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INTERVIEWS AT WORK: READING THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEWS 1953-1978 by Kelley Penfield Lewis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2008 © Copyright by Kelley Penfield Lewis, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43928-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43928-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. •*• Canada DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY To comply with the Canadian Privacy Act the National Library of Canada has requested that the following pages be removed from this copy of the thesis: Preliminary Pages Examiners Signature Page (pii) Dalhousie Library Copyright Agreement (jpiii) Appendices ', ' ' / Copyright Releases (if applicable) DEDICATION PAGE This work is dedicated to the little one who, with gentle kicks from the inside, nudges me to think bigger, work harder and cross the finish line. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRACT x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 ORGANIZATION AND METHODOLOGY 6 CHAPTER 2 THE EVOLUTION OF THE LITERARY INTERVIEW 14 2.1 WHY CONSIDER THE LITERARY INTERVIEW? 14 2.2 LITERARY INTERVIEW: TEXT, PARATEXT, EPITEXT 17 2.3 HISTORY OF THE LITERARY INTERVIEW 25 2.3.1 Classical Antiquity: Plato's Socratic Dialogues 27 2.3.2 Dialogue in the Enlightenment 35 2.3.3 The Literary Conversation as Life Story: Boswell & Johnson 37 2.3.4 The Growing Popularity of the Conversation 43 2.3.5 Beginnings of the Literary Interview: America and France 45 2.3.6 The Paris Review 49 2.3.7 Post-Paris Review and into the Twenty-first Century 51 CHAPTER 3 THE HISTORY OF THE PARIS REVIEW 63 3.1 HISTORIES OF THE PARIS REVIEW 63 3.1.1 Founding Anecdotes 66 3.1.2 Early Content and Attitude 69 3.1.3 The Paris Review Design 77 3.1.4 The Scene: Paris in the 1950s 81 3.1.5 Early Operations and Adventures 86 3.1.6 Change and Growing Pains 89 3.1.7 The New York Scene 91 3.2 THE PEOPLE OF THE PARIS REVIEW 95 3.2.1 George Plimpton: Larger than Life 99 3.3 ENTERPRISE IN THE SERVICE OF ART 104 3.4 THE CIA CONNECTION 114 3.5 THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEWS 124 V 3.6 HONOURS AND READER RECEPTION 128 3.7 THE NEW PARIS REVIEW 141 CHAPTER 4 INSIDE THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEW 144 4.1 THE PROCESS OF THE MODERN LITERARY INTERVIEW 144 4.2 THE WRITER'S AGENDA: MYSTERY, MONEY, MYTH? 154 4.3 THE UNIQUE PROCESS OF THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEW: COLLABORATION 161 4.4 CONSTRUCTING THE AUTHOR: EDITORIAL STRATEGIES 165 4.4.1 Collaboration or Counterfeit?: Norman Mailer 166 4.4.2 To Cut or Not to Cut: Allen Ginsberg, Charles Olson, Ralph Ellison 172 4.4.3 What is Hidden: John Berryman 179 4.4.4 Interview as Domestic Drama: William Carlos Williams, Jack Kerouac 182 4.4.5 Interview with a Dead Man: John Steinbeck 189 4.4.6 Editors, Interviewers, Egos: W.H. Auden 192 4.5 CONTROL, CHARACTER AND THE CONFLICTED SUBJECT: VLADIMIR NABOKOV AND ERNEST HEMINGWAY 196 CHAPTER 5 THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEW IN THE WORLD 218 5.1 THE NATURE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE MODERN LITERARY INTERVIEW 218 5.2 THE LITERARY INTERVIEW IN THE FIELD OF LITERARY PRODUCTION 225 5.3 CELEBRITY, POWER AND PERSONA 237 5.4 PERFORMING THE PUBLIC SELF: AUTHORIAL PERSONA AND THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEW 245 5.4.1 An Ornery "Papa": Ernest Hemingway's 1958 Paris Review Interview 248 5.4.2 The Perfect Yankee: Robert Frost's 1960 Paris Review Interview 260 5.4.3 A Lady Composed: Marianne Moore's 1961 Paris Review Interview 278 CHAPTER 6 READING THE PARIS REVIEW INTERVIEW: THE SEARCH FOR AUTHORIAL INTENTION 293 6.1 AUTHORIAL INTENTION AND THE WAY WE READ 293 6.2 THE INTENTION DEBATES 297 6.2.1 The Romantic Era: the Poet is the Poem 297 6.2.2 T. S. Eliot: A Move Towards Impersonality 301 6.2.3 Personality and