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Management of Labor and Delivery Management of Labor and Delivery Editor AARON B. CAUGHEY OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA www.obgyn.theclinics.com Consulting Editor WILLIAM F. RAYBURN December 2017 • Volume 44 • Number 4 ELSEVIER 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard Suite 1800 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19103-2899 http://www.theclinics.com OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Volume 44, Number 4 December 2017 ISSN 0889-8545, ISBN-13: 978-0-323-55286-8 Editor: Kerry Holland Developmental Editor: Kristen Helm ª 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This periodical and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Elsevier, and the follow- ing terms and conditions apply to their use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. 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Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics (ISSN 0889-8545) is published quarterly by Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710. Months of issue are March, June, September, and December. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Subscription price per year is $301.00 (US individuals), $627.00 (US institutions), $100.00 (US students), $377.00 (Canadian individuals), $792.00 (Canadian institutions), $225.00 (Canadian students), $459.00 (international individuals), $792.00 (international institutions), and $225.00 (international students). 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Tel.: 212-633-3874; Fax: 212-633-3820; E-mail: [email protected]. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America is also published in Spanish by McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores S.A., P.O. Box 5-237, 06500, Mexico; in Portuguese by Reichmann and Affonso Editores, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and in Greek by Paschalidis Medical Publications, Athens, Greece. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America is covered in MEDLINE/PubMed (Index Medicus), Excerpta Medica, Current Concepts/Clinical Medicine, Science Citation Index, BIOSIS, CINAHL, and ISI/BIOMED. Printed in the United States of America. Management of Labor and Delivery Contributors CONSULTING EDITOR WILLIAM F. RAYBURN, MD, MBA Associate Dean, Continuing Medical Education and Professional Development, Distinguished Professor and Emeritus Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico EDITOR AARON B. CAUGHEY, MD, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon AUTHORS ALLISON J. ALLEN, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon ALISON G. CAHILL, MD, MSCI Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chief, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri AARON B. CAUGHEY, MD, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon YVONNE W. CHENG, MD, PhD Medical Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sutter Health, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California NATHAN S. FOX, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Associates, PLLC, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York ANNESSA KERNBERG, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon BETH LEOPOLD, MD Resident, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware iv Contributors SARAH E. LITTLE, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts STEPHANIE MELKA, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Associates, PLLC, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York JAMES MILLER, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Associates, PLLC, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York CHRISTINA A. PENFIELD, MD, MPH Clinical Instructor and Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California RACHEL A. PILLIOD, MD Clinical Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon NANDINI RAGHURAMAN, MD, MS Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri JANINE S. RHOADES, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri BETHANY SABOL, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon JAMES SARGENT, MD Clinical Fellow in Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon ANTHONY SCISCIONE, DO Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and the OB/Gyn Residency Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware DEBORAH A. WING, MD, MBA Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California Management of Labor and Delivery Contents Foreword: Addressing Common Management Dilemmas in Labor and Delivery xi William F. Rayburn Preface: Evidence-Based Management of Labor and Delivery: What Do We Still Need to Know? xiii Aaron B. Caughey Evidence-Based Labor and Delivery Management: Can We Safely Reduce the Cesarean Rate? 523 Aaron B. Caughey This article provides an overview of the approaches that might be used to safely reduce the cesarean rate. Although cesarean delivery may be a safe alternative to vaginal delivery, its use in 1 in 3 women giving birth is likely too high. The downstream impact of cesarean delivery on future pregnancies is likely not well considered when the first cesarean is being performed. Through quality improvement, environmental changes will allow clinicians to adopt the range of practices described. However, without such environmental changes, clinicians may not be able to change their own practice patterns given environments in which
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