A DEMOCRACY OF THE NORTH

HELSINKI .A DEMOCRACY OF THE NORTH

SJU,ECTED A:RTJCLES FROM THE PINI.AND YJU.Jt BOOK, 1,47

:MF.RCATORIN KIRJAPAINO JA KUSTANNUS OY tH7 Printed in Fi11land

Printed by OV. TII.GMANN AB. Htl;;inki 1917 PREFACE

As a consequence of the Second World War, most European nations are passing through difficulties of both political and eco­ noiDlc nature. Finland constitutes no exception to this general rule. In her case it is a fact, however, that the framework of her political · structure, as molded by centuries of experience and development, proved capable of withstAnding the strain and hardships of two wars. The Constitution she gave herself in 1919 stands intrinsically intact, and the Finnish democracy faces the postwar tasks of rehabilitation convinced of the soundness of its principles. Two treaties agreed upon by Finland and the nations against whom she found herself engaged in war, viz. the Peace Treaty signed in Moscow on March t2, 19,0, and the Peace Treaty signed in Paris on February 10, t9,7, govern Finland's position as an independent republic. The Finnish people· see in a faithful and scrupulous fulfilment on their part of the obligations laid down in these documents a guarantee for Finland's future existence and security. By so doing they hope to further also the best interests of all peoples aspiring to a durable Solution of problems left by a devastating war. The working of Finnish del:nocracy and the international position of Finland as defined in the above-mentioned instruments constitute the main theme of this booklet. The articles contained hereinafter are selected from those appearing in the Finland Year Book, t% 7. In publishing them under a separate cover the Publisher hopes to render a service to students seeking information on Finland's political life and present position as a member of the Family of Nations. CONTENTS

I Territory, Frontiers and Population, by Helmer Smeds, Ph. D., Professor. at the Swedish School of com- merce at Helsinki ...... ; : ...... •...... •• .. •.. • .. •.. .9 II The Historical Background of Finnish Democracy, by Arvid Enckell, Ph. D. ·...... 16 III The Republic of Finland, Its Political and Administrative Structure, by Ensio Hiitonen, LL.D...... 27 IV The Parliamentary System in Finland, by Sven Lind- man, Ph. D., Professor at Abo Academy ...... : 55 V Damages and Loss of Life caused by the War in 19U-· 1945, by T. V. Viljanen, Colonel ...... :...... 61 VI The Peace Treaties Concluded by Finland in 1940 and 1947, by Urho Toivola, :M. A...... 65 VII Finland's War Reparation Payments, by 'Lauri Kivinen, Chairman of the Delegation for Reparation Industries 73

APPENDICES I Form of Government Act of Finland ...... 81 II Treaty of Peac~ between The Republic of Finland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1940 ...... 101 III Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Finland, 1941 ...... : ...... 107 INDEX ...... 131 INDEX

Aaland, 12, t3 Armistice Agreement, of Sept. t 9, Aaland Islanders, privileges of, 50 1944, 34, 35, u. 65, 67, 68, Aaland Islands, 49; rights of 6t 7t 7t 7t 7t 80 minorities in, 49;' self-govern­ Army, 63, 69 ment of, 49-50 Assize areas, 38 Aaland Sea, 11 Athletics, Committee for, 42 Accidents, in Government work, U Atlantic Ocean, 9, t 0 Advocate, right to act as, 40 Atomic weapon, 69 Agricultural population, 15 Australia, 65 Agriculture, Board of 43 Authorities, ecclesiastical, t8 Aero Company, 43 Autocratic power, period of, 21 Air Ioree, 69 Autonomy, provincial, 18; of rural Air senices, monopoly of, 43 and urban communes, 25 Alaska, 9 Albania, tt Baltic, 10, tt Alcohol Monopoly Company. H Bank Inspection, U Alexander I, 24 Bank of Finland. 31 Alexander II, 24 tBig Thfee Pactt, 36 . Alexander III, 25 Bills, relating to tu:ation and Alexander III, the Pope, 16 loans, 31; Government, 31, 32; Allied and Associated Powers, 65, Members', 31 66, 68, 70, 71 Bishop's Chapter, 40, 50 Allied Control Commission, 72 Bishops, 51 Allied Control Council for Ger- Board many, 70 of Agriculture, 43; of Education, Allied forces, 7t U; of Forestry, 43; of Magistra­ Allied nations, 72 tes, 38, 48; of Navigation, 43; Amnesty, general, 28 of Posts and Telegraphs, 43; Archbishop, 51 of Publle Health, 42; of Rail­ Archipelago. of Turku. U ways. 43; of Roads and Water­ Arctic Circle, 9 ways, 43 Arctic Ocean, tO, 66 Bogskll.r, tt Area. of Finland. to, 66; ceded Bothnia, U to the Soviet Union. 62, 66 Budget, 31, 36 Armed forces, 28; right of Fin­ Building Board. 43 land to maintain. 68 69 Building Inspection, 46

