & time (earliest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order A By Last Access Date (earliest first) /S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories. /B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary). /L Uses lowercase. /V Verbose mode. /4 Displays year with 4 digits (ignored if /V also given). lb;TUecjBI 10-RD or RMDIR (Remove Directory) (internal Command) Disk Removes (deletes) a directory. C:\>RDDIR [drive:] [path] [Directory Name] C:\>RD [drive:] [path] [Directory Name] RtÚvcgcMaeGayc,as;faTU EdlGaclubecjTal;EtCa TUTMenreBalKWKµanÉksar nig TUrg Note : (Sub Directory) eT. cUl b¤pøas;bþÚrTItaMg NamYy 11-CD (Change Directory)(Internal Commnd) Directory C:\>CD [Drive] \[path] [directory name] Displays the name of or changes the current directory. CHDIR [drive:][path] CHDIR[..] CD [drive:][path] CD[..] Type CD drive: to display the current directory in the specified drive. Typecg;cUl CD without parameters mYykñúg to displayeQµaH the current driveRtUvvaydUcxageRkam and directory. eg:- Directory C:\ Windows - cg;ecjBI C:\>CD windows NamYy Directory C:\windows>CD\ or C:\windows>CD.. sMrab;begáIt Éksar kñúg 12-COPY CON (Internal Command) (File) DOS GnuBaØatieGayeyIgbegáIt ÉksarenAkñúg NamYy b¤ enAkñúgKl;fas Etmþg . Copy Con Directory (Root C:) C:\>COPY CON [Drive:] \[Path]\[FileName.extension] eyIgbegáIt mYyeQµaH Edlman nwgmanTItaMgenAkñúg eday vay eg: File MyFile Extension .txt C:\windows bnÞab;mksresrGtßn½yEdlGñkcg;dak;kñúgC:\>COPY CON C:\windows\MyFile.txt enaHrYc vaedaycuc rYccuc . File Save F6 Enter bBa¢arsMrab;emIlGtßn½yEdlmankñúg 13-TYPE (Internal Command) File Displays the contents of text files. C:\>TYPE [drive:]\[path]\[filename] emIlGtßn½yEdlmanenAkñúg eQµaH EdleyIg)anbegáItehIy eg: File MyFile.txt C:\>TYPEkñúgkrNIEdlxøwmsarkñúg C:\WINDOWS\MyFile.txt manTMhMeRcIneFIVeGayelIsmYyeGRkg;én eyIgGaceRbI Note : File Screen Parameter CMnYyedIm,IeGayeyIgemIlGs;Gtßn½yKW b¤ C:\>TYPE C:\WINDOWS\MyFile.txt /p eC:BlenaHvanig\>TYPE C:\WINDOWS GnuBaØatieGayeyIgemIlmþg\MyFile.txt |more 1 eGRkg;² . sMrab;emIlxøwmsarÉksar nig begáItÉksar 14-EDIT(External Command) vaCabBa¢amYyRsedognwg Edr . COPY CON or Type C:\>Edit [drive:]\[path]\[filename] MS-DOS Editor Version 2.0.026 Copyright (c) Microsoft Corp 1995. EDIT [/B] [/H] [/R] [/S] [/<nnn>] [/?] [file(s)] Parameter: /B - Forces monochrome mode. /H - Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware. /R - Load file(s) in read-only mode. /S - Forces the use of short filenames. /<nnn> - Load binary file(s), wrapping lines to <nnn> characters wide. /? - Displays this help screen. [file] - Specifies initial files(s) to load. Wildcards and multiple filespecs can be given. sMrab;eFVIkarCamYyÉksar 15-Attrib (External Command) bBa¢arenHeRbIsMrab;erobcM dUcCaRKan;EtGan b¤ RKan;Etsresr nigkarkMNt; siT§ieGay . Files (read/write) Files Displays or changes file attributes. C:\>ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S] + Sets an attribute. - Clears an attribute. R Read-only file attribute. A Archive file attribute. S System file attribute. H Hidden file attribute. /S Processes files in all directories in the specified path. lak; eQµaH eGaykøayeTACa lak;xøÜn eg: file MyFile.txt File C:\>ATTRIBedaH