XL C/C++: Language Reference the Static Storage Class Specifier
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1.1 Introduction to C Language
1.1 Introduction to C Language 1 Department of CSE Objectives • To understand the structure of a C-Language Program • To write a minimal C program • To introduce the include preprocessor command • To be able to create good identifiers for quantities in a program • To be able to list, describe and use the basic data types in C • To be able to create and use variables and constants in a C program 2 Department of CSE Agenda • Background of C Language • Structure of a C program • C Comments • Identifiers in C • Data types in C • Variables in C • Constants in C 3 Department of CSE Background of C • C is a middle level language it combines the best elements of high-level languages with the control and flexibility of assembly language • Like most modern languages, C is also derived from ALGOL 60 (1960) • Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 using many concepts from its predecessors – ALGOL,BCPL and B and by adding the concept of data types • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) began the standardization of C in 1983 which was approved in 1989 • In 1990 International Standards Organization (ISO) adopted the ANSI standard version known as C89 • Minor changes were made to C89 in 1995 which came to be known as C95 • Much more significant updates were made in 1999 and named as C99 4 Department of CSE Features of C • C is a structured programming language which allows compartmentalization of code and data • A structured language offers a variety of programming possibilities. For example, structured languages typically support several loop constructs, such as while, do-while, and for. -
Javascript • Data Types • Operators • Control Statement • Popup Boxes • Functions • Arrays
LECTURE-2 Javascript • Data types • Operators • Control Statement • Popup Boxes • Functions • Arrays CS3101: Programming Languages: Javascript Ramana Isukapalli 1 JAVASCRIPT – OVERVIEW • This course is concerned with client side JS • Executes on client (browser) • Scripting – NOT compile/link. • Helps provide dynamic nature of HTML pages. • Included as part of HTML pages as • Regular code (viewable by user) • A file present in some location. • NOTE: Javascript is NOT the same as JAVA CS3101: Programming Languages: Javascript Ramana Isukapalli 2 A SIMPLE JAVASCRIPT PROGRAM <html> <head> <title> A simple Javascript program </title> </head> <body> <! --The code below in “script” is Javascript code. --> <script> document.write (“A Simple Javascript program”); </script> </body> </html> CS3101: Programming Languages: Javascript Ramana Isukapalli 3 JAVASCRIPT CODE • Javascript code in HTML • Javascript code can be placed in • <head> part of HTML file • Code is NOT executed unless called in <body> part of the file. • <body> part of HTML file – executed along with the rest of body part. • Outside HTML file, location is specified. • Executed when called in <body> CS3101: Programming Languages: Javascript Ramana Isukapalli 4 WAYS OF DEFINING JAVASCRIPT CODE. First: Second: <head> <head> <script type=“text/javascript”> … function foo(…) // defined here </head> <body> </script> <script> </head> function foo(…) // defined here { <body> .. } <script type=“text/javascript”> foo( ) // Called here foo(…) // called here </script> </script> </body> </body> -
System Calls
System Calls What are they? ● Standard interface to allow the kernel to safely handle user requests – Read from hardware – Spawn a new process – Get current time – Create shared memory ● Message passing technique between – OS kernel (server) – User (client) Executing System Calls ● User program issues call ● Core kernel looks up call in syscall table ● Kernel module handles syscall action ● Module returns result of system call ● Core kernel forwards result to user Module is not Loaded... ● User program issues call ● Core kernel looks up call in syscall table ● Kernel module isn't loaded to handle action ● ... ● Where does call go? System Call Wrappers ● Wrapper calls system call if loaded – Otherwise returns an error ● Needs to be in a separate location so that the function can actually be called – Uses function pointer to point to kernel module implementation Adding System Calls ● You'll need to add and implement: – int start_elevator(void); – int issue_request(int, int, int); – int stop_elevator(void); ● As an example, let's add a call to printk an argument passed in: – int test_call(int); Adding System Calls ● Files to add (project files): – /usr/src/test_kernel/hello_world/test_call.c – /usr/src/test_kernel/hello_world/hello.c – /usr/src/test_kernel/hello_world/Makefile ● Files to modify (core kernel): – /usr/src/test_kernel/arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl – /usr/src/test_kernel/include/linux/syscalls.h – /usr/src/test_kernel/Makefile hello_world/test_call.c ● #include <linux/linkage.h> ● #include <linux/kernel.h> ● #include -
Typescript-Handbook.Pdf
This copy of the TypeScript handbook was created on Monday, September 27, 2021 against commit 519269 with TypeScript 4.4. Table of Contents The TypeScript Handbook Your first step to learn TypeScript The Basics Step one in learning TypeScript: The basic types. Everyday Types The language primitives. Understand how TypeScript uses JavaScript knowledge Narrowing to reduce the amount of type syntax in your projects. More on Functions Learn about how Functions work in TypeScript. How TypeScript describes the shapes of JavaScript Object Types objects. An overview of the ways in which you can create more Creating Types from Types types from existing types. Generics Types which take parameters Keyof Type Operator Using the keyof operator in type contexts. Typeof Type Operator Using the typeof operator in type contexts. Indexed Access Types Using Type['a'] syntax to access a subset of a type. Create types which act like if statements in the type Conditional Types system. Mapped Types Generating types by re-using an existing type. Generating mapping types which change properties via Template Literal Types template literal strings. Classes How classes work in TypeScript How JavaScript handles communicating across file Modules boundaries. The TypeScript Handbook About this Handbook Over 20 years after its introduction to the programming community, JavaScript is now one of the most widespread cross-platform languages ever created. Starting as a small scripting language for adding trivial interactivity to webpages, JavaScript has grown to be a language of choice for both frontend and backend applications of every size. While the size, scope, and complexity of programs written in JavaScript has grown exponentially, the ability of the JavaScript language to express the relationships between different units of code has not. -