13f Bulgaria, 66, 68 maxim, 55; republican, 55; Burghers, class of, 19, 20, 23 dualism in, 57 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re­ Council of Ministers, see Council public, 65 of State Council of State, 27, 55, 56 Canada, Finnish emigrants in, 15, Council of the Realm, 20, 22 65 Courts Canon Law, 18 of justice, 20; of law, 27; of Capital, Swedish-speaking element appeal, 22, 3<}-40; rural district, . in, 12; Jews in, i3 23, 44; incidental, 27; circuit, Carelia, 10 38; land division, 40; municipal, Carelian (Karelian) Isthmus, 66 38-39; Supreme of Justice, Censorship, 24.' 52 22, 38-U; Supreme Admi­ Census, returns in 1940, 11; of nistrative, 38, 40, U; military, -Finland, in 1749, 12 40; Civil Service High, 40; Chancellor of Justice, 36 38, 40, State Court, 41 53 ' Crown. prerogatives of, 21 Charles XI, 21 Customs duties, 31 Charles XII, 21 Customs Office, 42 Christopher, 20 Czar-regime, 55 Chydenius, Anders, 24 Czechoslovakia, 65 Circuit Courts, 38, 48 Circuits, 38 Declaration, of independence, 26 City executive, 47 Democracy, 23, 26; of ancient Civic Mayor, 38 Finns, 18 Civic rights, 20; inviolability of, 23 Democratic principles, application Civil servants, 36, 40 of, 2G-21 Civll Service High Court, 40, 41 Denmark, 11 Civil War,. 33, 45 Density, of population, 11 Clergy, order or, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23 Diet, 20, 22, 27, 28, 33; of the Climate, .g Four Estates, 20, 23; legislative Coalition ministries, 59 power surrendered to the King, Coalition' Party, 33-35, 58 20; of Porvoo (Borga) 2~; not Coast line, 11 convened during reign of Nicho­ College, of electors, 27; of Peda· las II, 2'•: convened in 1863, gogics, 42 25; and new constitutional law, Colonization, 12, 40. 43; Boards, 40 26; powers of, 27; and the Commercial schools, 44 President, 28; assembles an­ Committees, parliamentary, 30 nually, 30; extraordinary ses­ Communal sions, 30; members' right of autonomy, 25; board, 4 7-48; initiative, 31 council, 4 7, 48; loans, 48 Displaced persons, 62 Communes, rural, 45, 46, li7-118 Disputes, among ancient Finns, Communist Party, 3/i, 35, 58 17; settlement of, 7t Congregational meetings, iO Constitution, 27; violated, 25; Era of Liberty, 2/i new, sanctioned, 26; and rights East Baltic, racial element in of citizens, 52; and labour of Finland, 13 citizens, 52; and rights of indi· East Europe, 9 viduals, 53; and parliamentary Economic Council, U

