Arts Teaching Kit for Senior Secondary Curriculum Visit: Central Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods [Teacher notes]

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Preamble Teaching plan i Arts |

Visit: Central — Architectural forms in different time periods Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

1.1 Itinerary 01 1.2 Background information: Central 03 1.3 Identifying different architectural styles 04 1.4 Checkpoints 05 1 City Hall 05 2 Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building) 08 3 HSBC Main Building 11 4 Bank of China Tower 13 5 The South Block () 15 6 Duddell Street steps & gas lamps 16

Appendix: Western architectural styles 17

Summary, Key words and Further reading 18

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Major teaching areas Interdisciplinary teaching areas Visual Arts Design and Applied Technology Visual Arts Appreciation and Criticism in Context • Strand 3 Value and Impact • Formal knowledge Liberal Studies Modes of presentation • • M2 Hong Kong Today Arts | • Knowledge of history and ways of seeing Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods • Knowledge in context

Learning objectives

• Be aware of the relationship of the historical backgrounds and architectural styles of different buildings. • Understand the functions in each building and the effort put to retain the structure throughout different times.

Teaching plan Lesson Contents Field Trip • Planned itinerary for the field trip Central • Historical background of Central • Architectural styles • Background information of various buildings • On-site exercise

i 1.1 Itinerary Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

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Pre-Trip Introduction (20 min) • Background information of Central and architectural styles • Objectives and introduction of on-site exercises • Planned route

Field Trip (approximately 2 hours)

20 min 15 min 15 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 1 2 3 4 5 6 City Hall Old Supreme Court (For- HSBC Main Building Bank of China The Old Dairy Duddell Street steps & (Foyer) mer Legislative Council Tower Farm Depot South gas lamps Building) Block(Fringe Club) 01 Proposed Route Arts — Architectural Forms in Different Times Points of Interest 1. City Hall • Aesthetics of Modernism in Architecture • Geometry in Architecture • Proportion in Architecture

2. • Aesthetics of Classical Architecture Old Supreme Court • Mix of Colonial and Chinese Style (Former Legislative • Proportion in Architecture Council Building) Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

3. • Hi-Tech aesthetics in architecture HSBC Headquarters • Structure expressionism • Prefabricated of building components • Geometry in architecture

4. • Hi-Tech aesthetics in architecture Bank of China Tower • Structure expressionism • Geometry in architecture

5. • Cultural reference in arts The Old Dairy Farm • Form in relation with the streets Depot (Fringe Club) • Symbolism • Historical and cultural influences on architecture

6. • Cultural reference in arts Duddell Street Steps • Aesthetics in context & Gas Lamps • Historical and cultural influences on architecture • Evolution of Craft and Design • Local materials

02 1.2 Background Information: Central Arts | © ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Central - the development of the heart of an international city Central, the political and cultural centre Central has long been the cultural and political centre of Hong Kong since was occupied by the British in 1841. Globalization has had profound influence on this area in terms of the following aspects:

Major public space The financial centre As the heart of political administration, living and trade, a Due to the open economic policy exercised by the number of public parks were built in Central since the 19th former British colonial government, tremendous foreign century by the colonial government. The current Chater investment was attracted to Hong Kong. As a famous Garden was the former cricket ground for the British, entrepôt in the world, Central is regarded as the CBD while the was once a place for political (Central Business District) with a large number of office and military parade. These parks have now become towers which facilitates trade and communication. Iconic popular grounds for leisure activities as well as public buildings have been erected, symbolizing the financial demonstrations. powers behind. These buildings are mostly in western or modern architectural style, making Hong Kong one of the The heart of politics and administration most distinctive metropolis in the world. The concentration of government offices and buildings is The increasing global financial and commercial trade has an evidence to show Central being the heart of political led to the blooming infrastructural development in Hong and administrative centre for the past 171 years. The Kong, especially in Central. Both inter- and intra-city building cluster on the and its central axis transportation networks are located in Central for easy pointing straight towards the is a display accessibility. of the former colonial government’s authority over the city. Important government buildings such as the Government The following modes of transport or network can be found House, the Central Government Offices, the Former French in Central: Mission Building and the Old Supreme Court have created Intra-district: Central elevated walkway system, Mid-Levels a closely articulated setting which helped ensure the escalator system government’s effective controls over colonial politics and Intra-city: MTR, ferry, bus, tram, minibus administration. Inter-city: Airport Express ( to Hong Kong The significance of the Anglican Church for the British is International Airport) manifested by the location of St. John’s Cathedral on the Government Hill, a political centre. The Central Elevated Walkway（中區行人天橋）is an After the handover of the sovereignty of Hong Kong in extensive network of escalators and footbridges in 1997, the political significance has been shifting away Central and Western district. The walkway provides from the Government Hill. In 2012, the Central Government an all-weather passage to facilitate pedestrian access Complex at Tamar was officially opened for use. It is between , and the General located right next to the People’s Liberation Army Hong Post Office. This also helps alleviating pressure of Kong Building. vehicle traffic. 03 1.3 Identifying different architectural styles

