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Patellogastropoda: Nacella) Inhabiting Antarctic and Magellan Coastal Systems K Identification assisted by molecular markers of larval parasites in two limpet species (Patellogastropoda: Nacella) inhabiting Antarctic and Magellan coastal systems K. Flores, Z. López, D. Levicoy, C. P. Muñoz-Ramírez, C. González- Wevar, M. E. Oliva & L. Cárdenas Polar Biology ISSN 0722-4060 Volume 42 Number 6 Polar Biol (2019) 42:1175-1182 DOI 10.1007/s00300-019-02511-6 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Polar Biology (2019) 42:1175–1182 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02511-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Identifcation assisted by molecular markers of larval parasites in two limpet species (Patellogastropoda: Nacella) inhabiting Antarctic and Magellan coastal systems K. Flores1 · Z. López2,3 · D. Levicoy1 · C. P. Muñoz‑Ramírez4,5 · C. González‑Wevar6 · M. E. Oliva7,8 · L. Cárdenas1 Received: 10 August 2018 / Revised: 30 April 2019 / Accepted: 8 May 2019 / Published online: 24 May 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract In the Southern Ocean, many parasites of vertebrates (mainly helminth groups) have been recognized as endemic species, but parasites of marine invertebrates remain almost unknown. It is reasonable to assume that digenean larvae will parasitize gastropods, bivalves, amphipods, and annelids, the usual frst and second intermediate hosts for those parasites. Here, using an identifcation assisted by molecular markers, we report the Digenea species parasitizing the most abundant limpet species inhabiting ice-free rocky intertidal and subtidal zones of the Southern Ocean, viz. Nacella concinna from the Antarctic and Nacella deaurata from the Magellan region. The limpets harbored larval Digenea (two metacercariae and one sporocyst). Phylogenetic analysis based on the multilocus tree supported the hypothesis that N. concinna is parasitized by a species of Gymnophallidae, whereas the limpet N. deaurata is parasitized by Gymnophalloides nacellae and a species of Renicolidae. In addition, diferences in prevalence and intensity were also recorded between the two compared host species and also from other congeneric species. This new knowledge in parasite species in marine invertebrates from the Southern Ocean reveals the presence of a particular parasite fauna and confrms the utility of molecular tools to identify biodiversity still scarcely known. Keywords Nacella concinna · Nacella deaurata · Digenean parasites · Molecular markers · Southern Ocean Introduction that shape biodiversity (Hudson et al. 2006). Parasites are a “biological magnifying glass” that can help to understand Nowadays, there is general agreement that parasite diver- the evolutionary processes that shape extant population pat- sity is key to fully understanding population dynamics, terns (Froeschke and von der Heyden 2014). Parasites can interspecifc competition, energy fow, and the mechanisms decrease the survival or reproductive output of their host (Mouritsen and Poulin 2002). In addition, there is evidence that the outcome of interspecifc competition between hosts Electronic supplementary material The online version of this (Hudson and Greenman 1998) and the interaction between article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0030 0-019-02511 -6) contains predators and prey (Lafferty 1999) can be modified by supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * L. Cárdenas 5 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima [email protected] Concepción, Concepción, Chile 6 Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas Y 1 Centro FONDAP-IDEAL, Inst. de Ciencias Ambientales & Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 7 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander Von Humboldt, 2 Instituto de Ecología Y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de FACIMAR, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 8 Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de 3 Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos Y Concepción, Concepción, Chile Sub-Antárticos (LEMAS), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile 4 Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad Y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Author's personal copy 1176 Polar Biology (2019) 42:1175–1182 parasites. Despite the relevance of parasites in the commu- et al. 2005). In this study, we used the most common genes nity, parasite biodiversity is still scarcely known in places for parasite DNA barcoding to assist in the identifcation such as Antarctica and Patagonia, and strongly underrep- of parasites present in congeneric limpet species inhabiting resented in most marine biodiversity lists (Klimpel et al. the Southern Ocean, in particular in Magellan and Antarctic 2017). coastal environments. In addition, we describe the larval Parasites in the Southern Ocean have been documented stages of digenean parasites present in both gastropod spe- parasitizing fshes, birds, and mammals (Barbosa and Pala- cies, and quantify common parasite ecological parameters cios 2009; Diaz et al. 2017; MacKenzie 2017). In con- in order to document novel information about host–parasite trast, the parasites of marine invertebrates remain widely associations in the Southern Ocean. unknown. Parasitological studies on marine invertebrates are important and necessary for understanding the life cycles of parasites, especially digeneans (Gibson et al. 2002). It is Materials and methods reasonable to assume that digenean parasites, with complex life cycles, are bound to gastropods, bivalves, amphipods, A total of 403 individuals of N. concinna and 214 individu- and annelids, which are used as frst and second intermediate als of N. deaurata were obtained during January of 2016 and hosts before moving to their defnite vertebrate hosts (Zdzi- 2017 (Fig. 1). All samples were collected in shallow waters, towiecki 1988). Due to this strict interdependence with hosts most of them intertidal; those from the subtidal zone (237 from diferent trophic levels, trophic interactions and host individuals of N. concinna) were collected at a maximum species distributions could be the main factors determining depth of 10 m. Samples of N. concinna were obtained on the the presence of a given parasite in a particular environment Antarctic Peninsula at Doumer Island, Palmer Archipelago (Rohde 2005). (A1, 64°52′33″S; 63° 35ʹ1″W) and Kopaitik Island (A2, The patellogastropod genus Nacella are true limpet spe- 63°19′15″S; 57°53′55″W). Samples of N. deaurata were col- cies that are abundant in Antarctic and Magellan regions, lected from two sites in the Magellan region, viz. Santa Ana inhabiting ice-free rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal Point (SA1, 53°37′52″S; 70°54′49″W) and the Beagle Chan- zones of these ecosystems (Picken 1980; Morriconi 1999; nel (SA2, 54°51′34″S; 68°45′49″W). Most samples were Valdovinos and Ruth 2005; Rosenfeld et al. 2018). From a processed in situ, except when logistic limitations made biogeographic point of view, these closely related species this impossible (e.g., vessel limitations or short sampling constitute evidence of the Antarctic–Magellan connection time allowed). Each specimen was sexed and its maximum (González-Wevar et al. 2011). In the Antarctic Peninsula, valvar length measured using a vernier device with accuracy Nacella concinna is the most abundant invertebrate, whereas of 0.5 mm. The valves, mantle, gills, gonad, and digestive in Patagonia, Nacella deaurata is one of the most abun- gland of each specimen were examined under a stereoscopic dant species of the group with a broad distribution includ- microscope after careful dissection. All recorded endopara- ing Atlantic and Pacifc coasts (Morriconi 1999; Ríos and sites were fxed in 70% alcohol for taxonomic identifcation. Mutschke 1999). The digenean Gymnophalloides nacellae Preliminary identifcation was based on specialized literature has been reported parasitizing N. deaurata from Atlan- (Gibson et al. 2002; Bray et al. 2008), followed by molecular tic Patagonian (Puerto Deseado, 47°S, 65°W) and also identifcation. N. magellanica, a true limpet that has a sympatric distribu- The collected parasites were isolated, and each morpho- tion with N. deaurata (Cremonte et al. 2013), suggesting type was transferred to a 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tube. DNA a close historical relationship between these host species extraction was performed using the commercial kit E.Z.N.A and their high ecological similarity. Given the close histori- (Omega Bio-tek) using the manufacturer’s protocol. Follow- cal connection between N. deaurata and N. concinna, some ing the recommendation of Blasco-Costa et al. (2016), we similarity between their parasite fauna could be expected, used a set of most common
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