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GIPE-022752-Contents.Pdf (351.2Kb) A DEMOCRACY OF THE NORTH HELSINKI FINLAND .A DEMOCRACY OF THE NORTH SJU,ECTED A:RTJCLES FROM THE PINI.AND YJU.Jt BOOK, 1,47 :MF.RCATORIN KIRJAPAINO JA KUSTANNUS OY HELSINKI tH7 Printed in Fi11land Printed by OV. TII.GMANN AB. Htl;;inki 1917 PREFACE As a consequence of the Second World War, most European nations are passing through difficulties of both political and eco­ noiDlc nature. Finland constitutes no exception to this general rule. In her case it is a fact, however, that the framework of her political · structure, as molded by centuries of experience and development, proved capable of withstAnding the strain and hardships of two wars. The Constitution she gave herself in 1919 stands intrinsically intact, and the Finnish democracy faces the postwar tasks of rehabilitation convinced of the soundness of its principles. Two treaties agreed upon by Finland and the nations against whom she found herself engaged in war, viz. the Peace Treaty signed in Moscow on March t2, 19,0, and the Peace Treaty signed in Paris on February 10, t9,7, govern Finland's position as an independent republic. The Finnish people· see in a faithful and scrupulous fulfilment on their part of the obligations laid down in these documents a guarantee for Finland's future existence and security. By so doing they hope to further also the best interests of all peoples aspiring to a durable Solution of problems left by a devastating war. The working of Finnish del:nocracy and the international position of Finland as defined in the above-mentioned instruments constitute the main theme of this booklet. The articles contained hereinafter are selected from those appearing in the Finland Year Book, t% 7. In publishing them under a separate cover the Publisher hopes to render a service to students seeking information on Finland's political life and present position as a member of the Family of Nations. CONTENTS I Territory, Frontiers and Population, by Helmer Smeds, Ph. D., Professor. at the Swedish School of com- merce at Helsinki ....... ; : ... .. .. •... .. .. .. .. •• .. •.. • .. •.. .9 II The Historical Background of Finnish Democracy, by Arvid Enckell, Ph. D. ·.................................... 16 III The Republic of Finland, Its Political and Administrative Structure, by Ensio Hiitonen, LL.D. ..................... 27 IV The Parliamentary System in Finland, by Sven Lind- man, Ph. D., Professor at Abo Academy ................. : 55 V Damages and Loss of Life caused by the War in 19U-· 1945, by T. V. Viljanen, Colonel .................. :........ 61 VI The Peace Treaties Concluded by Finland in 1940 and 1947, by Urho Toivola, :M. A. .............................. 65 VII Finland's War Reparation Payments, by 'Lauri Kivinen, Chairman of the Delegation for Reparation Industries 73 APPENDICES I Form of Government Act of Finland ........................ 81 II Treaty of Peac~ between The Republic of Finland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1940 ......... 101 III Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Finland, 1941 ........... : ........................ 107 INDEX ..................................................................... 131 INDEX Aaland, 12, t3 Armistice Agreement, of Sept. t 9, Aaland Islanders, privileges of, 50 1944, 34, 35, u. 65, 67, 68, Aaland Islands, 49; rights of 6t 7t 7t 7t 7t 80 minorities in, 49;' self-govern­ Army, 63, 69 ment of, 49-50 Assize areas, 38 Aaland Sea, 11 Athletics, Committee for, 42 Accidents, in Government work, U Atlantic Ocean, 9, t 0 Advocate, right to act as, 40 Atomic weapon, 69 Agricultural population, 15 Australia, 65 Agriculture, Board of 43 Authorities, ecclesiastical, t8 Aero Company, 43 Autocratic power, period of, 21 Air Ioree, 69 Autonomy, provincial, 18; of rural Air senices, monopoly of, 43 and urban communes, 25 Alaska, 9 Albania, tt Baltic, 10, tt Alcohol Monopoly Company. H Bank Inspection, U Alexander I, 24 Bank of Finland. 31 Alexander II, 24 tBig Thfee Pactt, 36 . Alexander III, 25 Bills, relating to tu:ation and Alexander III, the Pope, 16 loans, 31; Government, 31, 32; Allied and Associated Powers, 65, Members', 31 66, 68, 70, 71 Bishop's Chapter, 40, 50 Allied Control Commission, 72 Bishops, 51 Allied Control Council for Ger- Board many, 70 of Agriculture, 43; of Education, Allied forces, 7t U; of Forestry, 43; of Magistra­ Allied nations, 72 tes, 38, 48; of Navigation, 43; Amnesty, general, 28 of Posts and Telegraphs, 43; Archbishop, 51 of Publle Health, 42; of Rail­ Archipelago. of Turku. U ways. 43; of Roads and Water­ Arctic Circle, 9 ways, 43 Arctic Ocean, tO, 66 Bogskll.r, tt Area. of Finland. to, 66; ceded Bothnia, U to the Soviet Union. 62, 66 Budget, 31, 36 Armed forces, 28; right of Fin­ Building Board. 43 land to maintain. 