One can easily identify the architectural style of a building The pursuit of technological breakthroughs has reduced by observing its external appearance as well as its form of physical limitations and liberated building structure. space and details of building. Through time, the breakthroughs in structural design has helped architects and engineers to invent and explore new 1. Building Materials forms, followed by the creation of new spatial experience. The choice of building materials is not only affected by aesthetic concerns but also the level of technology at 3. Cultural and Social Influence the time of construction, as well as the availability of Lastly, the architectural form and the aesthetic appearance the material. Natural materials such as stone and wood are not only influenced by the above, but also affected were popular before the invention of concrete and steel. by the culture and social values of the time. Even within For example, most ancient Roman buildings were built in two close periods or using similar techniques, the building stones, especially marble, a material naturally abundant form could be very different. Taking the Old Supreme Court in Italy. However, for many modern cities, concrete, glass (Legislative Council Building) for example, the building Arts | and steel are the more popular materials as it is quicker to is in a colonial style influenced by Western aesthetics. build with these modern materials. However, to better suit the local climate, some details, Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods such as the Chinese tile roof, are a reflection of Chinese 2. Technology influence. The stone used was granite, a locally available With the advancement of technology, more building material of Hong Kong. materials have been invented, widening the choices and possibilities of architectural design. Steel and sheet glass are commonly used in modern architecture, but they were not as widely used until their mass production was made When identifying the style of a building... available during the 19th century Industrial Revolution. When designing a building often the designers are Nowadays, apart from these High-tech materials, natural influenced not only by its time but reference to its site materials such as sustainable wood are also popular. On context. the other hand, more buildings are becoming ‘digitized’, using digital building skin in LED and TV screens as their changeable façade.

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1. The Old Supreme Court is a Neoclassical building fused with Chinese details. 2. HSBC Main Building, with its innovative structural system, is an example of High-tech architecture. © Loky 04 3. City Hall is a prime example of Modernist architecture in Hong Kong, emphasising clarity and functionality. © Loky 1.4 Checkpoints

1 City Hall

Built in : 1956 Style : Modernism / Bauhaus Architects : Ron Phillips and Alan Fitch, British architects in Hong Kong at the time Use : A multi-purpose civic centre with facilities for performance arts

Background : In 1867, the first City Hall was built by public contributions. It was a magnificent two-storey building in Renaissance Revival Arts | style, with colonnades and archways, housing a theatre, a library, a museum and assembly rooms. The building was used by Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Europeans and Chinese elites. p Photo taken when the City Hall was first In 1933, the City Hall was partly demolished to make way for the opened in the 60s. It was intended to be Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building. The rest was demolished a urban hub, well-connected with the Star in 1947 for the erection of the Bank of China Building. The new Ferry Pier, Queen’s Pier and Edinburgh complex was built in the post-war period, aiming to provide Place. recreational facilities and cultural programmes for the general © Ron Phillips public instead of just the upper class.