132 Education, elementary, 25, 4.2, U Finnish Eire, 11 assets in Germany, 7t; legends, Elections t 7; population, rights of, in of the President, 27; General, Swedish areas, 53 29; mode of voting at, 29-30; Finnish People's Democratic Lea· nomination of candidates, 29; gue (SKDL). 35, 36, 38 date of, 30; municipal and Finns, racial characteristics of, 13; communal, (t5, (t7; in Aaland christianization of, 16; religious Island.q, U; of clergymen, 51 life of, t 7 Elective system, of ancient Finns Foreign Affairs, minister of. 29 t 7, t 9 Foreign policy, 29, 69 Electoral Foreign Relations Committee, 9f areas, 29; law, 26; unions, 30 the Diet, 31, 37; of the Govern­ Electricity Inspection Office, (t(t ment, 37 Elementary schooL'i, U, (t6 · Forest Research Institution, U Emigrants, Finnish in the United Form of Government, controversy States, 15 over, 33 Enontekii:i, 12 Four Estates, 20, 23; rigllt of Epoch of Liberty, 21 initiative of, 21; replaced by a Eric IX, t6 single chamber, 26 Esthonia, 56 France, 60 Europe, t1 Freedom Executive decrees, 36 of conscience, 23; of thought, Exports 24; of association, U, 26, 52; control of, (t3; of metal and of trade, 25; of speech and of­ engeneering industry before the the press, 26, 52 war, 7(t Frigid Zone, 9 Frontiers, 10, 66 Factory inspection, H Fundamental Farmers' Party, 33, 58 laws, 25; freedoms, 61 Farming population, t 5 Fascists, Italian, 3(t General Strike, 25 Feudalism, t 9 Geodetical Institution, U Finance Committee, of the Govern­ Geological Commission, " ment, 31 Germans · · Finland destruction committed by, 63; climate, 9; flora and fauna, 9; damages caused by, 6(t; property people of, tO; length and width and assets of, 70, 80 of, tO; area, tO, 66; racial ele- Germany, 23, 65, 69; armed help . ments in, 13; development of from, 33; Finland in war against, settlement in, t 3; and election 61-62; tonnage eoniiscated by, of the Swedish king, 20; Swe­ 64; state of war, between Fin· dish era in, 21, 23; autonomous land and, 66; Finnish assets in, part of , 2(t; 71; Finnish counterclaims on, 80 relations with other powers, Good Neighbour Policy, 72 28; and Revolution in Russia, Government, 21-28, 36, 55; by 33; civil war in, 33; wars of, the people, ts: resignation of, 28; against the Soviet Union, 61- non-party, 29; loan."- 3t, 36, 62; war against Germany, 61- 38; Rills, 31, 32; responsible to 63, 65 the Diet, 36; members of, 36;

133 decrees, 36; report to the Diet, India, 65 , 36; Chancellery, 37, 42; relations Industrial districts, population of, with . the Diet, 37; Foreign 13 Relations Committee of. 37; Industrialization, reason of migra· · Central Offices, U-4ft, right tion, 14 to supervise local government, Institute of Technology, H ~6; temporary powers of. 52; Insurance Court, 40, H republican mode of, 56; changes Interpellation, 32 of, 59 Italy, 66, 68 Grand Committee, of the Diet, 31, 32 Judgements, criticism of, 41 Grand Consistory, of the Helsinki Judges, 38; not dismissable, 41 University, 51 Judicature, independence of, 41 of Finland, 55 Judicial Burgomaster, 38 of Finland, 56 Judicial system, 38-4 t Great Britain, 57, 62, 65, 71, 72 Jurors, 38 Greek Orthodox population, 10; church, t3 , H Greenland, 9 Kemi, tti GuH of Finland, 1.1, 12, 66 Kuolajarvi, 66 GuH of Bothnia, 10, 11, 12, 18 , province of, t 0 Gustavus III, 2t, 22, 2~ , 10 Gustavus Wasa, 22 Kuusankoski, H Guttorm, J arl, 16 Kymi River, 12, 14 Kii.kisalmi. 66

