PUNAINEN TUIKE JA PERUNAMAA Tarkastelussa Sanaleikkityypit Ja Sanaleikkien Käännösstrategiat Televisiosarjassa Rupaul’S Drag Race

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PUNAINEN TUIKE JA PERUNAMAA Tarkastelussa Sanaleikkityypit Ja Sanaleikkien Käännösstrategiat Televisiosarjassa Rupaul’S Drag Race Henri Vuorenlinna PUNAINEN TUIKE JA PERUNAMAA Tarkastelussa sanaleikkityypit ja sanaleikkien käännösstrategiat televisiosarjassa RuPaul’s Drag Race Informaatioteknologian ja viestinnän tiedekunta Pro gradu -tutkielma Huhtikuu 2020 TIIVISTELMÄ Henri Vuorenlinna: Punainen tuike ja perunamaa: Tarkastelussa sanaleikkityypit ja sanaleikkien käännösstrategiat televisiosarjassa RuPaul’s Drag Race Pro gradu -tutkielma Tampereen yliopisto Monikielisen viestinnän ja käännöstieteen maisteriopinnot Huhtikuu 2020 Tässä tutkielmassa tavoitteenani on selvittää, kuinka hyvin sanaleikit säilyvät audiovisuaalisesta aineistosta poimittujen sanaleikkien ruututekstitetyissä käännöksissä. Vertailen etenkin eri sanaleikkityyppien esiintyvyyttä ja säilyvyyttä käännetyissä sanaleikeissä sekä sanaleikkien kääntämisessä käytettyjä käännösstrategioita. Tutkimusaineistoksi on valikoitunut amerikkalainen tosi-tv-sarja RuPaul’s Drag Race, jonka 11. kauden jaksoista on poimittu yhteensä 150 englanninkielistä sanaleikkiä. Tarkastelussa ovat myös näiden sanaleikkien suomen- ja ruotsinkieliset tekstityskäännökset, joita vertailemalla on tarkoitus selvittää, kummalla kielellä sanaleikkien käännökset ovat onnistuneet paremmin. Tutkielman sanaleikit jaottelin neljään yläluokkaan sanaleikeissä käytettyjen kielipiirteiden perusteella sekä yhteensä kolmeentoista sanaleikkityypeiksi kutsuttuun alakategoriaan. Fonetiikkaan eli ääntämiseen perustuvien sanaleikkien yläluokkaan kuuluvat sanaleikkityypeistä homofonia, paronymia ja homografia. Morfologiaan eli sanojen osiin perustuviin sanaleikkeihin lukeutuvat puolestaan keksityt ja yhdistellyt sanat sekä sananmukaisuus. Semantiikkaan eli merkitysoppiin perustuviin sanaleikkeihin kuuluu yhteensä neljä sanaleikkityyppiä, jotka ovat homonyymiset ja polyseemiset sanat, homonyymiset ja polyseemiset sanonnat, yhdistellyt sanonnat ja termit sekä kaksikieliset sanaleikit. Viimeisenä pragmatiikkaan eli tilannekontekstiin perustuviin sanaleikkeihin sisältyy niin ikään neljä sanaleikkityyppiä. Nämä sanaleikkityypit ovat kuva tukee tekstin tulkintaa, kuva ja teksti ristiriidassa, muunnellut sanonnat ja alluusiot sekä intertekstuaaliset sanaleikit. Sanaleikit voivat myös kuulua useampaan kuin yhteen sanaleikkityyppiin, jolloin niistä muodostuu yhdistelmäsanaleikkejä. Lähdekielen 150 sanaleikistä säilyi suomeksi yhteensä 86 ja ruotsiksi 71 kappaletta. Näin ollen suomenkielisiin tekstityksiin siirtyi 57,3 prosenttia sanaleikeistä ja ruotsinkielisiin tekstityksiin vastaavasti 47,3 prosenttia. Sanaleikkityypeistä yleisimpiä olivat suomennoksissa etenkin homonyymiset ja polyseemiset sanat ja sanonnat, kun taas ruotsiksi parhaiten välittyivät keksittyjä ja yhdisteltyjä sanoja sisältävät sanaleikit. Valtaosa sanaleikkityypeistä välittyi suomeksi vähintään yhtä hyvin tai paremmin kuin ruotsiksi muutamaa poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta. Tarkastelussa on myös yhteensä kuusi käännösstrategiaa, joiden alle jokaisen sanaleikin suomen- ja ruotsinkielinen käännös sijoittuu. Nämä käännösstrategiat ovat: sama sanaleikkityyppi käännöksessä, eri sanaleikkityyppi käännöksessä, identtinen sanaleikki käännöksessä, retorinen tehokeino sanaleikin tilalla, ei sanaleikkiä käännöksessä ja poisto. Näitä käännösstrategioita vertaillessa selvisi, että saman- ja erityyppisiä sanaleikkejä välittyi suomennokseen jopa 54 prosenttia, kun taas vastaava luku ruotsiksi on vain 36,7 prosenttia. Ruotsinkielisissä käännöksissä käytettiin selvästi enemmän strategioita identtinen sanaleikki käännöksessä sekä ei sanaleikkiä käännöksessä, jotka eivät välttämättä välitä alkuperäisen sanaleikin huumoria lainkaan. Retoristen keinojen ja poiston käytössä ei kuitenkaan ollut merkittäviä eroja kielten välillä. Lopullisia tuloksia vertailemalla selvisi, että lähdekielen sanaleikkien suomennokset ovat onnistuneempia ja oivaltavampia kuin ruotsinkieliset käännökset. Avainsanat: sanaleikit, sanaleikkien kääntäminen, av-kääntäminen, käännösstrategiat, ruututekstit Tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck –ohjelmalla. Sisällys 1 JOHDANTO ................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 HUUMORI JA SANALEIKIT ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Huumorin määritelmiä ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Sanaleikkien määritelmiä .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Sanaleikkien luokitteluja ..................................................................................................................... 