[Discussion] 1 Can you identify the architectural style of City Hall? How was it different from the style of surrounding buildings when it was built? Suggested Answers • Bauhaus architectural style: asymmetrical composition with a sense of balance, use of curtain wall, rectilinear form • Form follows function: design around functional needs. Various functions housed in simple, no-frills box-shaped volumes • Minimal: clean lines and stark geometrical forms • Unornamented and asymmetrical, a contrast to the surrounding colonial buildings (such as the Old Supreme Court) with decorations

The style later on become a common way of design, widely adopted in the civic and public buildings in Hong Kong. Previous to the construction of City Hall, many buildings in Hong Kong are built in the western classical style as influenced by the British colonial governor.

Modernism, in the broad sense, refers to modern thoughts, character, or practice. The term specifically describes the Modernist Movement in arts and culture from 19th to 20th century. Architectural Modernism was widely adopted before and after WWII and continues to be a dominant architectural style into the late 20th century for institutional and corporate buildings.

05 [Discussion] 2 Can you describe the characteristics of Modernism from the City Hall features highlighted below?

Suggested Answers • Facade of the Upper Block • simple geometry and no color (just black and white) • black color is used to make subtle appearance of form • non-decorative / minimal : clean lines and stark geometrical forms

Suggested Answers Arts | • Staircase of the Upper Block • Form follow function, the staircase is exposed and the Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods • Activities (function) can be clearly identified from outside • Due to changed regulations, escape fire staircases may no longer be glazed

Suggested Answers • courtyard(memorial garden) between lower block and upper block • the transition space is identified by simple lines of columns which helps to separate the different functional spaces, at the same time visually connecting the space

Teaching Tips More information can be found in: Visual Arts Topic 06: ‘Proportion in Architecture’

3 Why do you think the architect chose to design in Modernist style?

Possible Perspectives

• The new complex was built in the post-war period, aiming to provide recreational facilities and cultural programmes for the general public instead of just the upper class. At that time, there was a new emphasis being placed on housing for immigrants from China. • At that time, mass production was encouraged as it saved cost. Citizens now had access to all the facilities that in the past they couldn’t afford to go to. The piazza in front of the City Hall was designed to relate to Queen’s Pier, and the memorial garden was meant to enable people to enjoy a free public space.

06 City Hall, a multi-purpose civic centre in Hong Kong. The Low Block is comprised of functions requiring larger volumes such as concert hall, theatre, restau- rant, ballroom, foyer and main circulation areas. The High Block is made up of a number of smaller spaces including art galleries, museums, library and admin- istrative offices. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

4 Which functional space is wrapped with a glazed façade? Which functional space is wrapped in opaque concrete walls? What do you think were the reasons behind these different treatments?

Possible Perspectives

• The functional requirements of the interior are reflected on the exterior. For spaces requiring natural lighting, extensive glazing is used. These include the restaurant in the Low Block, stairwells and the library on the High Block. The concert hall and the theatre on the Low Block, however, are enclosed within opaque walls for housing technical functions and blocking out daylight.

• This illustrates the Modernist principle of ‘form follow functions’

5 As Hong Kong continued to develop, the harbourfront near City Hall was reclaimed. Pier had to relocate in 2006 and the Queen’s Pier was demolished in 2008 to make way for the reclamation.

What do you think about these changes? How important was the original intention of the architect to connect City Hall with Star Ferry Pier, Queen’s Pier, and Statue Square as one continuous, highly accessible urban hub?

07 2 Old Supreme Court (Former Legislative Council Building)

Built in : 1900-1912 Architects : Aston Webb and E. Ingress Bell Style : Neoclassical with Chinese architectural elements

Use : 1912-1978: Supreme Court During Japanese occupation in World War II (December 1941 to August 1945), the building was used as the headquarters of Hong Kong Military Police. 1985–2011: Legislative Council Due to structural cracks discovered during p The Old Supreme Court was declared as a the construction works of the Mass Transit Grade I monument by the Antiquities and Railway in 1978, the building was temporarily Monuments Office and is protected legally Arts | closed for alteration works. It was reopened in under the Antiquities and Monuments 1985 as the Legislative Council Building. Ordinance Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods In 2012, the building was closed and planned to open as the Court of Final Appeal by 2015.