Hall-mark Office, ~~ Labour Movement, birth of, 25 Handicrafts, population in, 15 I,abour Party, 25 Hanko (Hango), to, 66 Ladoga, 13 Helsinki, Russians in, 12; Uni- Lahti,H versity of, 51, 52 Lake Plateau, 12 Henry, Archbishop, 16 Land reform, 40 Holy Father, t6 · Language quarrel, and political Human rights, 67 parties, 25 Hungaria, 66, 68 Lappeenranta, 1 ~. Hydrographical Institution, 43 Lapps, 12; Koltta-L. 13 I,apland, province of. 10. 63 Iceland, it LapuaMovement, 3~. 53, 57, 58,59 IKL, see Patriotic People's Move- Law, of 1734, 20; of the Country, ment 20, 21. 23 nomantsi, 10 I,eague of Nations, 49, 50, 611 Imatra, 14 Leftist party, 33, M Imports Liberal Party, swedish, 34 control of, 53; of metal and Liberalism, 18, 24 engeneering industry before the Libertv, Era of, 24 war, 75 Libraries Commission, 42 Inari, 10, 12 Licence Commission, ll3 Independence Lieksa, 14 of courts of justice, 23; of Fin­ Local government, H-48; ex­ . land, proclaimed, 26 penditure of, controlled by Government, 4 7; funds, 4S; New Zealand, 65 expenditure, 48 Nicholas I, 24 Lutheran Church, 23, 50, 51, 52 Nicholas II. 25 Nobility, class of, 19, 20, 23 Market towns, 14 North America, Arctic archipela- Meat Inspection, 43 goes of. 9 Mechelin, I,eo, 55 Norway, 9, tO, 11 Medical service, 42 Merchant mar1ne, 62, 75 Oath, of Czars, broken, 25 Meteorological Institution, 43 Officials Migration, of Finns to Aaland appointed by the President, 28; Islands, ~9 authority of, 38 Modem Democracy, principles of, Old Finn Party, 33 included in the Constitution, 26 , province of, t 0 Military courts, 40 Oulu River, 62 Mine clearance, 69 Outokumpu, 14 Minister-Socialism, 59 Ministers, number of, 36; responsi­ Paasikivi. J. K., 71 bility of. 37; impeachment, of, Parliamentary reform, 33 40 Parliamentary system, 55-60 Ministries, 36, 37 Parliament, 27, 55-56; and Ministry treaties, 28; composition of, 29; of Agriculture, 36, 43; of Finan­ comlnittees of, 30; dissolution of, ce, 36, 42; of Defence, 36; of 30; and taxation. 56 Education, 36, U; for Foreign Passive rr.sistance, 25 Affairs, 36; of Interior, 36, 42; Patriotic Peovte's Movement, 34- of Justice, 36, 42; for Social 35, 58 Affairs, 36, 44; of Supply, 36, Paymaster General, U 37; of Trade and Industry, 36; Peace, of Moscow, 65, 67; of of Transport and Public Works, Paris, 65 36, 43 Peasantry, class of, 20, 23 Minnesota, 11 People's Institutes, 42 Monarchy, idel\ of, 33 Permanent Court of International Most-favoured-nation treatment, Justice, 68 71 Petsamo, t 0, 66 Municipal Political parties, 2~. 25, 33-36, 58 councils, 38, 47, i8; courts, Political Police, U 38-39, 47 Popular assembly, of ancient Municipalities, 1,5, U Finns, t 1, 22 Muonio River, tO Population, tO, H-12; of sur­ Markii.jarvi, 66 rendered areas, t3; of towns, ti; in rural districts, ti, 15; in National Coalition Party, see different occupations, t5 Coalition Party Porkkala, tO, 67 National Progrf'ssive Party, see Postal Savings Bank. U Progressive Party Potsdam Agreement, 80 National minority, Swedish, U President of the Republic, 27, National representation. 55 51. li6, 68; term of, 27; powers Navy, 69 o£, 27, 28, 36; Commander-in­ Nazis, 34 Chief, 28; and foreign policy,

