Research Paper Common Cultivated Medicinal and Aromatic Plants And

Research Paper

Common cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants and their traditional uses in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand, India

Accepted 26th February, 2018

ABSTRACT

Cultivated flora is equally important on account of our dependency on it for food, shelter, medicine, ecosystem services, aesthetic enjoyment and cultural identity. Exotic plants may be introduced to a new place by human activity either deliberately or accidentally, where they do not naturally occur. A survey of such plants was conducted in Pantnagar area of Uttarakhand State. The present paper deals with the study of 87 cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants of Tarai belt of Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand. Currently, medicinal plants are of great interest due to pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritional applications. In the present study, Sumita Rana1* and Smriti Raj Verma2 a comprehensive list of such plants was made with the information on common names, scientific name, family, utility and habit etc based on exploration of exotic 1Department of Biological Sciences, cultivated medicinal plants in the entire area of Pantnagar in different seasons. College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant, India. The results indicate that leaf is predominantly a used plant part followed by roots, 2University of Agriculture and tubers and rhizomes. The indigenous community prefers these plants as home Technology, Pantnagar - 263145, remedy against fever, skin problems, leucorrhoea, rheumatism, headache and Uttarakhand, India. indigestion, etc.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Keywords: Exotic flora, medicinal plants, cultivated, Pantnagar.

INTRODUCTION

Exotic plants are plants introduced to new areas by human more than 3.3 billion people in the less developed countries activity either deliberately or accidentally. These plants are utilize medicinal plants in their daily life for the treatment considered as non-native, non-indigenous, aliens or exotic of various diseases. Therefore, these medicinal plants are where they do not naturally occur. Medicinal plants are the backbone of the traditional medicine system (Davidson- those plants which are used in various traditional and Hunt, 2000). Exotic medicinal and aromatic plants are the official systems of medicine (Maiti and Geetha, 2008). Due rich resources of drugs development and their synthesis to their pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritional value, (Singh, 2015). Besides their drug preparation property, large numbers of plants are grouped into medicinal plant these plants play a key role in the development of human (Anselem, 2004). Exotic medicinal and aromatic plants play culture worldwide. Along with medicinal property these very significant roles in daily life needs by fulfilling various plants have special aroma and flavor and make them a needs in innumerable forms. Besides providing medicines, special class of plants as aromatic plants (Maiti and Geetha, these exotic medicinal and aromatic plants are treated as 2008). Most of these exotic medicinal and aromatic plants alternatives to traditional crops with species in high are exclusively used for medicinal preparations in demand in the international market. aromatherapy and also produce some important essential Medicinal and aromatic plants play important roles in oils which are used in perfumery. contributing to WHO goal of ensuring sustainable socio- Cultivated exotic plant species have risen through human economic productive life to all the people of the world actions such as selection or breeding and depend on (Hoareau and DaSilva, 1999). It has been observed that management for their existence, Aloe barbadensis being one Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Rana and Verma. 017