Colonial Style Architecture

Under the rule of the British colonial government, the Old Supreme Court was built in a Western architectural style. This is Neoclassical style, with features of classical Greek and Roman architecture (850 BC-476 AD), but constructed after the 18th century. However, because of climatic and geographical differences, architectural features were altered to fit local conditions. This mixed, adaptive design is what we call the Colonial Style.

© ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User

Pediment

Frieze Entablature Architrave

Columns

Stylobate p Various parts of a classical Greek façade, composed mainly of Teaching Tips stylobate, colonnade, entablature and pediment. Some of these More information can be found in: features are also used in the Neoclassical Old Supreme Court Visual Arts Topic 06: ‘Proportion in Building. © Helen Fan Architecture’ 08 Pediment Statue of Themis Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Arch Dome Lantern Ionic column

09 [Exercise 1] Can you identify the Western and local features of the Old Supreme Court? Arts | Suggested Answers Suggested Answers

The double-layered Chinese tile roof shows how a The verandah circling the building is a feature Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods Western building is altered to adapt to local climate. adopted for better ventilation in the hot, humid subtropical climate of Hong Kong

Suggested Answers Suggested Answers A Western dome covered in precast concrete tiles Greek Ionic columns with simplified details, and surmounted by a feature called a ‘lantern’. A typical of Neoclassical architecture crown representing British rule is placed above the lantern.

[Do you know...]

On top of the pediment stands a 2.7m high statue of Justice, represented by the Greek goddess Themis. She holds a pair of scales in her right hand and a sword in her left hand; the scales represent fairness and the sword is a symbol of power. She is blindfolded, symbolizing impartiality.

u Statue of Themis © ChvhLR10 - Wikipedia User 10 3 HSBC Main Building

Built in : 1983-1985 Style : High-tech Architect : Lord Norman Foster, Pritzker Prize-winning architect

History of the HSBC Main Building: First generation : 1865-1886 Second generation : 1886-1935 (Victorian style) Third generation : 1935-1978 (mixed Art Deco and Stripped Classical Style i.e. classical elements simplified to show only structural or proportional systems) Current building : 1986 (High-tech architecture) Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

u Contrasting architectural styles in Central — Old Supreme Court in Neoclassical style and the nearby HSBC Main Building in High-tech style © Ian Lambot

High-tech architectural style High-tech, or high technology, is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, with an emphasis on technological advancement and structure. The structural elements of the building are externalized and exposed, giving these buildings a skeletal look. This honesty of structure and emphasis on technology are part of the aesthetics. One foreign example is the Centre Georges Pompidou (Pompidou Centre) in Paris, built in 1971. The Centre was designed by Italian architects Renzo Piano and Gianfranco Franchini and British architect Richard Rogers.

[Exercise 2] What special features and aesthetics do you see in the design?

Suggested Answers • Assembled structure • Simple, clean geometric forms • Unornamented • Unobstructed view of the harbour with the open space of Statue Square in front of the building • Externalized suspension trusses spanning the construction at double-height levels forming the most distinctive visual elements on the building envelope • Open plan office • Ground floor is open for public circulation p High-tech aesthetics — Expression of Photo Taking Tips structural elements is the key of Photography not allowed anywhere in architectural beauty the building except in the atrium © Foster + Partners 11 Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

© Ian Lambot

Historical Significance • A valued icon of Hong Kong as a world-level metropolitan and contributed to the growth of Hong Kong’s tertiary sector • The architect, Lord Norman Foster, is also the architect for Hong Kong International Airport, Kai Tak Cruise Terminal and West Cultural District.

Social and Cultural Significance • The land between the HSBC Main Building and the harbour waterfront is planned to remain a permanent free space for the public, as stated in the lease with the Government • The building with unobstructed view of the harbour is considered to enjoy good Feng Shui (water represents wealth in Feng Shui) • The ground level of the building is open for public circulation. It has also been a favourite gathering space for foreign domestic helpers and social activism such as Occupy Central.

[Discussion] How do you think the design breakthrough of HSBC has influence the skyline of Hong Kong? Compare the style of building before and after HSBC is built.