Intention: C. S. Lewis and E. M. W. Tillyard 305 6.2.4 An Absolute Prohibition: Wimsatt and Beardsley 310 6.2.5 New Criticism and Anti-Intentionalism 317 VI 6.2.6 Post-Structuralism and Intention 319 6.2.7 Intention and Meaning: The Hermeneutic Position 322 6.2.8 From the Author to the Reader 324 6.3 A RECONSIDERATION OF AUTHORIAL INTENTION THROUGH THE INTERVIEW 329 6.3.1 William Faulkner: "I don't know what inspiration is" 330 6.3.2 Ernest Hemingway: "Only death can stop it" 337 6.3.3 Marianne Moore: "I was just trying to be honourable" 344 6.3.4 William Burroughs "I had nothing else to do" 349 6.3.5 T. S. Eliot: "I don't know until I find I want to do it" 355 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 368 BIBLIOGRAPHY 378 vn LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. "Public and Authorial Epitexts." Genette, Paratexts 352 19 Fig. 2. Cover of The Paris Review 1.1 (Spring 1953) 79 Fig. 3. The Paris Review booth at the 1964-65 New York World's Fair 108 Fig. 4. Untitled, Silkscreen print by Claes Oldenburg, 1965. Edition of 150. Untitled, by Willem deKooning, 1979. "The Paris Review Print Series." The Paris Review. 20 Jan. 2008 <http://www.parisreview.com/printseries.php> Ill Fig. 5. Display Ad 1021 -No Title. The New York Times 6 Nov. 1966: 356 113 Fig. 6. Print advertisement for Peck & Peck Department Store. Undated. Rpt. in Anderson 140 Fig. 7. Edited Interview Draft, from Norman Mailer, Draft of Interview by Stephen Marcus. Corrected ts. (Corrections by Mailer). Mailer Interview file 1 part 2. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 167 Fig. 8. Handwritten insertions by Mailer, from Norman Mailer, Draft of Interview by Stephen Marcus. Corrected ts. (Corrections by Mailer). Mailer Interview file 1 part 2. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 169 Fig. 9. Handwritten insertions by Mailer, from Norman Mailer, Draft of Interview by Stephen Marcus. Corrected ts. (Corrections by Mailer). Mailer Interview file 1 part 2. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 170 Fig. 10. Selected handwritten insertions by Malamud, from Bernard Malamud, Draft of Interview by Daniel Stern. Corrected ts. Malamud Interview file. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 171 Fig. 11. Selected handwritten insertions by Malamud, from Bernard Malamud, Draft of Interview by Daniel Stern. Corrected ts. Malamud Interview file. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 171 Fig. 12. Selected handwritten insertions by Malamud, from Bernard Malamud, Draft of Interview by Daniel Stern. Corrected ts. Malamud Interview file. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 172 Fig. 13. p. 17. Selected handwritten deletions (hand unknown), from Charles Olson, Draft of Interview by Gerard Malanga. Corrected ts. Olson Interview file 2. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 177 vm Fig. 14. p. 20. Selected handwritten deletions (hand unknown), from Charles Olson, Draft of Interview by Gerard Malanga. Corrected ts. Olson Interview file 2. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 177 Fig. 15. Edited Interview Draft, from John Berryman, Draft of Interview by Peter Stitt. Corrected ts. Berryman Interview file 1. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 180 Fig. 16. Edited Interview Draft, from John Berryman, Draft of Interview by Peter Stitt. Corrected ts. Berryman Interview file 1. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 180 Fig. 17. Selected handwritten insertions by Plimpton, from Jack Kerouac, Draft of Interview by Ted Berrigan. Corrected ts. Kerouac Interview file 3. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 188 Fig. 18. Selected handwritten insertions by Plimpton, from Jack Kerouac, Draft of Interview by Ted Berrigan. Corrected ts. Kerouac Interview file 3. Paris Review Archives. Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, NY 188 Fig.
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