example (Cowley, 2002). Exotic medicinal and aromatic University Herbarium Pantnagar (GBPUH) and various sites plants are the real wealth of nation and serve as raw like eflorapantnagar (Rawat and Rao, 2015) were accessed. materials for many medicine preparation industries (Shakya, 2016). Dixit and Huma (2010) mentioned that medicinal and aromatic plants also have antioxidant Study area potential. This property makes them a rich resource of drug making and developing ingredients. The study area is the campus of G. B. Pant University of Medicinal plants have several characteristics when used Agriculture and Technology having a perimeter of 28.52 km as a drug, some of which are: and 10,000 acres of land area. It is the first Agriculture University of India established on 17th November, 1960 by Synergic medicine: All the possible negative effects get the first Prime Minister of India, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. The neutralized, or damaged with the use of different University area is spread in an area of 12,661 acres (51.24 ingredients of plants when simultaneously interacted km2) which makes it the second largest university in the (Singh, 2015). world, in terms of continuous area. This University has been a nucleus of Agriculture research in India and credited Supports of official medicine: The components of plants as “Harbinger of Green Revolution” in India. In Pantnagar are very effective in the treatment of complex diseases like area, natural stands of Tarai forest vegetation are cancer (Singh, 2015). completely removed for cultivation or activities related with urbanization. As such this area presents a good Preventive medicine: These plants have the ability to example of removal of native flora. prevent the occurrence of some diseases by helping in reducing the use of chemicals during treatment of disease. In this way we can say that by reducing the side effects of Plant collection, processing and uses synthetic medicines, these plants act as preventive medicines (Rasool, 2012). Plant collections are primary requirement in a study of medicinal plant flora of any region. These plant specimens WHO has also advocated the use of herbal medicines for were collected from different areas of Pantnagar with primary healthcare (Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001). flowers and fruits to facilitate easier identification. The About 11% of the 252 drugs are obtained from plants and plant specimens which were collected from different areas WHO recognized herbal medicine as essential component of are being maintained with proper notes like date and time health care (Taylor, 2000). Instead of taking medicines in of collection, location and uses by natives etc. For form of pills, the use of medicinal plants is being reported preparation of herbarium specimens the method suggested worldwide (Ajero and Mbagwu, 2005). by Radford (1986) was followed. The present work aims at identifying the medicinal and The information regarding medicinal uses of the plants aromatic plants and documenting the traditional use of identified was collected by the author in different surveys medicinal and aromatic plant species in the Terai belt of from local residents of the area. The information was also Uttarakhand, India. This will further create serious cross checked from the literature available at Medicinal awareness on a better method of preparing and Plant Research and Development Center of G.B. Pant administering these medicines, the importance of medicinal University of Agriculture and Technology. plants and the need for domestication of medicinal and aromatic plants. UNESCO (1996) observed that medicinal and aromatic plants are used as traditional medicines by RESULTS AND DISSCUSION most of developing countries as their basis for maintenance of better health. In the present study, eighty-seven (87) species of cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants were collected. These eighty- seven (87) species belong to eighty-two (82) genera and MATERIALS AND METHODS forty-one (41) families. These plants are being potentially used by the people in curing different human ailments The present work involves exploration of exotic flora in the (Table 1). Out of the forty-one (41) families, Fabaceae is entire area of Pantnagar in different seasons. The found ethnomedicinally dominant with eighteen (18) information was collected from Medicinal Plant Research species used in various ailments, followed by Apocynaceae and Development Center (MRDC) of the G.B. Pant and Lamiaceae (5 species), Asteraceae and Malvaceae (4 University of Agriculture and Technology. For the species), respecetively, as shown in Table 2. identification and compilation of the information, previous At the present scenario, India has unique place in the floristic literatures and reports of flowering plants of world having very good traditional systems of medicine, Pantnagar, herbarium specimens available in G.B. Pant that is, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga and Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Rana and Verma. 018

Table 1: List of medicinal and aromatic plants along with their uses.