Possible Perspectives The standout structure has make the Hong Kong Skyline become unique in the world. Before HSBC Headquarters was built, the buildings envelope in the areas are much more opaque and regular in outlook, e.g. The Charter Building, Prince Building. The building made a breakthrough in the architectural style and lead highrise building designs towards a hi-tech expression e.g. Cheung Kong Building, Citi Plaza Building. Which the facade become more transparent and more innovative design is encouraged to make Hong Kong Skyline more dynamic.

12 4 Bank of China Tower

Built in : 1985-1990 Style : High-tech Architect : I. M. Pei, Pritzker Prize-winning architect

Use : Headquarters of Bank of China Hong Kong; other office storeys are leased out. The site was the former address of the , which was dismantled in 1982 and relocated to Stanley in the 2000s. Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

u With a striking angular form, the Bank of China is an iconic piece of Structural Expressionism. The idea for the form came from bamboo, a symbol of growth and prosperity in Chinese culture. However, there have been comments on the ‘poor Feng Shui’ the building causes to its surroundings due to the triangular form and the crosses (X) of its structural frame. © WiNG - Wikipedia User

What is the role of geometry in the composition of building?

• Concise geometry and structurally expressive • Given a relatively small footprint, the structure is highly efficient with a square base morphing upwards into triangular prisms, giving the tower a dynamic form • Designed with reference to bamboo, a Chinese cultural symbol • Carefully proportioned to give the tower an elegant, slender appearance • Distinctively different elevations on four sides

Teaching Tips More information on the relationship between the structure and space can be found in: Science Topic 02 VISIT: Central - `Structure of Skyscraper’

p The interior of the atrium also echoes with the triangular exterior forms 13 [Exercise 3] Draw a sketch of geometrical composition of the Bank of China Tower.

Arts | Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

p Plans and elevation of the Bank of China Tower. The form transforms from a square at the base to a prism. © Helen Fan

[Do you know...] • The architect of the building, I. M. Pei, is well-known for using geometry and especially triangles in his design. The triangle is the most structurally stable and efficient geometrical shape. It is therefore widely used in high-tech buildings for structural efficiency and strength. • As a Chinese, Pei has also blended Chinese symbols and traditions in his design • Do you know any other buildings designed by him?

© Casey Hon p The idea of Chinese Garden is integrated with Bank of China, a piece of modern architecture 14 5 The Old Dairy Farm Depot South Block (Fringe Club)

Built in : 1890 Style : Neoclassisicm (meaning a mixed style based on classicism) Use : 1890-1970s ﹣ Old Dairy Farm Depot consisting office, dairy shop, with cold storage warehouse and room for meat smoking

1984-present ﹣ Hong Kong Fringe Club, a non-profit arts organization

Currently consists: two studio theatres, three exhibition areas, one pottery workshop, one showroom, one rehearsal

studio, two bars, roof garden and offices Arts |

Significance : A Grade I historic building Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods The first awardee of Hong Kong Government Heritage Award in 2001 in recognition of its success in historic p The external wall features a mix of different conservation materials, including the distinctive red and white bandaged stucco and brickwork. The base of the walls were decorated with Shanghai plaster (a rough-textured material) simulating granite. © Casey Hon

p Fringe Club’s property was originally a pitch-roofed p Its filleted southwest corner was added during 1913 Dairy Farm Depot built in 1890. Its pitched roof was renovation demolished in 1908.

p Bandaged brickwork decoration was added in 1916. p Bandaged brickwork was replaced by paint With circular bull’s eye windows and square motifs rendering and Shanghai plaster cladding in around 1940s 15 6 Duddell Street Steps & Gas Lamps

Built in : Granite steps, 1875–1889 Street Lamp, early 20th century Use : Connection between and Queen’s Road Central

Aesthetic Significance • Earliest reference to the street lamps dated back to 1922, noted as Two-light Rochester Models • Good quality stonework (granite) • Colonial features • Rare masonry balustrades in Hong Kong

