10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ...

Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR in Movement and Universal Access to Scholarly Information Jayanti Chakravorty Saumen Datta Manoj Kumar Sinha

Abstract

Open Access initiative (OAI) is the wide discussed subject in the world of information and communi- cation technology. The open access philosophy rapidly became popular and a number of universities and research institutions spontaneously came forward to provide open access to their scholarly communications, research outcomes and electronic journals. In the present paper, the meaning, definition and the present scenario of the Open Access initiative, as well as the problems and im- provement of the Open Access initiative has been discussed. Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR in the field of Open Access initiative has been discussed in detail. The data collected from the second- ary sources of information and presented in a tabular form for easy understanding of the LIS profes- sionals and masses to know the importance of the Open Access initiative for giving access to schol- arly communications for wider audience.

Keywords: Open Access Repositories, Institutional Digital Repositories, ROAR, OpenDOAR

1. Introduction The issue of unrestricted access to scholarly outputs was in discussion and active consideration Advancement of ‘knowledge’, its growth and wider of the academicians and research scholars since the unrestricted dissemination across national and 1960s. Gradually it developed into a worldwide geographical borders through generations, is the movement and the movement picked up momentum driving force for furtherance of human civilization with the introduction and wide use of the Internet, and human welfare. The 21st century promises to be emergence of digital publishing, and holding of three the century of democratization of nations, successive summits on Open Access in Budapest, modernization of human societies and proliferation Bethesda and Berlin. of knowledge and technology – a century of wide- spread scientific advancements – a century of With popularization of the Open Access initiative, innovations and – all these dimensional changes many Open Access repositories were established in essentially resting on the edifice of unprecedented the different parts of the world including India; the development in the field of information storage and leading among them are the ROAR and OpenDOAR dissemination; and ‘open access’ to information and which are now championing this movement knowledge. throughout the world. Here we shall briefly dwell on the philosophy of open access; the relation of open access movement with the establishment of open 10th Convention PLANNER-2016 NEHU, Shillong, Meghalaya, 09-11 November, 2016 access repositories; and the salient features of © INFLIBNET Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat ROAR and OpenDOAR. - 86 - Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 1.1 Open Access Initiatives: International and The meeting published a statement named, National Scenario ‘Budapest Open Access Initiative’, on February 14, 2002. Including the initial participants, the statement 1.1.1 Definition of Open Access has till now (January,2016) been signed by 5930 The term ‘Open Access’ (OA) broadly refers to the individuals and 833 organizations. accessibility of various documents, research outputs On April 11,2003, another meeting of 24 people was and other literature free of any charges and having held to stimulate discussion within the biomedical a fewer restrictions on their use, citation, research community on how to proceed, as rapidly reproduction and onward transmission. The thrust as possible, to the widely held goal of providing of OA is maximization of knowledge and its optimum open access to the primary scientific literature at dissemination. the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy 1.1.2 Evolution of Open Access Movement Chase, in the vicinity of Bethesda, Maryland, USA. The proceedings of the meeting was published on The Open Access Initiative (OAI) was a June 20,2003, known as the ‘Bethesda Statement on spontaneous outcome of the need and desire of the Open Access Publishing’.[6] It spells out significant scientists, scholars and academicians to put their concrete steps that all relevant parties – including research findings and intellectual output to wide scientific research organizations, scientists, and unrestricted access; and the movement “traces publishers and librarians – can take to promote the its origin at least back to the 1960s”. It gained rapid and efficient transition to open-access momentum in early 1990s with popular use of the publishing. Internet, consequent upon which, professional associations, learned societies, and academic In October,2003, The Max Planck Society of Germany institutions started putting their intellectual output and the European Cultural Heritage Online (ECHO) for Open Access. The movement gained convened a meeting of international experts at acceleration with the dawn of the new millennium. Harnack House in Dahlem District of Berlin with the The Open Society Foundations convened a meeting aim of developing a new web-based research of diverse academic disciplines from many nations, environment using the OA paradigm as a mechanism in Budapest, Hungary on December 1-2, 2001 to for having scientific knowledge and cultural heritage accelerate progress in the international effort to make accessible worldwide. research article in all academic fields freely available; As an outcome, reputed research, scientific and and to devise strategies for serving the interests of cultural institutions issued and signed the Berlin research, researchers, and the institutions and Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the societies that support research; and put their Sciences and Humanities” on October 22, 2003. intellectual output to open access and to make open- access publishing economically self-sustaining. This Declaration largely corroborates the BOAI statement and has till now (January 14, 2016) been signed by 538 organizations: universities, foundations, libraries, museums, research - 87 - 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... institutions, learned societies and associations, awarding bodies that explicitly permit funds to be including the IFLA. used for this purpose is maintained on the BioMed Central website. The gold OA journal contents 2. Essence and Thrust of Open Access generally come through peer review, as in the case The essence of OA is: wide, free, and unrestricted of conventional journals. It may be noted that the dissemination of human knowledge treasure; its repositories usually don’t perform peer review. transmission to the poor and rich alike; and in doing 2.2 Scope of Open Access so, taking effort to bridge up the existent ‘information divide’ and; offering opportunity to people, the Though OA was initially motivated towards world over, to have immediate access to newly disseminating scientific and healthcare related developed knowledge and thereby building up new research output; today it encompasses almost all innovative ideas upon that; and finally to preserve branches of knowledge. The scope of OA, today, is all these treasure for posterity; and the entire not limited to: process be harnessed by world-wide networking.  publicly-funded research, it includes privately- 2.1. Forms and Sub-Species of Open Access funded and unfunded research also;

