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Entomology 24 New Zealand Entomologist 24: 23–47 (December 2001) Adventive species of Lepidoptera recorded for the first time in New Zealand since 1988 Robert J.B. Hoare Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. [email protected] Abstract Zealand; a full discussion of weather conditions 23 Information is provided about the 27 species of favourable to trans-Tasman insect dispersal is found foreign Lepidoptera recorded from New Zealand in Tomlinson (1973). The true migrants could be for the first time after 1988. Most of these have said to be those butterflies and moths that build up become established in this country. Four species large populations in eastern Australia, and regularly (Heteroteucha dichroella (Oecophoridae), Cizara arde- migrate within that country, for example the niae (Sphingidae), Papilio xuthus (Papilionidae) and Australian Painted Lady (Cynthia kershawi McCoy), Chasmina sp. (Noctuidae)) are only known in New the Blue Moon (Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius)) Zealand from a single specimen, with no evidence and the bogong moth (Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)). of establishment. One established species (Orgyia Other species of Lepidoptera, not known to have thyellina (Lymantriidae)) has been deliberately erad- migratory tendencies, undoubtedly arrive under the icated. Eighteen species are believed to have arrived influence of the same weather conditions, and this from Australia, although some of these (e.g. would explain, for example, the two New Zealand Herpetogramma licarsisalis) also occur elsewhere. records of the Australian satyrine Melanitis leda Three species (Orgyia thyellina, Artona martini bankia (Fabricius) (Gibbs 1980). It is not just larger (Zygaenidae) and Papilio xuthus) are Asian in origin. butterflies and moths that are able to survive the Three species (Agonopterix alstromeriana (Depress- journey across the Tasman: a number of species of ariidae), Coleophora striatipennella (Coleophoridae) and ‘microlepidoptera’ certainly owe their presence in Scrobipalpa obsoletella (Gelechiidae)) are European. One this country to this form of dispersal. One example species (Monochroa sp. (Gelechiidae)) is probably is the crambid Achyra affinitalis (Lederer), which was Palaearctic but has not yet been identified to first recorded in New Zealand in October 1973 in species.The remaining two species (Trichophysetis sp. association with a very large influx of Australian (Crambidae) and Chasmina sp.) have not been found insects that included several other species of moth in collections from outside New Zealand, but are not formerly recorded here (Fox 1975, 1978). A. likely to be Australian. A further two Australian affinitalis is now widespread and well established in species (Barea codrella (Oecophoridae) and Teia anar- both North and South Islands (Dugdale 1988; toides (Lymantriidae)), first recorded in New unpublished records). Zealand prior to 1988, are dealt with here. All 29 Of course, not all Australian moths that are species are illustrated, and a brief diagnosis is pro- recorded or have become established in New vided for adults of species that resemble other New Zealand have flown here across the Tasman Sea. For Zealand taxa. Notes are given on origin, date of first some species, it can be hard to tell whether their collection in New Zealand, known distribution in appearance here is the result of transport on the this country and life history where known. prevailing winds, or of accidental importation. Keywords: immigration, species establishment. However, importation is clearly the only explana- tion for the occurrence of moths with flightless Introduction females, such as the Australian bag moth Cebysa leu- Means of arrival of adventives cotelus Walker (Psychidae), or the painted apple The migration of Lepidoptera from Australia to moth Teia anartoides Walker (Lymantriidae). Whilst New Zealand is a familiar phenomenon. A particu- Australia seems to be the only source of migrant lar study of the migratory patterns of butterflies and Lepidoptera in New Zealand, importations may of moths visiting New Zealand was made by the late course originate from elsewhere, and this is the case K.J. Fox (summarized in Fox (1978)). Large migra- with the white-spotted tussock moth Orgyia thyelli- tions often follow a period of strong westerly or na Butler (Lymantriidae), which became temporar- northwesterly winds, which may be associated with ily established in Auckland in 1996 (see below) and the northern edge of a depression approaching New with the bamboo moth Artona martini (Zygaenidae): New Zealand Entomologist 24: 23–47 (December 2001) both species are from South-East Asia. extinct in several areas of the country, having been Whilst the influx of new species of Lepidoptera to replaced by the Australian Z. labradus (Gibbs 1980; New Zealand is in large part a natural phenomenon, Patrick & Dugdale 2000). there are some concerns from both economic and conservation points of view.The year 1999 saw the Host-plant associations establishment of two species considered to be of The larval biology of established adventive 24 pest status. Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker) Lepidoptera in New Zealand is summarized in Table (Crambidae) had been recorded in this country 1.‘Pre-1986’ species are those first captured in New before (see below), but for the first time built up Zealand before 1986;‘post-1986’ species are those for very large populations, which were responsible for which there are no known pre-1986 New Zealand conspicuous damage to some areas of dairy pasture specimens.The following species treated in this paper in Northland (Hardwick et al. 2000). Teia anartoides, fall into the ‘pre-1986’ category: Coleophora striatipen- which had been recorded at Dunedin in 1983 nella, Barea codrella, Monochroa sp., Teia anartoides. (Harris 1988), became established in the wild in The division of the data into these time-categories is Auckland in 1999, raising worries about threats to admittedly somewhat arbitrary, especially as some horticulture and forestry should it spread. It is still species may have been established in this country present in west Auckland in 2001.As pointed out by well before they were first captured. However, a Fox (1978), pests will always tend to be amongst number of species appear to have first arrived in the most successful colonists because such species 1986, and there are some interesting indications of a typically have polyphagous larvae and the potential shift in the kind of species becoming established since to build up large populations, both features that aid this date (see below). considerably towards establishment (but see under Amongst all adventives, detritivores are the dom- Host-plant associations below). inant group; this is not surprising as most of the Polyphagous defoliating species such as Teia anar- included species may not be very particular as to the toides and other Lymantriidae may also pose a threat larval substrate, and detritus is an abundant and eas- to natural ecosystems, but so far there is little doc- ily located resource. Nonetheless many of these umented evidence of adverse effects on native veg- species are probably relatively restricted in their cli- etation from adventive Lepidoptera. However, matic tolerance and are notably more abundant in another cause for concern is competition, including cities, e.g. Cebysa leucotelus Walker (Psychidae). genetic introgression of a local species or subspecies Oligophagous species with widespread hosts by a closely related Australian taxon.This has possi- include many cosmopolitan crop pests such as bly happened in the case of the endemic New Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelechiidae, on Zealand blue butterfly Zizina oxleyi, which is now Solanaceae) and Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae, Table 1. Larval biology and origins of established adventive Lepidoptera in New Zealand. ‘Polyphagous’: species whose host-plants range across two or more unrelated plant families; oligophagous: species restricted to a single host family, but feeding on more than one genus within that family; monophagous: restricted to a single host genus. (See Appendix 1 for details of pre-1986 species). LARVAL BIOLOGY Pre-1986 Post-1986 Total spp. ORIGINS Pre-1986 Post-1986 Total spp. Polyphagous 10 4 14 Australian 49 18 67 Oligophagous: monocots 2 3 5 European and cosmopolitan 37 2 39 Oligophagous: dicots, etc. 21 4 25 Asian trade 0 2 2 Monophagous 13 7 20 North American 1 0 1 Detritivores 32 4 36 Pacific trade 1 0 1 Stored products 9 0 9 South African 1 0 1 Unknown 3 0 3 Unknown 1 0 1 TOTAL 90 22 112 TOTAL 90 22 112 Hoare: New adventive Lepidoptera on Brassicaceae), for which human activities (plant- Auckland). ing of large monocultures of the hosts) create The species discussed are listed below.When the favourable conditions. The third best represented specific identity of the New Zealand specimens group consists of species restricted to Australian assigned to a genus is still in doubt, I have used the hosts, especially wattles (Acacia spp. and their rela- abbreviation ‘cf.’ (‘compare’) where they may tives) and eucalypts (Eucalyptus and Angophora spp.). belong to the species named. Species that are known It is interesting that there appears to have been an to be undescribed are marked ‘sp. nov.’ (‘new 25 increase in the rate of establishment of such species, species’); those that may be named but have not yet with only eight recorded up to 1986, but eight been identified are marked ‘sp.’. more since then. Despite the attention given
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