S/No. Common / Sanskrit name Scientific name Family Parts used Uses 1 Lata kasturi Kasturilatika Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Malvaceae Seed Carminative, tonic, stimulant 2 Ulatkambal, Pishachkarpas Abroma augusta (L.) L.f. Malvaceae Root, bark Uterine tonic, irregular menstruation 3 Kattha, Khair Khadir Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Fabaceae Bark Skin disease, dental disorder, cough, blood purifier 4 Shikakai Saptala Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC. Fabaceae Leaves, bark, wood Sedative, liver tonic, blood purifier, dysentery, galactogogue 5 Acalypha Muktavarcha Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Skin disease, snakebite, toothache 6 Achilia, Yarrow Achillea millefolium L. Asteraceae Leaves, flowers Dysentery, fever, wound healing 7 White Sirish Kinihi Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae Bark Rheumatism, Hemorrhages 8 Pyaj Palandu Allium cepa L Amaryllidaceae Bulbs Anti periodic, asthma, bleeding piles, high B.P. 9 Lehsun Lashun Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Bulb, leaves Aphrodisiac, digestive, ear ache, antiseptic, cough, asthma 10 Aloe Kumari Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Xanthorrhoeaceae Leaf juice, roots Skin disease, jaundice, joint pain, menstrual problem 11 Choulai Tanduleey Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Seed, leaves, root Diarrhea, seminal debility, leucorrhoea 12 Maleriabooti Artemisia annua L. Asteraceae Whole plant Cerebral malaria, fever 13 Katahal Panas Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Seed, fruit, leaves Toothache 14 Neem Nimb Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Meliaceae Stem bark, leaves Fever, skin disease 15 Safed kachnar/ kairal Bauhinia acuminata L. Fabaceae Bark, leaves, root Bladder stone, asthma, burns, snake poison 16 Kachnar Kanchnar Bauhinia variegata L. Fabaceae Bark, root, seed Worms, piles, diarrhea, skin disease 17 Sinduri Sinduree Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Root, bark, seed Antipyretic, fever, gonorrhea 18 Punarnava Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Whole plant Diuretic, jaundice, stimulant, anemia, bronchitis 19 Sarso, Shalgam Brassica rapa L. Brassicaceae Seed, oil Worms, leprosy, leucoderma, dental disorder 20 Dhak Palash Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Bark, flower, seed, gum Anthelmintic, dysentery, scabies, piles 21 Madar Alark Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Apocynaceae Stem, bark, leaves Leprosy, dysentery, hysteria, asthma, paralysis, earache 22 Chilli Katuveera Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae Fruit Arthritis, flatulence, cough, fever 23 Papaya Arandkarkati Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Fruit, latex Skin disease, bronchitis, induce abortion 24 Karonda Karmard Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Fruit, root Liver, anthalmintic 25 Pili Kanerm Karveer Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae Bark, seed Tincture, cathartic, purgative, abortifacient 26 Amaltas Aragwadh Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Fruit pulp, leaves, flowers Skin infection, constipation, dengue fever 27 Raatki rani Cestrum nocturnum L. Solanaceae Arial part Diuretic, spasmolytic, hypotensive 28 Bathua Vastukbhed Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae Leaves, seeds Anthelmintic, antipyretic, stomachic 29 Chana Chanak Cicer arietinum L. Fabaceae Leaves, seeds Nutritive, aphrodisiac, sprain 30 Camphor Karpoor Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae Oilfrom seed Fever, measles, whopping Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. 31 Tejpatta naleeka Lauraceae Leaves, bark oil Carminative, colic and diarrhea, diuretic, astringent Nees&Eberm. 32 Nimboo Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae Fruits Vit-C, small pox, bleeding gums 33 Haldi Haridra Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Antiseptic, skin allergy, viral hepatitis 34 Shisham Shinshapa Dalbergia sissoo DC. Fabaceae Roots, leaves, bark Gonorrhea, opthalmopathy, dysentery, bronchitis 35 Datura Dhattoor Datura metel L. Solanaceae Seed, leaf Asthma, cough, ear ache, gout 36 Carrot Grinjan Daucus carota L. Apiaceae Roots, seeds Hyper acidity, cardiac debility, aphrodisiac, diuretic 37 Gulmohar Krisnnachooda Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Leguminosae Flowers Dysmenorrhoea 38 Rudraksha Rudrakshabhed Elaeocarpus serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae Seed, bark Typhoid, headache, syphilis Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Rana and Verma. 019

Table 1 Continuation: List of medicinal and aromatic plants along with their uses.