Following the Berlin Declaration, OA initiative sets  present and future publications, but includes up “two basic forms of implementation …with a past publications as well; focus on academic journals:  born-digital work, but includes work digitized  the ‘green road’: deposit of copies of already from print, microfiche, film, and other media; and published, peer-reviewed research articles in  text, but includes data, audio, video, multimedia, university or research institute repositories; and executable code.

 the ‘golden road’: Open Access contents consist of: peer-reviewed research articles; un-referred ; theses,  publication by Open Access publishers or dissertations, conference presentations (texts, in Open Access journals, financed either upfront slides, audio, video); research data, government through publishing fees (e.g. BioMed Central) data, source code; archival records and manuscripts; or through public funds (e.g. Digital Peer images (artworks, photographs, diagrams, maps); Publishing Initiative DPPI); teaching and learning materials, textbooks; digitized  the parallel publication of books in printed print works; scholarly monographs; and form (for a fee) and in an electronic version (free newspapers, novels, stories, plays, and poetry[14] access) in Open Access publishing houses, in 2.3 Motivation of Open Access particular university presses.” The motivations for OA are many and varied. In the A good number of institutions and funders have first place, since mid 20th century, there has been a created necessary funds to boost up the OA rapid proliferation of knowledge that precipitated a movement and cover the APCs. A list of grant big demand for scholarly journals. - 88 - Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Secondly, “when most peer-reviewed research 2.4 Wrong Interpretations of Open Access journals are toll access, a pricing crisis entails an There are certain mistaken interpretations of OA. access crisis.” Before popularization of OA, all such “It is not self-publishing, nor a way to bypass peer- journals were available only against toll and “even review and publication, nor is it a kind of second- today [2012] about three-quarters of peer-reviewed class, cut-piece publishing route”, as many people journals are toll access.”, which entails an access understand it. There are some other gap. misunderstandings also; the real situations as Thirdly, with the rising prices of the journals, regards them are as follows: academic libraries started tending towards a cut in  OA is not a reformist movement; it is not their book budget. “Because academic libraries now opposed to copyright provisions. buy fewer books, academic book publishers now accept fewer manuscripts. [The] result is that the  OA doesn’t reduce author’s recognition; journal crisis, concentrated in the sciences, has author’s consent is very much required for OA. precipitated a monograph crisis, concentrated in the OA doesn’t reduce author’s academic freedom. humanities.” Author is at liberty to submit his work elsewhere Fourthly, in conventional publishing, the publishers for publication. realize charges for accessing the journals, on the  OA doesn’t bypass the plagiarism rules. In digital reasoning of their adding value to it by bearing the publication, it’s rather easier to detect plagiarism. publication cost. But in reality, other stakeholders in the process, the authors, editors, reviewers “add  OA doesn’t stand in the way of traditional far more value than publishers. Among these five publications, directly or indirectly. It attempts value-adders- authors, editors, referees, funders, and for widest possible, restriction-free access; it publishers-publishers add the least value and doesn’t claim to provide universal access, generally demand the ownership rights.” This is because, certain access barriers like, censorship, altogether an uneven situation. language and connectivity will always remain.