Historical Significance © Casey Hon • Declared monument • An iconic street scene reflecting the colonial Arts | • Duddell street was named after George Duddell, an Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods auctioneer and significant property owner in the area in the mid-19th century. • The only four surviving gas-powered street lamps in Hong Kong

Cultural Significance • The nostalgic atmosphere has inspired many famous movie scenes, e.g. ‘In the Mood for Love’ directed by Wong Kar-Wai

p The grand granite balustrades

Teaching Tips More information on local conservation can be found in: Liberal Studies Topic 08`Conservation and Revitalization of Historic Buildings ’ [Discussion] 1 From 1950s onwards, all the gas lamps in Hong Kong were replaced by electric lamps. Why do you think these gas lamps at Duddell Street have been kept?

Possible Perspectives Yes, the gas lamps should be kept. • The Duddell gas lamps are an important part of the street. They are a perfect match with the granite steps. It is important to retain these original features and keep them functioning in order to preserve a historical place in a coherent manner • The lamps in Western style are a reminder of the history and technological development of Hong Kong. We should conserve such valuable artefacts in order for future generations to understand our home city better.

No, the gas lamps should not be kept. • With mature electric technology, we do not need gas lamps anymore. The resources spent on maintaining these lamps could be spent on other areas. Furthermore, they can, however, remain on site. 16 Appendix: Western Architectural Styles

Ancient Greek architecture Considered the origin of Western architecture, ancient Greek architecture has a history of over a thousand years, distinguished by the use of ‘classical order’, which is a particular proportioning system composed of elements such as columns, the pediment, the entablature and so on. Greek buildings have simple, clear forms.

Examples: The Parthenon, Athens, Greece (438 BC) Temple of Athena Nike, Athens, Greece (427 BC) p The Parthenon © Mike Hui Arts | Ancient Roman architecture Dated back to 100 BC, with significant influence from Greek Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods architecture. Distinguished by elements such as semi-circular arches, domes and the volumetric gesture. The Roman temples, amphitheatres, baths, basilicas etc. stand testimony to the greatness of this style. Often referred as ‘classical architecture’ together with ancient Greek architecture.

Examples: The Colosseum, Rome, Italy (82 AD) The Pantheon, Rome, Italy (188 AD) p The Pantheon © Richjheath - Wikipedia User

Gothic architecture (12th to 16th century) The style was prominent during the high and the late Medieval period, distinguished by pointed arches (different from the semicircular Roman arches), large rose windows, window tracery and the emphasis on the creation of vertical lines in the design.

Examples: Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France (1163 AD) King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, UK (1515 AD)

p Notre Dame Cathedral © Tom S. - Wikipedia User

Neoclassical Architecture (18th to late 19th century) Beginning in the 18th century, the style was influenced by Classical Greek and Roman architecture, and partly influenced by the Italian Palladian style.

Examples: St Peter’s Square, Vatican (1667 AD) The British Museum, London, UK (1847 AD) p St. Peter’s Square © François Malan - Wikipedia User 17 Summary Central has always been Hong Kong’s economic and political centre, featuring many landmark buildings that have contributed to the evolution of the city’s unique skyline.

The form and outlook of a building is not purely aesthetic, but is also influenced by its cultural, political and technological context.

Key words Bauhaus Modernism Classical architecture Neoclassical architecture Colonial architecture Structural expressionism Arts | Geometry and Proportion Visit: Central — Architectural Forms in Different Time Periods

Further reading 1. 香港電台《漫遊城市建築》，香港電台 ， 2009 http://rthk.hk/elearning/architecturetour/index.htm

2. Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Webisite of Antiquities and Monuments Office. 2004,. http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/main.php

3. “HSBC Main Building.” Arup, 2012 http://www.arup.com/Projects/HSBC_Headquarters_1_Queens_Road_Central.aspx

4. LegCo Civic Education Corner - The Legislative Council Building. Hong Kong Legislative Council. 2012. http://www.legco.gov.hk/young/english/building/legco_building_1.html

5. “ - Introduction.” Hong Kong City Hall. Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2007. http://www.cityhall.gov.hk/en/index.php

6. 胡恩威《香港風格》，香港：CUP Publishing Ltd. 2005

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