DOCSLIB.ORG

Combined Space and Water Heating Installation and Optimization B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combined Space and Water Heating Installation and Optimization B Measure Guideline: Combined Space and Water Heating Installation and Optimization B. Schoenbauer, D. Bohac, and P. Huelman NorthernSTAR March 2017 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] Measure Guideline: Combined Space and Water Heating Installation and Optimization Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America Program Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 NREL Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Prepared by: B. Schoenbauer, D. Bohac, and P. Huelman NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership University of Minnesota 2004 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108 NREL Technical Monitor: Stacey Rothgeb Prepared under Subcontract No. KNDJ-0-40338-05 March 2017 iii The work presented in this report does not represent performance of any product relative to regulated minimum efficiency requirements. The laboratory and/or field sites used for this work are not certified rating test facilities. The conditions and methods under which products were characterized for this work differ from standard rating conditions, as described. Because the methods and conditions differ, the reported results are not comparable to rated product performance and should only be used to estimate performance under the measured conditions. iv Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ vi Definitions............................................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... viii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Installation........................................................................................................................... 1 Performance and Cost ......................................................................................................... 1 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 3 1 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Background ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Relevance to Building America’s Goals .................................................................... 5 1.4 Cost-Effectiveness ..................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Trade-Offs and Other Benefits ................................................................................... 7 2 Implementation Details ................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Installation.................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Operation, Control, and Maintenance ...................................................................... 23 2.3 Metrics and Standards (Ensuring Performance) ...................................................... 25 3 Performance and Cost ................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Energy and Savings.................................................................................................. 27 3.2 Cost .......................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Delivered Performance ............................................................................................ 32 4 Future Considerations ................................................................................................. 35 4.1 Equipment ................................................................................................................ 35 4.2 Standards .................................................................................................................. 35 References ............................................................................................................................ 36 v List of Figures Figure A. Installation costs for residential heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems ......... 2 Figure 1. Sample heating-load calculations for Minnesota homes........................................................ 9 Figure 2. Forced-air combination systems using open loops and potable AHUs ............................. 12 Figure 3. Comparison before and after installation ............................................................................... 13 Figure 4. Example of combi system sizing for a two-bathroom home in a cold climate ................... 15 Figure 5. Single-wall water heater and furnace vents replaced with direct vent system .................. 16 Figure 6. Condensate pump ..................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 7. DHW mixing valve ..................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 8. Water circulation balancing valve ........................................................................................... 18 Figure 9. Impact of return water temperature on combi system efficiency under space heating operation (1,000 CFM and 4 GPM) ........................................................................................................... 19 Figure 10. Air handling unit optimization process ................................................................................ 21 Figure 11. Combi system installed without optimization ...................................................................... 21 Figure 12. Combi system installed with optimization ........................................................................... 22 Figure 13. Combi system installed fully optimized ............................................................................... 23 Figure 14. Hot water temperatures delivered by the water heater (black) and mixing value (blue) . 24 Figure 15. Energy savings from combi systems monitored in real homes ........................................ 28 Figure 16. Infrared images of a (clockwise from top) CStWH, HWH, and CTWH in standby mode .. 29 Figure 17. Seasonal operating efficiency of combi and traditional heating systems ........................ 30 Figure 18. Installation costs for residential heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems ..... 32 Figure 19.Time series discharge air temperatures for combi systems ............................................... 33 Figure 20.Time series DHW outlet temperatures for combi systems .................................................. 34 List of Tables Table A. Average Installed Performance of Combi Systems in 11 Homes ........................................... 1 Table 1. Sample Heating Plants That Can Be Used for Combi Systems ............................................. 11 Table 2. Sample Hydronic AHUs ............................................................................................................. 11 Table 3. Benefits and Drawbacks of Heating Plant Selection .............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GRID-INTERACTIVE EFFICIENT BUILDINGS TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES: Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps
    Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings Technical Report Series Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps December 2019 (This page intentionally left blank) GRID-INTERACTIVE EFFICIENT BUILDINGS TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES: Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor, or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. iii GRID-INTERACTIVE EFFICIENT BUILDINGS TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES: Overview of Research Challenges and Gaps Authors The authors of this report are: Monica Neukomm, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Valerie Nubbe, Navigant Consulting, Inc. Robert Fares, former American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) fellow at DOE Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable guidance and input provided during the preparation of this report. The authors are also grateful to the following list of contributors. Their feedback, guidance, and review proved invaluable in preparing this report.