These factors, along with the authors’ interest in 3. Open Access Publishing putting their intellectual output wide open, created In OA, an author can go for self-archiving. “Current an impetus for the OA-initiative. It was enhanced publisher policies on self-archiving and copyright by the evolving model of digital delivery of academic are detailed on the SHERPA project website at contents and slowly gave rise to a voice for ‘digital Nottingham University. Many reputed traditional equality’. publishers are gradually tending towards OA In July 2012, the Directory of Open Access Journals publishing. (DOAJ) reached the 8,000-title milestone, while the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB) lists more 4. Open Access Repositories than 1,100 titles from over 25 contributing publishers. OA repositories or OA archives are collection of Furthermore, there are currently 609 societies research findings, intellectual outputs and other publishing 702 fully OA journals. academic contents in digital form, deposited by the - 89 - 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... authors, their affiliating institutions, funders or 4.2. Challenges for Setting up Open Access publishers, for the purpose of wide dissemination. Repositories To access repository contents, specialized search An OA-repository generally faces certain challenges engines like, Google may be used. OA repositories in its setting and operation. may be hosted by universities or research organizations and may be multi-disciplinary or  In the first place, since OA initiative is a subject-specified (such as ‘arXiv’ for Physics are comparatively new concept compared to age- related disciplines). old publication model, OA repositories faces challenges in procuring scientific and scholarly 4.1. Growth of Open Access Repositories papers. In most cases, such repositories The pace of growth of the OA Repositories world- commence operation with the scholarly contents wide can be comprehended from the following of the faculty members, researchers and statistics of repositories enlisted with OpenDOAR. students of the host institution. If we draw a comparison of the year-slabs, 2001 to  The second challenge is to convince the author 2008 and 2008 to 2016 (distributing the 21st century community about the usefulness of OA. period in two parts), the growth statistics of OA- repositories stands as under:  Thirdly, many authors so expect that OA publications should beget the similar The statistics show that, OA movement is gaining recognition and the same ‘impact factor’ just as wide popularity in Asia and Africa with passage of a reputed print journal. The ‘impact factor’ time. Asia’s share is 20% of the world’s total denotes the number of citations made from the repositories as on 2016. India has 71 repositories (2.4% of the world and 12% of the Asian total).

Table 1: Growth of OA repositories in the World 2001-2008 and 2008-2016

- 90 - Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 content. Young scholars and academicians Table 2: Continental-distribution of OA Policy- value it much, because this helps them in getting adoption better career choice. A professional system of Continent No. of OA Policies Registered measuring the impact factor is yet to be established in OA model. Africa 19 Americas 195  Fourthly, there exists the deficiency of necessary funds and trained manpower required for setting Asia 44 up such repositories particularly in the Europe 459 developing countries. Oceania 40 4.3. Establishment of OA Repositories: Bearing Total 757 on OA Movement The distribution by various types of organizations ‘Open access movement’ and ‘establishment of who have registered OA policies is as follows: repositories’ are inter-twinned subjects – one Table 3: Types of organizations adopting OA- provides for the philosophy, whilst the other offers Policy the platform. The OA movement has already assumed a significant role in scholarly Type of the Organisation Policies communications. The movement has been Funder 79 instrumental in bringing benefits to the academic Funder and Research Organisation 54 community, scientists and research scholars, and Multiple Research Organisation 8 the people of the world at large by promoting the Research Organisation (university or information flow and by globalizing the knowledge. research institute) 543 Universities and research institutions are, therefore, initiating development of digital repositories of their Sub-unit of research organization institutional output. Such a repository is more than (department, faculty or school) 73 a simple document storage, as it uses metadata to Total 757 enable the users to find suitable materials. (Barker, The ROARMAP provides the facility of registering James & Knight, 2004) a new policy by creating an user id and also provides The Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates the facility of searching the database of policies by and Policies (ROARMAP) is an initiative of the various search options like, country, policymaker ROAR, which comprises of a registry configuring type, policymaker name, policy adoption date, the mandates and policies regarding OA, adopted source, content-type, and so on. 14 Indian by various universities, research institutions and organizations have so far registered their policies funders. As of 28 November 2015, ROARMAP with ROARMAP. Certain details of these registers 757 Policies, the continental distribution organizations is depicted below. of them is as follows:

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10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... Table 4: Indian Organizations, Registering OA-Policy