9 3 AUDIOVISUAALINEN KÄÄNTÄMINEN JA SANALEIKIT ............................................................................... 20 3.1 Audiovisuaalisen kääntämisen tutkimus .......................................................................................... 20 3.2 Audiovisuaalisen kääntämisen ja huumorin tekstittämisen konventioita ........................................ 21 3.3 Sanaleikkien käännettävyys ja käännösstrategiat ............................................................................ 27 4 AINEISTO JA TUTKIMUSMENETELMÄ ...................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Aineiston esittely .............................................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Tutkimuksessa käytetyt sanaleikkityypit ja käännösstrategiat ......................................................... 36 5 SANALEIKKITYYPPIEN ANALYYSI ............................................................................................................... 40 5.1 Fonetiikkaan eli ääntämiseen perustuvat sanaleikit......................................................................... 40 5.1.1 Homofonia ................................................................................................................................. 40 5.1.2 Paronymia .................................................................................................................................. 41 5.1.3 Homografia ................................................................................................................................ 41 5.2 Morfologiaan eli sanojen osiin perustuvat sanaleikit ....................................................................... 42 5.2.1 Keksityt ja yhdistellyt sanat ........................................................................................................ 42 5.2.2 Sananmukaisuus ........................................................................................................................ 43 5.3 Semantiikkaan eli merkitysoppiin perustuvat sanaleikit .................................................................. 44 5.3.1 Homonyymiset ja polyseemiset sanat ....................................................................................... 44 5.3.2 Homonyymiset ja polyseemiset sanonnat ................................................................................. 46 5.3.3 Yhdistellyt sanonnat ja termit .................................................................................................... 47 5.3.4 Kaksikieliset sanaleikit ................................................................................................................ 48 5.4 Pragmatiikkaan eli tilannekontekstiin perustuvat sanaleikit ............................................................ 49 5.4.1 Kuva tukee tekstin tulkintaa ...................................................................................................... 49 5.4.2 Kuva ja teksti ristiriidassa ........................................................................................................... 50 5.4.3 Muunnellut sanonnat ja alluusiot .............................................................................................. 50 5.4.4 Intertekstuaaliset sanaleikit ....................................................................................................... 52 5.5 Aineiston sanaleikkityyppien esiintyvyys .......................................................................................... 53 6 SANALEIKKIEN KÄÄNNÖSSTRATEGIOIDEN ANALYYSI .............................................................................. 61 6.1 Tutkielmassa käytetyt käännösstrategiat ......................................................................................... 61 6.1.1 Sama sanaleikkityyppi käännöksessä ......................................................................................... 61 6.1.2 Eri sanaleikkityyppi käännöksessä ............................................................................................. 62 6.1.3 Identtinen sanaleikki käännöksessä ........................................................................................... 63 6.1.4 Retorinen tehokeino sanaleikin tilalla ....................................................................................... 64 6.1.5 Ei sanaleikkiä käännöksessä ....................................................................................................... 65 6.1.6 Poisto ......................................................................................................................................... 66 6.2 Käännösstrategiat aineistossa .........................................................................................................
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