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Network Migration Strategies: Evaluating Performance with Extensions of Data Envelopment Analysis

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Network Migration Strategies: Evaluating Performance with Extensions of Data Envelopment Analysis NETWORK MIGRATION STRATEGIES: EVALUATING PERFORMANCE WITH EXTENSIONS OF DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS by Warren Travis Sutton A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Industrial and Operations Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Lawrence M. Seiford, Chair Assistant Professor Lada A. Adamic Assistant Professor Goker Aydin Research Fellow, Seungkee Baek © Warren Travis Sutton 2010 DEDICATION To my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ without Him I am nothing, with Him I can do all things To all those that were denied the opportunity that I was afforded and to those that paved the way before me ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people that made the completion of this dissertation and my progression through graduate school possible, many whom I met while in graduate school and others that I met before ever taking a step in Ann Arbor; to all of you I am eternally grateful. I would like to thank all of my fellow graduate students who served as co-laborers in this PhD process. Especially those graduate students in IOE that I met during the beginning years when times were really tough in my adjustment to graduate school. To all of my friends in SMES-G, I love you guys and gals and you have always helped me to keep a healthy balance in my life. I could always count on you to remind me that my experiences and department were not that bad after all. To my friends in Rackham and AGEP, I thank you for developing my character as a leader in the graduate community and believing in some of my crazy ideas when I was not even sure they would work. Your support is much appreciated and not overlooked. I would like to take the time to thank my church family at Second Baptist Church of Ann Arbor who keep me grounded during the tough times. You all served as a place of refuge during the battle, your prayers kept me lifted and focused on a higher calling. To my pastor, Rev. Mark J. Lyons, simply put you have changed my life and the anointing of God on your life and ministry is without iii question. You have opened my mind to a new way of thinking and serving God, without your leadership I would not be the Christian man that I am today. I would also like to acknowledge my co-laborer in Christ and this PhD process, Rev. Dr. Damon Williams. You have served as an inspiration in more ways than you will ever know. I thank you as a brother in Christ, as an officemate to share a good story, and as a true friend in a time of need. Eyes have not seen, nor ears heard the things that God has in store for you. I am glad to call you a friend. I would like to thank all of my friends and family, who often times did not understand what it meant to be in a PhD program or why I didn't have more free time if I didn't have any classes or how I could support myself if I didn't have a job? Even when you didn't understand what I was doing or why I would want to do it, you knew to pray and you continued to encourage me through the tough times. Nothing and no one can replace your unconditional love and support, for which I am eternally grateful to each and every one of you. I would like to thank a very special person whose contributions to this document and my graduate experience are priceless. To my editor and chief writing support Heather M. Brink, you have read, edited, and reedited more drafts of my work than any other human-being would have had the patience to do. You are truly a Godsend and I don't have enough money or time to give you all the thanks that you rightfully deserve. Your caring heart extends beyond what mere words can express, thank you! iv And last and certainly not least, I would like to thank my advisor Professor Lawrence M. Seiford. You took me under your wing in my early years of graduate school and taught me much more than how to be a successful scholar. You have truly mentored me throughout the graduate school process and I can only hope that my accomplishments will one day amount to half of yours. You have been the best advisor that a student could ask for, and you have made my graduate experience extremely fun and rewarding. Thank you and I look forward to calling you a colleague and friend. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1) INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1. Description of Network Problems................................................ 1 1.2. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) ............................................. 3 1.3. DEA Background and History ..................................................... 5 1.4. Dissertation Objectives ............................................................... 7 1.5. Organization of Dissertation........................................................ 9 2) DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS MODELS AND METHODS............ 11 2.1. Primal and Dual Models and Definition of Terms...................... 11 2.2. Model Orientation and Returns-to-Scale................................... 18 2.3. Numerical Example................................................................... 23 2.4. Additive (ADD) and Slacks-based Models (SBM) ..................... 27 2.5. Window Analysis and Malmquist Index..................................... 33 2.6. Other DEA Models .................................................................... 37 3) ANALYSIS OF DELAYS IN AIRPORT OPERATIONS........................... 40 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................... 40 3.2. Airport Performance.................................................................. 45 3.2.1. Operation Process ................................................................. 45 3.2.2. Previous Research................................................................. 47 3.2.3. Hub vs. Non-hub Airports....................................................... 48 3.3. Model ........................................................................................ 50 3.3.1. Overview................................................................................ 50 3.3.2. First Stage – Efficiency Decomposition.................................. 51 3.3.3. 2nd Stage – Malmquist Indices/Efficiency Change.................. 54 3.4. Case Example........................................................................... 55 3.4.1. Overview................................................................................ 55 3.4.2. Data ....................................................................................... 55 3.4.3. Result..................................................................................... 56 vi 3.4.3.1. 1st Stage.............................................................................. 56 3.4.3.2. 2nd Stage............................................................................. 58 3.4.3.3. 3rd Stage ............................................................................. 58 3.5. Discussion................................................................................. 59 3.5.1. Efficiency Decomposition....................................................... 59 3.5.2. Returns-to-Scale .................................................................... 62 3.5.3. Hub Comparison .................................................................... 63 3.5.4. Malmquist Indices/ Efficiency Change ................................... 65 3.6. Concluding Remarks................................................................. 66 4) REVERSE QUANTITIES IN DEA............................................................ 67 4.1. Situations of Undesirable Outputs in DEA ................................ 67 4.2. Types of Solution Invariance..................................................... 71 4.3. Previous Approaches................................................................ 73 4.3.1. Technology Transformation ................................................... 74 4.3.2. Data Transformation .............................................................. 74 4.3.2.1. Percentage Reciprocal........................................................ 75 4.3.2.2. Multiplicative Inverse........................................................... 75 4.3.2.3. Values Transformation........................................................ 76 4.3.3. Formulation Transformation................................................... 76 4.3.3.1. Färe et al. Non-linear model................................................ 76 4.3.3.2. Lewis and Sexton Non-Linear model .................................. 79 4.3.3.3. Tone and Tsutsui Slacks-Based Model (SBM).................... 80 4.4. Range-based Directional Distance Function Approach............. 82 4.4.1. RDD-DEA with non-separable outputs................................... 88 4.4.2. Shortest Path Projections......................................................
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