European universities and institutes have registered 5.0 Registry of Open Access Repositories highest number of OA-policies (60.63%), followed (ROAR) by the Americans (25.76%), which is indicative of Registry of Open Access Repositories is dedicated the fact that, the universities and research institutes to facilitate and promote the ‘OA Movement’ by in Asia, Africa and Oceania (constituting 13.61% in providing up-to-date information about the country- aggregate) are to more intensively develop systems wise growth and status of the repositories for building collections of digital resources and throughout the world. OA initiatives have a direct initiate open access of these resources, by impact in promoting and conducting the research formulating appropriate policies. procedures by making the required information India is forerunner amongst the Asian countries in available to the academic and research communities. adopting OA-policies, contributing 31.81% of the Registry of Open Access Repositories is a Asian-share. In respect of OA policy-initiatives, constituent of the EPrints network. The Registry is India (14) is followed by Indonesia (8), Japan (5), hosted at the University of Southampton, UK. The China (4), China-Hongkong (3), Singapore (3), Registry is funded by JISC. Azerbaijan (2), Kazakhstan (1), Taiwan (1), Vietnam 5.1 E-Prints Network (1), Pakistan (1) and Saudi Arabia (1) respectively.[28] E-Prints is powered by School of Electronics and Computer Science of the University of Southampton. It offers a number of services like, E-prints for Open - 92 - Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Access, Eprints for Education, E-prints for Research European universities and institutes hold the Data, Building and hosting Repositories, and highest number of repositories (40.01%), followed Training. E-prints Software is a free software, by the North Americans (24.59%) and the Asians available under License GNU GPL3.0, of GNU (19.95%); the other continents collectively hold Operating System, a Free Software Foundation 15.45% of the repositories. (www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html)., which confers freedom to share and make suitable changes to the software. The first version of the Software, EPrints2.0 [Gutteridge, Christopher] was released in 2002. The latest version, Eprints 3.3.14., released in April, 2015 is the 66th version. EPrints Software has been downloaded 60,209 times till 26th November, 2015 since February, 2007 .

5.2 Continental Wise Distribution of OA Repositories

Continental distribution of the repositories is:

Table-5: Continental Wise Distribution of OA Repositories

- 93 - 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 5.3 Country Wise Distribution of Open Access Repositories in Asia

Country-wise distribution of the Asian repositories is (Table-6) :

Table-6: Country-wise distribution of Asian repositories

Among the Asian countries, Japan tops the list hold 10.77% share, having 75 repositories in holding 22.53% share, followed by India (14.78%), aggregate. China (12.91%), Indonesia (10.90%), Taiwan (9.90%), 5.4 Distribution of Repositories by Types of Turkey (8.03%), Malaysia (5.16%) and South Korea Repositories (5.02%). The rest of the 18 countries collectively Distribution of repositories by Repository-type is (Table-7):

Table-7: Repository-type distribution of Repositories

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It is evident from the statistics that, Out of a total of 3469 Software in use, DSpace is used in 1608 repositories (46.35%), followed by E- 1. The OA movement has given tremendous Prints 578 (16.66%) and Bepress 384 (11.07%); 899 support to research initiatives and dissemination repositories (25.92%) use various other Software of scholarly communication. (538 types)). 2. Open Access E-Journals and E-Theses are 5.6 Open Access Initiatives in India in terms of gradually gaining popularity. OA Repositories Registered 3. Open Access Learning and Teaching objects are 110 repositories in India are registered with ROAR considerably being used which shows the (3.15% share of world population), out which some popularity of the Distance mode of education in were registered as back as in 2004 and 2005. The particular. first in the row was the Librarians’ Digital Library, 5.5 Distribution of Repositories by the Use of which was followed by Indian Institute of Science, Software Bangalore; Indian Institute of Astrophysics; OpenMed; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; NIT Various Software used by the repositories are (Table 8): Table-8: Use of Repository Software