135 29; impeachment of, 29, U; 50-51; of Helsinki t'ninrsity independent power of, 51 51-52 Priests, nomination of, 19 Senate, U, 55, 56 Prime minister, 36, 37, 55 Serfdom, 19 Privileges, of Aaland Islanders, 50. Settlement, development of. 13 Progressive Party, 33-35, 58 Sheriff, 45 Property rights Siberia, 9 of Finland and Finnish natio­ SKDI,, see Finnish People's De- nals, in German tenitory, 70; mocratic League of United Nations and nationals, Small Farmers' Party, 33 in Finland\ 70 Social-Democratic Party, 33, 3~. 35 Proportional representation, .29 Social-Democrats, 33-35, 58. 59 Provinces, 46 Socialism. 58 Provincial , 38, 42, 45, Socialist left. 57-58 u. 51 Socialist l~nity Party, 35, 58 Public prosecutor, 39 Solicitor General, 40, 53 Purchasing Centre, State, U Soviet Union, 9, to. 11. t2, 65, 68, 77. 78, 79, 80; lease of Pork­ Region81 assemblies, 20 kala to, 10; wars against, 61, Religion, 13, 16 62; areas ceded to 62, 66; transit Reparations, 65, 69-70, 73-77 rights granted to, 67; losses Responsibility, of ministers, 55 caused to 69; restitution of Restoration deliveries, 79 property to, 10; German as.qets, Rights in Finland, transferred to, 70, of citizens, 52-M; of minority 71; compensation for damage in Aaland Islands, 49 caused by Finland, 73 Riksdag, 20, 21, 22 Speaker, 30, 32 Roman Church, 16, 17, 18, 23 Stamp and Exciqe Duty Office, 42 Romanoffs, 23 Sredni Peninsula, 66 Rovaniemi, 14, 62, 63 Stalin; Generalissimo, 76 Rumania, 66, 68 State Court, U ·Russian Empire, 20, 2~. 55 State Insurance Office, 40 Russian era, 56 State Russians, in Finland, 12 ideal shape of, to; auditors, 31; Rnssification, policy of. 25 e.cpenditure, 49; Licence Com­ Russo-Japanese War, 25 mission, ~a; Purchasing Centre, Ryhacbi Peninsula, 66 H; Techniral Researrh Insti· Ryti, Risto, 29 tute, H; technical institute!!, 4~; Accident Office, i4; super· Saimaa, canal tt; lake, tt vision of local government, 46. Salla, to 47 Sanitation, 46 Statistical Head Office, 42 Scandinavia, 9 Statute Book, 37 Schools, S~hlberg, K. J., 28 elementary, ~2. 46; secondary, Suffrage · 42; commercial, U; trade, U; communal, of women, 25; poli· in Aaland Islands, ~ 9 tical, · 25; universal, 26, 29; Self-government reform, 33; local, 45 local, n, 26," 45; of Aaland Suojiirvi, 61 Islands, 49-50; ecclesiastical, Svento, R., 72

136 Supreme Court, 28, 38-U United Nations, 65, 66, 68, 69, Supreme Administrative Court, 70, 71 38, u United States, 15, 62 Sweden, ~ tO, 18, 49; Feudalism University of Helsinki, 42 in, 19; Finland united with. 20; Upsala, Archbishop of, t6 freedom inviolable in, 23; judi­ Urban districts, 46, 48 cial system of Finland, heritage Utsjok.i. 10, 12 from, 38 Sweden-Finland, Kingdom of, 18; Vaasa, 12, province of, t3 election of King, 20, 22; King's , H Council, 20; powers of King, 21, Viipuri, province of, tO :.!2 Virmajarvi, t 0 Swedish Voikka, H minority, t2; episcopate, t 7; Vote era, 20-21; left, 3~; Liberal right to. among artclent. Finns, Party, 34; population, rights of, t 7; of confidence, 32; of censure, 52 55 Swedish People's Party, 33 Voters' Committee, 30 Switzerland, t 1 Vuoksenniska, H Vuoksi River, U, H Tainionkoski, U Taxation, 2t, 31; local, 45, U; War church, 51 of 1808-1809, 24; Rus.'lo-Japa­ Taxes, special, in time of war, 21 nese, 25; Finland's, against the Technical Research Institute, 44 Soviet Union, 6t-64; against Teno River, tO Germany, 61, 63; lives lost in, Tornio River, 1 0 61; damages raused by, 62; Towns, population in, 12, U, crimes, 68 Treaty of Moscow, 65, 66 War Responsibility Tribunal, U Treaty of Paris, 65-66, 67, 68, Weimar Constitution, 56 71; debate on, 72, 78 Western Hemisphere, 72 Turku, province and archipelago White Rea, to of, t2 World War I. 55, 61. 65 World War II, 57, 65, 68 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Re· public, 65 Vl!vuoksi. U Union of South Africa, 65 Young Finnish Party, 33

137