S/No. Common / Sanskrit name Scientific name Family Parts used Uses 39 Eucalyptus Tailparni Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Leaves and oil Cleanser, aromatic 40 Dudhi Dugdhikabhed Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Bronchial infection, asthma, dysentery, cough, leprosy 41 Nari-Hing Hingupatrika Gardenia gummifera L.f. Rubiaceae Gum Worms, stomach problems, diarrhea 42 Mulethi Madhuyashtika Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae Root Tonic, expectorant, demulcent Menstrual problems, leucorrhoea, galactogogue, blood 43 Kapas Karpas Gossypium herbaceum L. Malvaceae Root, leaves, seeds dysentery 44 Silver oak Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Proteaceae Root and wood Diuretic, activate Central Nervous System, spasmolytic 45 Kapoor kachri Shatti Hedychium spicatum Sm. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Vomiting, bronchial asthma, hiccups 46 Sunflower Suryavart Helianthus annuus L. Asteraceae Roots, leaves, flower, seed Malaria, aphrodisiac, anemia, bronchitis 47 Gurhal Japa Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Root, leaves, flower Cough, fever, antifungal, antiviral, anti-spasmodic 48 Mogra Mallika Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton Oleaceae Flower, leaves, roots Aphrodisiac, wound healing, anti inflammatory 49 Jatropha Vyaghrerandbhed Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Seed, stem bark Cancer (Jatrophin), scurvy 50 Menhdi Maydantika Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Leaf, root Asthma, cough, bleeding piles, colic pain, dysentery 51 Champa (Kusum) Champak Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre Magnoliaceae Whole plant Regulation of Menstruation Cycle, root juice causes abortion Fruit, seed, pulp, stem bark, 52 Aam Amra Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Breath problem, stomach roots, leaves 53 Chiku Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Sapotaceae Bark, seeds, fruit Vitamin-A,C,E, Iron 54 Nagkesar Nagkesar Mesua ferrea L. Calophyllaceae Flower, fruit, seed Bleeding piles, indigestion, urinary disease, headache 55 Lajwanti Lajjalu Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Root, seed, leaves Piles, diarrhea, cough 56 Maulsari Bakul Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Bark, flower, fruit Wound delivery, increases fertility in women 57 Karela Karvalli Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Spleen and lever disease, diarrhea, high B.P. 58 Karipatta Saurabh Nimb Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Root, leaf Leprosy, flatulence, dysentery, stomachache 59 Kamini Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Root, bark, leaf Astringent, skin disease, cough, diabetes 60 Kadamb Kadamb Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Rubiaceae Bark Tonic, Febrifuge 61 Kalkaner Karveer Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Leaves, fruit, bark Cardio tonic, diuretic, skin disease 62 Van tulsi Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Leaves, seed Dysentery, leprosy, malaria 63 Ram tulsi Tulsibhed Ocimum gratissimum L. Lamiaceae Leaves, seeds Fever, cough, cold, headache, rheumatism 64 Shyamatulsi Brihatrayee Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae Seed, leaf Cold and cough 65 Geranium Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Geraniaceae Leaves oil Perfumery, cosmetic 66 Aonla Amlaki Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Fruit Diabetes, headache, jaundice, scurvy 67 Isabgoljagali Ashwagol Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Seed husk Laxative, diarrhea, dysentery 68 IsabgolAshwagol Plantago ovata Forssk. Plantaginaceae Seed husk Laxative, diarrhea, dysentery 69 Morpankhi Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Cupressaceae Green flat branches Fever, scurvy, cough, rheumatism, anthelmintic 70 Rajnigandha Rajnigandha Polianthes tuberosa L. Asparagaceae Flower and bulbs Diuretics, emetic, perfumery, aromatherapy, gonorrhea 71 Guava Perook Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Fruit, leaf, bark Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach-upsets, ulcers and skin sores 72 Anar Dadim Punica granatum L. Lythraceae Root bark, flower, fruit seed Bleeding from nose, dysentery, diarrhea, bronchitis, piles 73 Putranjiva Putrajeevak Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putranjivaceae Leaves, fruits Cold, fever, swollen throat Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex 74 Sarpgandha Nakuli Apocynaceae Root, leaves Hyper tension, snake bite, leaves for opacity of cornea Kurz 75 Reetha Arishtak Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Sapindaceae Fruits Expectorant, salivation, epilepsy Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Rana and Verma. 020

Table 1 Continuation: List of medicinal and aromatic plants along with their uses.