Repository Software Number of Repositories Repository Software Number of Repositories ARNO 4 HAL 23 Bepress 384 i-Tor 1 CDS-Invenio 20 Keystone DLS 1 Content-DM by OCLC 9 MiTOS 16 DIGIBIB 22 MyCoRe 9 DigiTool 10 Open Journal System 24 DiVA 26 Open Repository 19 DoKS 5 OPUS 72 DSpace 1608 PMB Services 3 EDOC 1 SBCAT 3 EPrints 578 SciX 3 Equella 5 SobekCM 1 ETD-db 30 WIKINDX 1 Fedora 47 Zentity 1 Fedora-Fez 11 Others 511 Greenstone 21 Total 3469 - 95 - 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... Rourkela; IIT Delhi and IIM Kozikode. INFLIBNET 6.1 Backdrop of its Information joined in 2006. Indian Institute of Astrophysics have With the impetus of the successive OA conclaves, the highest number of records (3060), followed by held in Budapest, Bethesda and Berlin, there grew a OpenMed (2904), IIT Delhi (2143), NIT Rourkela number of OA-repositories world-wide by the end (1883), National Centre for Catalysis Research (1774) of 2003. But none of them was in a position to and so on. provide a “single comprehensive or authoritative 5.7 Year Wise Growth of OA Repositories list of OA-repositories”; many of them provided a basic listing only; they were unable to give a The year-wise growth of registered repositories with structured information service with cataloguing and ROAR is graphically represented below (Fig-1) .

1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Figure 1: Year-wise growth of repositories

6. OpenDOAR bibliographic description of the contents; and allied As mentioned in section 3.1. above, the Directory of features like, search, filter etc., so that the users Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) is a know the scope and comprehensiveness of the prominent OA repository with an worldwide information, and effectively use those information. coverage. As it claims, the OpenDOAR provides for The repositories established earlier could not offer a quality-assured listing of all OA repositories from many of such facilities; and in that backdrop, the anywhere in the world. Its staff members are deputed OpenDOAR was established with these points in to visit OA repositories; harvest the contents; consideration.[32] categorize them and assign metadata to allow their 6.2 Maintenance of OpenDOAR exploitation and wider use so as to “ensure a high degree of quality and consistency in the information It was initially developed by the University of provided”.[31] Nottingham, UK in collaboration with the Lund University, Sweden, the home of ‘Directory of Open

- 96 - Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Access Journals’, as a part of the former’s OA proprietary database or which host subscription- portfolio and was initially funded by the Open based journals. Not all the repositories listed in Society Institute, SPARC Europe, JISC, and the OpenDOAR are ‘OAI-PMH compliant’. While OAI- Consortium of Research Libraries (CURL) After the PMH is of wide use in facilitating search of OA formative period, the SHERPA Services, established materials, the ‘use of OAI-PMH is not synonymous at the Centre for Research Communications at the with OA’. University of Nottingham was assigned to maintain 6.5 Special Features of OpenDOAR the OpenDOAR under finance from JISC. The user-groups of OpenDOAR includes 6.3 Scope of Service ‘researchers, browsers, service-providers, data- OpenDOAR’s primary objective is to augment OA miners, administrators and funders’; and each of movement and extend support in furthering research these user-groups finds OpenDOAR compatible and innovative activities through global exchange enough to its needs and expectations. of information. OpenDOAR provides for the facility to ‘identify, sort OpenDOAR facilitates Repository-search, and locate different repositories’, which helps in according to Keyword, Subject, Content, developing new services and uses. One such is ‘the development of overlay journals’. Repository-Type, Country, Language and Software etc. OpenDOAR statistics help ‘to examine the emerging trend and structure of the worldwide repository- OpenDOAR users can find original research outputs network’. OpenDOAR’s ongoing ‘work on in the repositories. OpenDOAR contents are classification; and on metadata allows innovative accessible by search engines, third-party service search services’ facilitating efficient identification providers, and alert-service providers. of resources with precision, resulting in their wider 6.4 Criteria for Inclusion and Exclusion use. For this reason, ‘several other services use OpenDOAR as the basis for their search and harvest OpenDOAR collects and provides information on process’. OpenDOAR provides a number of tools ‘sites that wholly embrace OA’; and those provide for Repository Administrators, like Application full text resources; sites with any type of access Programmers’ Interface (API), OpenDOAR Charts, control are excluded; sites ‘that consist of metadata Email Distribution Service, Policies Tools etc. records only’ or provide ‘a library catalogue’ or OpenDOAR provides for comprehensive content ‘locally accessible e-books’ are also excluded. search as depicted below with the search item Though OpenDOAR basically lists the publication ‘Rabindra Nath Tagore’. OpenDOAR provides for repositories, who are the major type; it also lists repository listing: continent-wise, country-wise, other types of repositories like that ‘of images or repository-type wise and so on. One can also browse data-sets.’ OpenDOAR excludes sites which are the contents held by the repositories. OpenDOAR ‘repeatedly inaccessible’; sites, which exclusively extends various other advanced search facilities contains e-journals; sites having no OA materials; through OpenDOAR Charts. sites requiring gated access and sites which are

