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Adam Swift Thesis Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living information Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2006 Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology Adam Glen Swift B.A. SCU, B.A. (Hons.) UniSA Keywords Posthuman, Discourse, Evolution, Evolution Theory, Evolution Literacy, Metaphor, Environmentalism, Network Theory, Systems Theory, Cybernetics, Autopoiesis, Evolutionary Psychology, Genetics, Code Structures, Technology, Technological Change, Technological Determinism, Social Shaping of Technology, Symbiosis, Cyborgs, Cyborg Theory, Hybrid Theory, Informatics, Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Agents, Bots. Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics i Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics ii Abstract The discourse that surrounds and constitutes the posthuman emerged as a response to earlier claims of an essential or universal human or human nature. These discussions claim that the human is a discursive construct that emerges from various configurations of nature, embodiment, technology, and culture, configurations that have also been variously shaped by the forces of social history. And in the absence of an essential human figure, posthuman discourses suggest that there are no restrictions or limitations on how the human can be reconfigured. This axiom has been extended in light of a plethora of technological reconfigurations and augmentations now potentially available to the human, and claims emerge from within this literature that these new technologies constitute a range of possibilities for future human biological evolution. This thesis questions the assumption contained within these discourses that technological incursions or reconfigurations of the biological human necessarily constitute human biological or human social evolution by discussing the role the evolution theories plays in our understanding of the human, the social, and technology. In this thesis I show that, in a reciprocal process, evolution theory draws metaphors from social institutions and ideologies, while social institutions and ideologies simultaneously draw on metaphors from evolution theory. Through this discussion, I propose a form of evolution literacy; a tool, I argue, is warranted in developing a sophisticated response to changes in both human shape and form. I argue that, as a whole, our understanding of evolution constitutes a metanarrative, a metaphor through which we understand the place of the human within the world; it follows that historical shifts in social paradigms will result in new definitions of evolution. I show that contemporary evolution theory reflects parts of the world as codified informatic systems of associated computational network logic through which the behaviour of participants is predefined according to an evolved or programmed structure. Working from within the discourse of contemporary evolution theory I develop a space through which a version of the posthuman figure emerges. I promote this version of the posthuman as an Artificial Intelligence computational programme or autonomous agent that, rather than seeking to replace, reduce or deny the human subject, is configured as an exosomatic supplement to and an extension of the biological human. Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics iii Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One Introduction: The discourse of the posthuman 1 The emergence of the posthuman in discourse 1 Biological, technological, and posthuman: Discourse analysis 5 Chapter Two The reciprocal role of evolution metaphors 25 Evolution and metaphor 25 Three categories of evolution metaphors 28 Evolution theory and human social cognition 34 Pre-Darwinian evolution theories 35 Darwin and Darwinian evolution theory 46 Chapter Three The role of metaphor in contemporary evolution theory 65 Evolution metaphors at the dawn of the twenty-first century 65 The environment, complexity, autopoiesis, and other network enterprises 68 Evolutionary psychology and the pre-programmed human mind 83 The gene, codified information, and the utility of data 89 Chapter Four The employment of evolutionary metaphors within a technological 99 innovation framework Human biological and technological evolution 99 Human-technology symbiosis 109 Developing an evolution literacy within a technological innovation framework 114 Evolution literacy and technological change 120 Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics v Chapter Five The cybernetic de- and re-construction of the human subject 143 The discursive posthuman as cyborg 143 The cybernetic prehistory of the cyborg 146 Clynes and Kline and the mechanised human cyborg 151 Contemporary cyborgs and the extension of the cyborg metaphor 155 Haraway’s hybrid creature and hybrid discourse 162 Command-control-communication-intelligence and posthuman agency 171 Chapter Six Agent technology as the progeny of the informatic subject 177 A new direction for posthuman discourse 177 A technological construct, the informatic human 182 Evolution theory and computational intelligence 202 Artificial Intelligence autonomous agents 218 Conclusion 235 REFERENCES 241 Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics vi FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Aristotles ‘Great Chain-of-Being’ 36 Table 1. Three categories of evolution metaphors 33 Table 2. Three categories of evolution metaphors in pre-Darwinian evolution theories 43 Table 3. Three categories of evolution metaphors in Darwinian evolution theories 54 Table 4. Worldwide production of original content, c1999 190 Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics vii Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my Principal Supervisor, Dr Glen Thomas, for the support, encouragement, and advice offered throughout my research candidature at Queensland University of Technology. I am grateful for the advice and guidance he gave in organising the thesis draft and in refining its content and structure. I would also like to thank my Associate Supervisor, Professor Greg Hearn, for the encouragement and advice he gave to me as a new PhD candidate at Queensland University of Technology, and again in the final stages of my research candidature. I am also grateful to Professor Stuart Cunningham, Associate Professor Terry Flew and Dr Christina Spurgeon for the input and advice offered during the final stages of my candidature. Colleagues at Queensland University of Technology and elsewhere whose support during this candidature warrants special mention include: Geraldine Bloustien, Callum Gilmore, Joshua Green, David McKenzie, John Pace, Jinna Tay, Jeremy Walker, Jason Wilson. Thanks also to Roswitha Adldinger, Ben Cole, Hilary Crawford, Peter-Ralph Downs, Adrian Waters, and Rohan Whiteman. Thanks also to my family, especially Dr Naomi Runnegar. Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics ix Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics x STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Adam Swift 21 November 2006 Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics xi Mapping posthuman discourse and the evolution of living informatics xii Chapter One Introduction: The discourse of the posthuman Who is the third who walks beside you? When I count, there are only you and I together But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you Gliding wrapped in a brown mantle, hooded I do not know whether a man or a woman —But who is that on the other side of you? T. S. Eliot ([1922] 2005) The waste land, lines 360-365. We three, we’re not a crowd, we’re not even company — My echo, my shadow, and me. Frank Sinatra (1940) We three, lines 3-4. The emergence of the posthuman in discourse This thesis is posited upon its positioning of the posthuman as a figurative and discursive figure that emerges from the literary and theoretical poststructuralist movement. My position in this thesis is not one that advocates the absolute end of the liberal human subject, or the outright rejection of humanism, but one that promotes the continuous disruption, radicalisation, and reconfiguration of the human. The proposition behind the version of the posthuman I present in this thesis is a denial that there is any such thing as an essential or universal human or human nature, and that both the human and the posthuman are, as discursive constructions, figures that emerge from various configurations of nature, embodiment, technology, and culture: configurations that have also been variously shaped by the forces of social history. Of interest to poststructuralist analysis of the human are those social and cultural discourses that represent the human as a construct of psychology, anthropology, social science, history, gender, and race. However, rather than discussing the construction of the posthuman in terms of such socio-cultural and political underpinnings, my discussion of the posthuman throughout this thesis is framed by the perspective of biological evolution discourse, technological development
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