68 69 Building Inspection, 46 13f Bulgaria, 66, 68 maxim, 55; republican, 55; Burghers, class of, 19, 20, 23 dualism in, 57 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re­ Council of Ministers, see Council public, 65 of State Council of State, 27, 55, 56 Canada, Finnish emigrants in, 15, Council of the Realm, 20, 22 65 Courts Canon Law, 18 of justice, 20; of law, 27; of Capital, Swedish-speaking element appeal, 22, 3<}-40; rural district, . in, 12; Jews in, i3 23, 44; incidental, 27; circuit, Carelia, 10 38; land division, 40; municipal, Carelian (Karelian) Isthmus, 66 38-39; Supreme of Justice, Censorship, 24.' 52 22, 38-U; Supreme Admi­ Census, returns in 1940, 11; of nistrative, 38, 40, U; military, Sweden-Finland, in 1749, 12 40; Civil Service High, 40; Chancellor of Justice, 36 38, 40, State Court, 41 53 ' Crown. prerogatives of, 21 Charles XI, 21 Customs duties, 31 Charles XII, 21 Customs Office, 42 Christopher, 20 Czar-regime, 55 Chydenius, Anders, 24 Czechoslovakia, 65 Circuit Courts, 38, 48 Circuits, 38 Declaration, of independence, 26 City executive, 47 Democracy, 23, 26; of ancient Civic Mayor, 38 Finns, 18 Civic rights, 20; inviolability of, 23 Democratic principles, application Civil servants, 36, 40 of, 2G-21 Civll Service High Court, 40, 41 Denmark, 11 Civil War,. 33, 45 Density, of population, 11 Clergy, order or, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23 Diet, 20, 22, 27, 28, 33; of the Climate, .g Four Estates, 20, 23; legislative Coalition ministries, 59 power surrendered to the King, Coalition' Party, 33-35, 58 20; of Porvoo (Borga) 2~; not Coast line, 11 convened during reign of Nicho­ College, of electors, 27; of Peda· las II, 2'•: convened in 1863, gogics, 42 25; and new constitutional law, Colonization, 12, 40. 43; Boards, 40 26; powers of, 27; and the Commercial schools, 44 President, 28; assembles an­ Committees, parliamentary, 30 nually, 30; extraordinary ses­ Communal sions, 30; members' right of autonomy, 25; board, 4 7-48; initiative, 31 council, 4 7, 48; loans, 48 Displaced persons, 62 Communes, rural, 45, 46, li7-118 Disputes, among ancient Finns, Communist Party, 3/i, 35, 58 17; settlement of, 7t Congregational meetings, iO Constitution, 27; violated, 25; Era of Liberty, 2/i new, sanctioned, 26; and rights East Baltic, racial element in of citizens, 52; and labour of Finland, 13 citizens, 52; and rights of indi· East Europe, 9 viduals, 53; and parliamentary Economic Council, U 132 Education, elementary, 25, 4.2, U Finnish Eire, 11 assets in Germany, 7t; legends, Elections t 7; population, rights of, in of the President, 27; General, Swedish areas, 53 29; mode of voting at, 29-30; Finnish People's Democratic Lea· nomination of candidates, 29; gue (SKDL). 35, 36, 38 date of, 30; municipal and Finns, racial characteristics of, 13; communal, (t5, (t7; in Aaland christianization of, 16; religious Island.q, U; of clergymen, 51 life of, t 7 Elective system, of ancient Finns Foreign Affairs, minister of. 29 t 7, t 9 Foreign policy, 29, 69 Electoral Foreign Relations Committee, 9f areas, 29; law, 26; unions, 30 the Diet, 31, 37; of the Govern­ Electricity Inspection Office, (t(t ment, 37 Elementary schooL'i, U, (t6 · Forest Research Institution, U Emigrants, Finnish in the United Form of Government, controversy States, 15 over, 33 Enontekii:i, 12 Four Estates, 20, 23; rigllt of Epoch of Liberty, 21 initiative of, 21; replaced by a Eric IX, t6 single chamber, 26 Esthonia, 56 France, 60 Europe, t1 Freedom Executive decrees, 36 of conscience, 23; of thought, Exports 24; of association, U, 26, 52; control of, (t3; of metal and of trade, 25; of speech and of­ engeneering industry before the the press, 26, 52 war, 7(t Frigid Zone, 9 Frontiers, 10, 66 Factory inspection, H Fundamental Farmers' Party, 33, 58 laws, 25; freedoms, 61 Farming population, t 5 Fascists, Italian, 3(t General Strike, 25 Feudalism, t 9 Geodetical Institution, U Finance Committee, of the Govern­ Geological Commission, " ment, 31 Germans · · Finland destruction committed by, 63; climate, 9; flora and fauna, 9; damages caused by, 6(t; property people of, tO; length and width and assets of, 70, 80 of, tO; area, tO, 66; racial ele- Germany, 23, 65, 69; armed help . ments in, 13; development of from, 33; Finland in war against, settlement in, t 3; and election 61-62; tonnage eoniiscated by, of the Swedish king, 20; Swe­ 64; state of war, between Fin· dish era in, 21, 23; autonomous land and, 66; Finnish assets in, part of Russian Empire, 2(t; 71; Finnish counterclaims on, 80 relations with other powers, Good Neighbour Policy, 72 28; and Revolution in Russia, Government, 21-28, 36, 55; by 33; civil war in, 33; wars of, the people, ts: resignation of, 28; against the Soviet Union, 61- non-party, 29; loan."- 3t, 36, 62; war against Germany, 61- 38; Rills, 31, 32; responsible to 63, 65 the Diet, 36; members of, 36; 133 decrees, 36; report to the Diet, India, 65 , 36; Chancellery, 37, 42; relations Industrial districts, population of, with .
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