S/No. Common / Sanskrit name Scientific name Family Parts used Uses 76 Ashok (Sita Ashok) Ashok Saracaasoca (Roxb.) De Wilde Fabaceae Bark Stomach ailments, constipation 77 Chakramard Prapunnad Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Leaves, seed Nutritive, aphrodisiac, sprain 78 Dhaincha Jayantee Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Fabaceae Root, bark, leaves Anthelminitic, fever, leucoderma, smallpox 79 Stevia/ MeethiTulsi Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni Asteraceae Leaves Diabetes 80 Imli Amlika Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Seed, leaves Diuretic, febrifuge, piles, analgesic 81 Sagon Shak Tectona grandis L.f. Lamiaceae Whole plant parts Anthelmintic, indigestion, toothache, headache Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) 82 Arjun Arjun Combretaceae Stem, bark, leaves, fruits Wound, ear ache, heart disease, febrifuge, dysentery Wight and Arn. 83 Methi Methi Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae Seed, leaves Diuretics, aphrodisiac, galactogogue stomachic, tonic 84 Wild moong Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Whole plant Tridoshshamak, health tonic 85 Ashwagandha Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Solanaceae Roots Health tonic, aphrodisiac 86 Adrak Ardrak Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizome Cough & Cold 87 Ber Gridhranakhi Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae Bark, leaves, fruits Blood purifier, aphrodisiac, heart tonic, piles

Table 2: List of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants families with their no. of species.

S/No. Family Number of species 1 Amaranthaceae 2 2 Amaryllidaceae 2 3 Anacardiaceae 1 4 Apiaceae 1 5 Apocynacee 5 6 Asparagaceae 1 7 Bixaceae 1 8 Brassicaceae 1 9 Calophyllaceae 1 10 Caricaceae 1 11 Combretaceae 1 12 Compositae 4 13 Cucurbitaceae 1 14 Cupressaceae 1 15 Elaeocarpaceae 1 16 Euphorbiaceae 3 17 Geraniaceae 1 18 Lamiaceae 4 19 Lauraceae 2 20 Leguminosae 18 Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Rana and Verma. 021

Table 2 Continuation: List of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants families with their no. of species.

S/No. Family Number of species 21 Lythraceae 2 22 Magnoliaceae 1 23 Malvaceae 4 24 Meliaceae 1 25 Moraceae 1 26 Myrtaceae 2 27 Nyctaginaceae 1 28 Oleaceae 1 29 Phyllanthaceae 1 30 Plantaginaceae 1 31 Polygonaceae 1 32 Proteaceae 1 33 Putranjivaceae 1 34 Rhamnaceae 1 35 Rubiaceae 2 36 Rutaceae 3 37 Sapindaceae 1 38 Sapotaceae 2 39 Solanaceae 4 40 Xanthorrhoeaceae 1 41 Zingiberaceae 3

Naturopathy (Kumar et al., 2015). During the Vedic G.B. Pant University is the main hub for all these ACKNOWLEDGMENTS period of India about seven hundred (700) plants cultivated exotic species identified. More than fifty were described in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta (50) different diseases are being treated by these The authors gratefully acknowledge the incharge of Samhita, which proves that Ayurveda is an ancient plant species (Table 1). The communities residing MRDC and traditional medicinal practitioners and health care system. It has been estimated that about here have a wide range of remedies for asthma, local community working there for extending their 7,500 plants are used for preventing diseases in body pains, bone fractures, cold, cough, cuts and help during the field study. This effort is dedicated most of the areas of India. During traditional wounds, dysentery, diarrhoea, eczema, gastric to a number of contributors belonging to various medical system, herbal treatments are the most ulcers, night blindness, skin troubles, stomach ache walks of life, for transmission of their knowledge on popular (Sarker and Nahar, 2007). In the present and syphilis etc. aromatic and medicinally important plants. investigation, eighty-seven (87) plant species are The collection, identification and documentation used by the different people of the Terai belt of of ethnomedicinal data on biological resources are Uttarakhand, India. It has been observed that family, inevitable steps for bio-prospecting and future use. REFERENCES Fabaceae is the dominant family (Table 2). These plants may serve as source of some Ajero CMU, Mbagwu FN (2005). Advances in Biotechnology, Table 1 shows the different parts used for the important medicine against some major diseases. Biological Weapons and Phytomedicine. Owerri. Megasoft treatment along with their uses. Medicinal Plant Therefore, these claims should be further validated Publishers. Research and Development Centre (MRDC) of the scientifically. Anselem A (2004). Herbs for healing pax herbals Edo State, Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Rana and Verma. 022

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