«ANALYSES FLORISTIQUE, STRUCTURALE, PHENOLOGIQUE Et DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES HABITATS De Microcebus Spp

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«ANALYSES FLORISTIQUE, STRUCTURALE, PHENOLOGIQUE Et DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES HABITATS De Microcebus Spp e UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES THESE DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE MENTION : BIOLOGIE «ANALYSES FLORISTIQUE, STRUCTURALE, PHENOLOGIQUE et DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES HABITATS de Microcebus spp. DANS LE PARC NATIONAL D’ANDOHAHELA» Présentée par : Tahiana ANDRIAHARIMALALA Soutenue publiquement le 13 Novembre 2014, devant le jury composé de : Président : Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA Directeur de Thèse : Professeur Charlotte RAJERIARISON Rapporteur interne : Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Rapporteur externe : Professeur Jörg GANZHORN Examinateur : Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Membre invité : Docteur Edmond ROGER Photos de la page de couverture : - Fond : Fourré xérophile d’Ihazofotsy - A gauche : Microcebus griseorufus - Au centre : Microcebus rufus - A droite : Microcebus murinus A la mémoire de ma mère (1958 – 2013) A ma femme et à mon fils Remerciements Ce travail a été réalisé grâce à la collaboration, l’appui professionnel et amical ainsi que les soutiens moraux de plusieurs personnes et de plusieurs institutions. Je souhaite tout d’abord adresser mes remerciements au Professeur Charlotte RAJERIARISON, de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui a dirigé cette recherche et qui m’a soutenu et encouragé depuis le début. Soyez assurée de ma profonde gratitude. Au Professeur Jörg U. GANZHORN, de l’Université de Hambourg, mon Co directeur de thèse pour ses conseils et son assistance sur le terrain et lors de mon passage au sein du Département de Zoologie à l’Université de Hambourg (Allemagne). Je suis reconnaissant à l’honneur que m’ont fait : - Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA, de l’Université d’Antananarivo, d’avoir accepté la présidence du jury et qui a apporté des critiques constructives sur la présentation du manuscrit. - Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA, de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’a donné son aide lors des traitements statistiques et a accepté d’être le rapporteur interne de cette thèse. - Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’a transmis son savoir et en acceptant d’examiner le contenu de ce travail. Je tiens à remercier particulièrement, Docteur Edmond ROGER, de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’a transmis tout son savoir en écologie et prodigué ses conseils et son assistance durant les durs travaux sur terrain et lors de la rédaction de ce manuscrit. Je remercie aussi Docteur Andreas HAPKE et sa famille ainsi que tout le personnel et les étudiants du Département d’Anthropologie, Université Johannes Gutenberg (Mainz, Allemagne) qui m’ont accueilli chaleureusement. Un grand merci à Johanna HEMMERS et William TRIER (Köln) qui m’ont hébergé, au personnel et aux étudiants du Carl Duisberg Centren (Köln). Je remercie Docteur Marie-Ange NGO BIENG, (UMR SYSTEM Sup Agro Montpellier) pour ses instructions concernant le traitement des données sur l’analyse spatiale. J’adresse également mes remerciements à tout le personnel du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales (DBEV), Faculté des Sciences, de l’Université d’Antananarivo, Madagascar ; du Département de Zoologie de l’Université de Hambourg (Allemagne) ; du MNPs (Madagascar National Parks) et de la Direction Générale des Forêts. J’adresse aussi mes vifs remerciements au « Deutsche ForshungsGemeinschaft » (DFG GA342/14) et au DAAD (Deutsch Akademisher Austauch Dienst) pour leurs appuis financiers concernant mes travaux sur terrain et mon déplacement en Allemagne. À mes collègues : Solofomalala Jacques RAKOTONDRANARY et Yedidia RAKOTOMALALA RATOVONAMANA qui m’ont toujours aidé lors des dures étapes des collectes de données sur terrain et pendant les traitements de données aussi bien à Madagascar qu’en Allemagne. A tous les étudiants du Département de Zoologie de l’Université de Hambourg pour leurs aides aussi bien à Madagascar qu’en Allemagne. À toutes les personnes qui m’ont assisté sur le terrain pour les collectes des données. En particulier, j’adresse un grand remerciement à : Hery Jean NOEL, Laudin, Mananjara, Mosa VONJOLOKE, Paul, Manantsiry DAMY, Roberto RAKOTO, Fiadana IJO et Norlin R. A tous mes enseignants et collègues universitaires avec lesquels les rencontres ont toujours été instructives. À mes parents, mon frère et toute ma famille pour leur soutien et leur compréhension durant la préparation de cette thèse. Enfin, je dédie cette thèse de doctorat à ma chère épouse et à notre fils. Je suis très heureux d’exprimer ma sincère considération pour leur soutien moral et leur patience même pendant les moments difficiles lors de la réalisation de ce travail. Ils étaient toujours là pour m’encourager tout au long de ces années de travail malgré les éloignements occasionnels. Je leur dois ma profonde reconnaissance. i Sommaire Sommaire........................................................................................................................................... i Liste des figures .............................................................................................................................. iii Liste des photos ................................................................................................................................ v Liste des cartes ................................................................................................................................. v Liste des planches photographiques .............................................................................................. v Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................................ v Liste des annexes ............................................................................................................................. vi Sigles et abreviations ..................................................................................................................... vii Glossaire ........................................................................................................................................ viii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 PARTIE I : CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES SUR LA ZONE D’ETUDE ......................... 5 I. MILIEU PHYSIQUE ......................................................................................................................... 6 I.1 Localisation géographique.............................................................................................................. 6 I.2 Relief et géomorphologie ................................................................................................................ 6 I.3. Géologie et pédologie .................................................................................................................... 8 I.4. Hydrographie ................................................................................................................................. 8 I.5. Climat ............................................................................................................................................. 8 II. MILIEU BIOTIQUE ....................................................................................................................... 13 II.1. Formations végétales .................................................................................................................. 13 II.2. Peuplement animal ..................................................................................................................... 16 II.3. Milieu humain ............................................................................................................................. 18 PARTIE II : ANALYSES FLORISTIQUE ET STRUCTURALE DE LA VEGETATION .. 22 I. MÉTHODES D’ETUDES .......................................................................................................... 23 I.1. Choix des sites d’etude ................................................................................................................. 23 I.2. Études pédologiques .................................................................................................................... 26 I.3. Études floristiques ........................................................................................................................ 27 I.4. Études structurales de la végétation ............................................................................................ 28 II. RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS ................................................................................. 35 II.1. Caractéristiques pédologiques ................................................................................................... 35 II.2. Caractéristiques floristiques globales ........................................................................................ 36 II.3. Description des différents types de formations végétales ........................................................... 39 II.4. Distribution des individus dans les différents types de formation végétale ................................ 47 II.5. Identification des groupes structuraux. ...................................................................................... 54 II.6. Interactions entre l’abondance des Microcèbes et les groupes structuraux .............................. 57 CONCLUSION PARTIELLE ....................................................................................................... 59 ii PARTIE
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