    [Show full text]
  • ENERGY STAR Water Heaters Draft 1 Version 3.3 Specification
    1 ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements 2 Product Specification for Residential Water Heaters 3 4 Eligibility Criteria 5 Version 3.3 Draft 1 6 7 Following is the Version 3.3 product specification for ENERGY STAR certified water heaters. A product 8 shall meet all of the identified criteria if it is to earn the ENERGY STAR. 9 10 Note: Products may be certified using the Uniform Energy Factor (UEF) metric and current Uniform Test 11 Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Water Heaters.1 Criteria that are specific to UEF for 12 electric and gas-fired water heaters are outlined in Appendix A of this document. 13 14 1) Definitions: Below are the definitions of the relevant terms in this document. See Appendix A, 15 Section 1 for definitions relevant to UEF. 16 A. Residential Water Heater (Consumer Water Heater): A product that utilizes gas, electricity, or 17 solar thermal energy to heat potable water for use outside the heater upon demand, including: 18 a. Storage type units designed to heat and store water at a thermostatically-controlled 19 temperature of less than 180 °F, including: gas storage water heaters with a nominal input of 20 75,000 British thermal units (Btu) per hour or less and having a rated storage capacity of not 21 less than 20 gallons nor more than 100 gallons; electric heat pump type units with a 22 maximum current rating of 24 amperes at an input voltage 250 volts or less, and, if the tank is 23 supplied, having a manufacturer’s rated storage capacity of 120 gallons or less.2 24 25 b.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Water Heating with Low-Cost Plastic Systems
    FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Two U.S.-manufactured low-cost plastic packaged systems are now available, including the SunCache system (above left) and the FAFCO system (above right). The manufacturers use plastic materials that reduce production and installation costs. Photos from Harpiris Energy and FAFCO Solar Water Heating with Low-Cost Plastic Systems Newly developed solar water heating technology can help Federal agencies more affordably meet the EISA requirements for solar water heating in new construction and major renovations. Federal buildings consumed over 392,000 billion Btu of site- is reasonably comparable, and these systems are capable delivered energy for buildings during FY 2007 at a total cost of meeting the statutory requirements of 30% solar power of $6.5 billion.[1] Earlier data indicate that about 10% of this efficiently and cost-effectively. is used to heat water.[2] Targeting energy consumption in Federal buildings, the Overcoming the Cost Barrier Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Benefits and applications of solar water heating are well- requires new Federal buildings and major renovations to meet known, and have been covered in many publications found 30% of their hot water demand with solar energy, provided in the references. However, the single biggest market barrier it is cost-effective over the life of the system. In October for solar water heaters is cost. For single-family systems with 2009, President Obama expanded the energy reduction national-average water draw, paybacks with conventional and performance requirements of EISA and its subsequent solar water heaters often exceed expected system life of regulations with his Executive Order 13514.
    [Show full text]
  • Owner's Guide and Installation Instructions
    Owner’s Guide and Installation Instructions Commercial Stainless Steel Storage Tank This storage tank must be installed and serviced by a qualified person. Please leave this guide with the householder. WARNING: Plumber – Be Aware The primary flow and return pipes between the storage tank(s) and the primary water heating source, including the solar hot and solar cold pipes between the solar storage tank(s) and the solar collectors, MUST BE of copper or metallic pipe. All compression fittings must use brass or copper olives. The full length of the primary flow and return pipes MUST BE insulated. The insulation must: . be of a type suitable for the application and capable of withstanding the temperature of the water generated by the primary water heating source The specification of the chosen insulation material should be checked with the insulation manufacturer prior to installation as different materials may vary in temperature tolerance. Closed cell type or equivalent insulation used between the storage tank(s) and solar collectors, if this storage tank is part of a solar water heater installation, must be able to withstand the temperature of the water generated by the solar collectors under stagnation conditions. Refer to the installation instructions provided with the solar controller for full details on the insulation requirements of the solar hot and solar cold pipes. be at least 13 mm thick, however thicker insulation may be required to comply with the requirements of AS/NZS 3500.4 . be weatherproof and UV resistant if exposed . be fitted up to and cover the connections on both the storage tank(s) and the primary heating source.