- 97 - 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 7. Comparison Between ROAR and OPENDOAR knowledge would take some more time, when the philosophy of OA would become a universally Currently, the two leading OA-Repositories world- accepted concept. The countries in the developing wide are: OpenDOAR and ROAR, having 3015 and and under-developed world should seriously 4159 databases respectively (February, 2016). Here encourage OA movement and embark upon setting is a comparison between them (Table-9 and 10 )

Table 9: Comparative Statement between Open DOAR and ROAR

ROAR OpenDOAR

Search by Keyword Search by Keyword

Filter by: Repository type, Software, Country Filter by: Repository type, Software, Country, Language, Content type, Subject area

Content Growth Statistics Analytical Statistics

Celestial - Harvesting analytics database API Policies Tools

Table-10: Collection Approaches: DOAR and OpenDOAR

ROAR OpenDOAR Repositories Repositories only Some Open Access Journals Allows metadata-only and gated access items Must have some Open Access Full Texts Self-registration only Suggestions and proactive discovery Taken on trust + some automated validation Manual Validation

Courtesy: Millington

8. Conclusion up OA Repositories in their respective countries to The OA-movement has been advancing in boost up the movement and derive the envisaged considerable stride and has found reasonable benefits. number of followers. But for a world-wide movement References to advance, in the backdrop of unequal technological development, a period of just a couple of decades is 1. Steinbuchel, Prof. Alexander. The Development not a sufficient time; and the movement can be of Open Access. Springer White Paper: Open considered to be still in its infancy. Realization of Access – broad readership, high impact. the vision of a net-worked world-knowledge-society 2. Budapest Open Access Initiative. Accessed from and the dream of the maximum liberalization of http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/

- 98 - Contribution of ROAR and OpenDOAR ... 10th Convention PLANNER 2016 3. Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing 11.Registry of Open Access Repositories. Accessed from http://legacy.earlham.edu/ Retrieved from http://roar.eprints.org/ ~peters/fos/bethesda.htm 12.E-print Services : Repository Solutions and 4. Sci Dev Net. Accessed from http:// Services. Retrieved from http:// www.scidev.net/global/key-document/ www.eprints.org/uk/ bethesda-statement-on-open-access- 13.About OpenDOAR. Accessed from http:// publishing.html www.opendoar.org/about.html 5. The Berlin Declaration on Open Access. 14.OpenDOAR Charts Worldwide. Accessed from Accessed from http://www.berlin9.org/about/ http://www.opendoar.org/ declaration/ find.php?format=charts 6. Suber, Peter. Open Access. p. 49. Accessed from 15.Millington, Peter. OpenDOAR and ROAR. Ppt. http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/ 9780262517638_Open_Access_PDF_Version.pdf About Authors

7. Swan, Alam. Open Access. JISC Briefing Paper, Mr. Jayanti Chakravorty, Librarian of G.C. Paul April 2005.A College of Education, Karimganj, Assam. Email: [email protected] 8. “Open Access – Opportunities and challenges – A handbook” by the European Commission Mr. Saumen Datta, Senior Librarian, Tripura Public and the German Commission for UNESCO, 2008, Service Commission ,Agartala, Tripura- West translated from the original German edition E-mail: [email protected] published by the German Commission for Dr. Manoj Kumar Sinha, Associate Professor & UNESCO. Accessed from unesco.de/fileadmin/ Head, Dept. of Library and Information Science medien/Dokumente/kommunikation/ under Swami Vivekananda School of Library Handbook_Open_Access_English.pdf. Sciences, Assam University, Silchar. 9. Wani, AZ, Gul, Sumeer, Rah, JA, Open. Access E-mail: [email protected] Repositories: A Global Perspective with an [email protected] emphasis on Asia, Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal, 29. Retrieved from http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl27WGR.pdf

10.Vee, Annette.(2012) Open Access Initiatives. Publication of The Intellectual Property Caucus of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. Retrieved from http:// culturecat.net/files/ 2011CCCCipAnnual.pdf#page=11

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