C Constants and Literals Integer Literals Floating-Point Literals
C Constants and Literals The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration constants as well. The constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition. Integer literals An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for decimal. An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order. Here are some examples of integer literals: Floating-point literals A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form. While representing using decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent, or both and while representing using exponential form, you must include the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced by e or E. Here are some examples of floating-point literals: 1 | P a g e Character constants Character literals are enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'x' and can be stored in a simple variable of char type. A character literal can be a plain character (e.g., 'x'), an escape sequence (e.g., '\t'), or a universal character (e.g., '\u02C0'). -
Section “Common Predefined Macros” in the C Preprocessor
The C Preprocessor For gcc version 12.0.0 (pre-release) (GCC) Richard M. Stallman, Zachary Weinberg Copyright c 1987-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". This manual contains no Invariant Sections. The Front-Cover Texts are (a) (see below), and the Back-Cover Texts are (b) (see below). (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development. i Table of Contents 1 Overview :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Character sets:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Initial processing ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.3 Tokenization ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 1.4 The preprocessing language :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 2 Header Files::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.1 Include Syntax ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.2 Include Operation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 2.3 Search Path :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.4 Once-Only Headers::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 2.5 Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
Getting Started with Nxopen
Getting Started with NX Open Update January 2019 © 2019 Siemens Product Lifecycle Management Software Inc. All rights reserved. Unrestricted Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................... 1 Chapter 8: Simple Solids and Sheets ............... 64 What Is NX Open .............................................................................................. 1 Creating Primitive Solids ........................................................................... 64 Purpose of this Guide ..................................................................................... 1 Sections ............................................................................................................. 65 Where To Go From Here ............................................................................... 1 Extruded Bodies ............................................................................................ 67 Other Documentation .................................................................................... 2 Revolved Bodies ............................................................................................ 68 Example Code .................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 9: Object Properties & Methods .......... 69 Chapter 2: Using the NX Journal Editor ............. 4 NXObject Properties .................................................................................... 69 System Requirement — The .NET Framework .................................. -
Programming Project 5: User-Level Processes
Project 5 Operating Systems Programming Project 5: User-Level Processes Due Date: ______________________________ Project Duration: One week Overview and Goal In this project, you will explore user-level processes. You will create a single process, running in its own address space. When this user-level process executes, the CPU will be in “user mode.” The user-level process will make system calls to the kernel, which will cause the CPU to switch into “system mode.” Upon completion, the CPU will switch back to user mode before resuming execution of the user-level process. The user-level process will execute in its own “logical address space.” Its address space will be broken into a number of “pages” and each page will be stored in a frame in memory. The pages will be resident (i.e., stored in frames in physical memory) at all times and will not be swapped out to disk in this project. (Contrast this with “virtual” memory, in which some pages may not be resident in memory.) The kernel will be entirely protected from the user-level program; nothing the user-level program does can crash the kernel. Download New Files The files for this project are available in: http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~harry/Blitz/OSProject/p5/ Please retain your old files from previous projects and don’t modify them once you submit them. You should get the following files: Switch.s Runtime.s System.h System.c Page 1 Project 5 Operating Systems List.h List.c BitMap.h BitMap.c makefile FileStuff.h FileStuff.c Main.h Main.c DISK UserRuntime.s UserSystem.h UserSystem.c MyProgram.h MyProgram.c TestProgram1.h TestProgram1.c TestProgram2.h TestProgram2.c The following files are unchanged from the last project and you should not modify them: Switch.s Runtime.s System.h System.c -- except HEAP_SIZE has been modified List.h List.c BitMap.h BitMap.c The following files are not provided; instead you will modify what you created in the last project. -
PYTHON NOTES What Is Python?