    [Show full text]
  • High Efficiency Boiler with Water Heating
    High Efficiency Boiler with Water Heating Revolutionary Design High Efficiency Boiler: Works on Almost Any Residential Application Advanced Modulating Controls Ensure High Efficiency Output Available in LP and Natural Gas Built with Corrosion Resistant Stainless Steel Heat Exchanger for Longer Life Equipped with a Highly Innovative Gas Leak Detector Eco-Friendly and Low NOx Combustion System Heat Exchanger Bears the ASME “H” Stamp SCAQMD Rule 1146.2 SCAQMD Rule 1146.2 Save Energy • Save Money • Save Space • Save On Installation A CLOSER LOOk Exhaust Intake Automatic Air Vent DC Turbo Fan Modulating combustion blower Ceramic Fiber Burner The Eco Pre-mixed burner with high combustion efficiency Gas Valve and low NOx emissions Gas Input Fire Tube Heat Exchanger Hi-fin Heat Exchanger - Higher Main Control efficiency - Lower pressure drop - Multiple safety functions Compact storage size Built in dual stage anti-freezing mechanism Out In State of the Art Built-In Out Space Heating Water lines Gas Leak Detector In the event of a gas leak, the leak detector shuts the unit Domestic Hot Water lines down and activates alarm In Circulation Pump for Central Heating Condensate Out Air Pressure Sensor Indirect Fired Water Heater Circulation Pump for High quality stainless steel coil: Indirect Fired Water Heater Minimize calcium deposit Attached storage tank (Endless hot water & maintains Drain line stable temperature) 1. Horizontal Vent Terminations 1. HorizontaVENTl Vent Terminations TERMINATION 2. Vertical Vent Termination 2. Vertical Vent Termination Forced Draft Direct-Vent 2"(50ft), 3"(100ft), PVC, CPVC & PP Customized Temperature Control MULTIFUNCTION Maintain constant temperature with the user CONTROL PANEL friendly Flow Control, Flow Sensor and Heat Capacity Control.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Buying Solar Water Heating Contents
    A guide to buying solar water heating Contents Thinking of going solar? p1 Costs and benefits p2 Reduced energy bills Installation costs Environmental benefits Is it right for you? p3 Hot water use House design How does it work? p4 Choosing a system p5 Packaged solar water heating systems System size ‘Open loop’ and ‘closed loop’ systems Collector panels Circulation system Hot water tanks Controllers Frost protection p13 Choosing an installer p14 Installation and building consents Use and maintenance p15 Maintenance requirements Any problems? p16 So how do you know your system is working properly? Top tips to use less hot water p17 Thinking of going solar? A properly specified and installed solar water heating system can slash your hot water bill. A solar water heating system can provide at least 50%* of your annual hot water needs. It can be effective nearly anywhere in New Zealand, even in less sunny areas. Over time, it can pay for itself through lower power bills. By using solar water heating, you’ll also be helping to reduce New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) has produced this free guide, we explain what to look for, and how to use the system to get the best return in ‘free’ hot water. * Savings depend on local conditions and proper specification and installation of the solar water heating system. 1 Costs and benefits Reduced energy bills In general, it’s more expensive to install In summer, it may be possible to solar water heating in an existing house heat all the water you need with solar than in a new house.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Combined Heat and Power Systems for Boiler Owners and Operators
    ORNL/TM-2004/144 Guide to Combined Heat and Power Systems for Boiler Owners and Operators C. B. Oland DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge: Web site: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: 865-576-8401 Fax: 865-576-5728 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Solar Water Heating
    Commercial Solar Water Heating Does your business have high hot water loads? Want to save money, and make your company more sustainable? Solar water heating may be right for you… How solar water heating works: A solar water heating system is a simple and reliable energy Controller source for your business or commercial space. Sized to fit the location’s needs, solar collectors are mounted on a south To Taps facing sloped or flat roof. Fluid (water or glycol) flows through Solar Collector the panels and is heated by the sun. It then runs to a solar storage tank connected to your existing hot water heater. Your Storage water heater only turns on if the solar-heated water still needs Tank a temperature boost. Hot water flows out of your taps just like Boiler it always has, but your hot water heating bill could be cut Pump 60-80%. You will also reduce greenhouse gas and other air Water Feed polluting emissions from your business! Solar collector types: There are two basic types of rooftop solar collectors. Flat-plate collectors contain a working fluid (water or a water-glycol mix) that flows through tubes in the collector, is heated directly by the sun, and carries that heat to the hot water storage tank.The dark glass covering and insulated backing are specially designed to collect heat and prevent it from being radiated back out of the collector. Evacuated tube collectors have a set of long dark glass tubes with metal absorbers in their cores, which are heated by the sun.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Efficiency and Electrification in Home Heating and Water Heating by Jim Hight
    Business & Technology Surveillance Promoting Efficiency and Electrification in Home Heating and Water Heating By Jim Hight FEBRUARY 2020 This article was developed in partnership by: Business & Technology Surveillance Promoting Efficiency and Electrification in Home Heating and Water Heating By Jim Hight FEBRUARY 2020 SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT ON THIS TOPIC Keith Dennis Senior Director Strategic Initiatives – Distributed Energy Resources Work Group: [email protected] Maria Kanevsky Energy Consumers Analyst – Distributed Energy Resources Work Group: [email protected] This article is a product of the Distributed Energy Resources Work Group NRECA is a sponsor of the Beneficial Electrification League (BEL), a national nonprofit organization promoting Beneficial Electrification (BE) concepts, policies, practices, technologies and business models. The League believes Beneficial Electrification is critical to meeting our nation’s and the world’s economic and environmental goals. Accomplishing this transition to an ‘electrified’ future will require collaborative information sharing and coordinated market development. To this end, the League facilitates stakeholder communication and collaboration, supports targeted BE R&D and develops educational materials, toolkits and market research in order to accelerate solutions. Learn more about BEL and how you can be involved at: www.beneficialelectrification.com. ARTICLE SNAPSHOT WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE INDUSTRY? The efficient electric space and water heating technologies covered in this article have improved significantly in performance and pricing over the last decade, especially in the air-source heat pump (ASHP) segment. Markets are constrained in some regions due to legacy concerns about performance in cold temperatures, but cooperatives are innovating with savvy marketing and streamlined on-bill finance models.
    [Show full text]
  • High Efficiency Heating Equipment Impact Evaluation Final Report March 2015
    High Efficiency Heating Equipment Impact Evaluation Final Report March 2015 Prepared for: The Electric and Gas Program Administrators of Massachusetts Part of the Residential Evaluation Program Area This page left blank. Prepared by: Laura Tabor Justin Spencer Ryan Tanner Natasha Herring Tim Stanton Ken Seiden Navigant Pam Rathbun Laura Schauer Tetra Tech Bryan Ward Doug Bruchs Dave Korn Cadmus Cadmus: Energy Services Division This page left blank. Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Program Background and Objectives ..................................................................................................... 1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Results .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Furnace Results: Replace on Failure ................................................................................................ 2 Boiler Results: Replace on Failure .................................................................................................... 2 Early Retirement Results .................................................................................................................. 4 Overall Savings Results ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Tankless Water Heating: Competitive Assessment
    Electric Tankless Water Heating: Competitive Assessment 1285-5-04 EPRI Retail Technology Application Centers Electric Tankless Water Heating: Competitive Assessment 1285-5-04 Final Report, March 2005 Global Project Manager R. Milward Global Energy Partners, LLC • 3569 Mt. Diablo Blvd., Suite 200, Lafayette, CA 94549 Tel. 925-284-3780 • Fax 925-284-3147 • www.gepllc.com DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY GLOBAL ENERGY PARTNERS, LLC (GLOBAL), A SUBSIDIARY OF EPRISOLUTIONS, INC., AND IS ONE OF THE FAMILY OF COMPANIES OF THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER GLOBAL NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON ITS BEHALF: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF GLOBAL OR ANY GLOBAL REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. ORDERING INFORMATION Requests for copies of this report should be directed to Global Energy Partners, LLC 3569 Mt. Diablo Blvd., Suite 200, Lafayette, CA 94549. Telephone number: 925-284-3780; fax: 925-284- 3147 Copyright © 2005 Global Energy Partners, LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Space and Water Heating Systems
    Energy Tutorial: Energy Usage Space and water heating systems Provided by Sponsored by The three most common types of heating systems are central heating, storage heaters and room heaters1. Here you will find a description of the system and their parts. CENTRAL HEATING These systems most commonly use a gas-fired boiler and radiators, distributing heat throughout the home. Also included in this definition are warm air systems, electric ceiling/under floor and communal heating. It is generally considered to be a cost effective and relatively efficient method of heating a home, although the cost effectiveness and level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will be closely linked to the type of fuel. STORAGE HEATERS These are predominately used in homes that have a significantly lower off-peak electricity tariff. Storage heaters use off-peak electricity to store heat in clay bricks or a ceramic material and the stored heat is then released throughout the day. These are more cost effective than fixed or portable room heaters, however storage heating can prove expensive if too much on peak electricity is used during the day. ROOM HEATERS This category includes all other types of heaters such as fixed electric or portable electric heaters. This type of heating is generally considered to be the least cost effective of the main systems and produces more CO2 emissions. In the pages that follow we provide an overview of the components of the above systems as well as a brief description of their principal controls. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.
    [Show full text]