PYTHON NOTES What is Python? Python is a popular programming language. It was created in 1991 by Guido van Rossum. It is used for: web development (server-side), software development, mathematics, system scripting. What can Python do? Python can be used on a server to create web applications. Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files. Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex mathematics. Python can be used for production-ready software development. Why Python? Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc). Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language. Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than some other programming languages. Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick. Good to know The most recent major version of Python is Python 3, which we shall be using in this tutorial. However, Python 2, although not being updated with anything other than security updates, is still quite popular. Python Syntax compared to other programming languages Python was designed to for readability, and has some similarities to the English language with influence from mathematics. Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses. Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose. Python Install Many PCs and Macs will have python already installed. -
Variables and Calculations
¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¢ ¤ ¦ § ¨ © © § ¦ © § © ¦ £ £ © § ! 3 VARIABLES AND CALCULATIONS Now you’re ready to learn your first ele- ments of Python and start learning how to solve programming problems. Although programming languages have myriad features, the core parts of any programming language are the instructions that perform numerical calculations. In this chapter, we’ll explore how math is performed in Python programs and learn how to solve some prob- lems using only mathematical operations. ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¢ ¤ ¦ § ¨ © © § ¦ © § © ¦ £ £ © § ! Sample Program Let’s start by looking at a very simple problem and its Python solution. PROBLEM: THE TOTAL COST OF TOOTHPASTE A store sells toothpaste at $1.76 per tube. Sales tax is 8 percent. For a user-specified number of tubes, display the cost of the toothpaste, showing the subtotal, sales tax, and total, including tax. First I’ll show you a program that solves this problem: toothpaste.py tube_count = int(input("How many tubes to buy: ")) toothpaste_cost = 1.76 subtotal = toothpaste_cost * tube_count sales_tax_rate = 0.08 sales_tax = subtotal * sales_tax_rate total = subtotal + sales_tax print("Toothpaste subtotal: $", subtotal, sep = "") print("Tax: $", sales_tax, sep = "") print("Total is $", total, " including tax.", sep = ") Parts of this program may make intuitive sense to you already; you know how you would answer the question using a calculator and a scratch pad, so you know that the program must be doing something similar. Over the next few pages, you’ll learn exactly what’s going on in these lines of code. For now, enter this program into your Python editor exactly as shown and save it with the required .py extension. Run the program several times with different responses to the question to verify that the program works. -
CS 0449: Introduction to Systems Software
CS 0449: Introduction to Systems Software Jonathan Misurda Computer Science Department University of Pittsburgh [email protected] http://www.cs.pitt.edu/∼jmisurda Version 3, revision 1 Last modified: July 27, 2017 at 1:33 P.M. Copyright © 2017 by Jonathan Misurda This text is meant to accompany the course CS 0449 at the University of Pittsburgh. Any other use, commercial or otherwise, is prohibited without permission of the author. All rights reserved. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation. This reference is dedicated to the students of CS 0449, Fall 2007 (2081). Their patience in dealing with a changing course and feedback on the first version of this text was greatly appreciated. Contents Contents i List of Figures v List of Code Listings vii Preface ix 1 Pointers 1 1.1 Basic Pointers . 2 1.1.1 Fundamental Operations . 2 1.2 Passing Pointers to Functions . 4 1.3 Pointers, Arrays, and Strings . 5 1.3.1 Pointer Arithmetic . 6 1.4 Terms and Definitions . 7 2 Variables: Scope & Lifetime 8 2.1 Scope and Lifetime in C . 9 2.1.1 Global Variables . 11 2.1.2 Automatic Variables . 12 2.1.3 Register variables . 13 2.1.4 Static Variables . 13 2.1.5 Volatile Variables . 16 2.2 Summary Table . 17 2.3 Terms and Definitions . 17 ii Contents 3 Compiling & Linking: From Code to Executable 19 3.1 The Stages of Compilation . 19 3.1.1 The Preprocessor . 20 3.1.2 The Compiler . 21 3.1.3 The Linker . 22 3.2 Executable File Formats . -
A Simple, Possibly Correct LR Parser for C11 Jacques-Henri Jourdan, François Pottier
A Simple, Possibly Correct LR Parser for C11 Jacques-Henri Jourdan, François Pottier To cite this version: Jacques-Henri Jourdan, François Pottier. A Simple, Possibly Correct LR Parser for C11. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), ACM, 2017, 39 (4), pp.1 - 36. 10.1145/3064848. hal-01633123 HAL Id: hal-01633123 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01633123 Submitted on 11 Nov 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 14 A simple, possibly correct LR parser for C11 Jacques-Henri Jourdan, Inria Paris, MPI-SWS François Pottier, Inria Paris The syntax of the C programming language is described in the C11 standard by an ambiguous context-free grammar, accompanied with English prose that describes the concept of “scope” and indicates how certain ambiguous code fragments should be interpreted. Based on these elements, the problem of implementing a compliant C11 parser is not entirely trivial. We review the main sources of difficulty and describe a relatively simple solution to the problem. Our solution employs the well-known technique of combining an LALR(1) parser with a “lexical feedback” mechanism. It draws on folklore knowledge and adds several original as- pects, including: a twist on lexical feedback that allows a smooth interaction with lookahead; a simplified and powerful treatment of scopes; and a few amendments in the grammar.