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FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT and the NEGRO in the 1930' S EARLENE

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FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT and the NEGRO in the 1930' S EARLENE FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEGRO IN THE 1930' s By EARLENE KELLY PARR v Bachelor of Arts Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1965 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August, 1969 ·· IJ\r'+;l.:r\litU llJi M :'s1ATE vN1v~~~11J 'LIBRARY 1'MtW :o \iws FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEGRO IN THE 1930's Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE The purpose of' Franklin ~o Roosevelt ~~"Negro .!!!. ~ 123Q!J! is to attempt to show the relationship between Roosevelt and the Ne~ De&l, c:n the one ha~d, and the NegrC!> and his civil rights m.~ement oin the other., The time span 19'.30 t¢:li 1940 wa.s chosen because it allow the in.. @lusion of the effeets of the Depression on the black man and hi~ in,., volvem.ent in the ~am.prlgn and eleetion of 19320 Sin~e the major New Deal programs and their immediate effects ha4 be~n experienced by 1940, it w.s selected as the final date., Also, from 1940 until Roosevelt0 s death in 1945 the emphasis of the administration was by necessity plaeed on diplo:mati~ and military rather th~n on domestic affairso Da'.l':1.ng this period of concentrated domestic refol"M, the Negro built an important foundation in his civil rights movement for gains that are p~rhaps eulminati:ng in the late 1960Wso 81:1.eeess came through eourt de= eisi@:rn; in NoAoAoC.,Po=Sp~nsored eases, and through the attainment of po= litieal and legislative reeognition, both as a by=produet of specific New Deal programs and as a result of the unsettling of soeiety that resu.lted from the Depression., Evidences of this success were clearest in the ur= ban area.s of the Mortheast and in the Sou.tho Roosevelt is largely the unknown factor to be consideredo The P:r>esident~s sympathy far exeeeded his limited personal inv~lvement, he made no politieal commitment to the black minority8 s eauseo Yet M:r'so Roosevelt woirked actively to promote Negro civil rights0 The black move­ ment, however, was secondary to economic issaes dur.i:ng the 1930 9 s, and iii Roosevelt needed the Congressional support of' CH.'.ln.serva.tives;;i especially the powerful Southern delegationso Therefore he avoided the ra~e fac:tor in <eilrder to prevent a damaging political divisiono Unf©rtunately for our purposes, RooseveltGs desire or empathy for ~ivil rights ciannot be easily measured; only a few messages and phrases imply that laijk of i.:n,., volvement was a. political neQessityo Thus Roosevelt, itppe&1red evasive t@ the Negroo The President@s laek of involvement ijan be ~redited to sever­ al themeso First, th.e still immattl.l"e civil righti':j m©Jv®mrent did n©t en= joy eiontinued national publi((jity and attention., Se((jl0lnd 9 the bla«::lk©s movement coiuld not be exp~~ted to develiop ful.ly during @. single de~ade" Finally9 RooseveltWs presidential powers, althlOlugh granted or implied by lawj were severely limited in reality by the Southern Congressional rep"' [email protected] The spe~ifi~ areas explored in this thesis incilude the Depression as experien@ed by the bla~k American and the Negro@s in~lusion in and variant reaiations t(G} the economic f 01'."I'i'mla of the New Dealo Another seG= is @oneerned with the political shift of the Negro from the Repub= l:foan to the De:moera tiia Party o Finally, the anti=lyniahing legisla.ti ve d@b~te is inialuded siniae this issue achieved more Gontinued public ~on,., iaern f©r the Negro than any other event during the 193owso Sevell"@.1 aiaknowledgments are in ordero I deeply apprecdate the pa.,., tiel111t guidance and inte:t'est of my thesis adviser~ Dt>o Theodore L., Agnewo I sh©>uld als©> like to acknowledge the ~riticial assistancie of Dr., Norbert Mahnk®n for exp~nding the perspeetive of my topico I also want to thank the libraries of Oklahoma State University9 espeeially the Inter=Library toan Department j and the Umversi ty of Oklahoma for their personal as.= sistan~e and the use of their faciilitieso Other assistance for which .I am grateful in~lude that of my brother, James Kelly$ who handled campus iv arrangements while I was living in Oklahoma City; M::r:s:o Noma Mitchell~ So~ial Studies Head at Midwest City High Sch©ol 9 and M:i.~so Ray Par~ for proof'readingo This thesis is dedicated to m;'f' hu,;;baltlld 1 E'li.ke, and l!l'lY parents~ Afton and Mary Kelly, whose fai t,h9 en!Cl@urage11tentSJ aind a~SJis= tanoie made its completion a reality~ v TABIE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction,, ·, ·•· , "' i 6i • • i i' • , ·.,. ., • - 1. ... ·,· 1 The Negro in the 1930's 1· • ·t i· ... .,. ·.,, ., •. ·~ ··i ·, :. • 4 Advent Cl>f R.Gosevel t, the President., 6 .. " ,.. " iii' "e· .. 11 IL THE NEGRO AND THE NEW DEAL • " ·• ·• 'd' • ·•·· i .. ·• 'IJ ., .. • 1i 18 Introduction. ·• ... .i .,. -1'1 • i· • • 11 11 a, .. ~ ., • i i· 'll '18 The Negro and New Dea1 Programs ., • .. ., ·iio ·11· ,, • .;, ,,. 21 A:~ In the Beginning-. -. • • ·• 'll l!i ;i i,· ,., ·.i ;; ., 11· 21 Bi., The Negr@ and the National. Recovery Administration ;, 1, 'ii ; ·;;r ·,· • .. o ·.i • ,, ·~ 22 C·11 The Negro and New .Deal Agriouture·,. • • :;, • 28 D, The Negro and the T. V.A.· ~· ;i 11 • i ii ·• ~· • 34 E. Social Security Administration. i •• i ..- • iii 39 Fc1 The Negro and Housing -· •' ,, 1, o1· .. • , ., .. • 41 The Negro and the Labor Organizations -. 1, ••. .i .. .. 43 Negro Restlessness; .. ·1 i' •' • , il ·11 ·~ 1 ••• 11' ·i • 45 New Deal. and Southern Politics and Politioians11 .. • 48 Roosevelt and the Negro in New Deal Programs .. , • •. 50 CoMlusion-., i • r ·". i· ·, .- ·~ i •. ;· 1r j ·a ,. • .. 11 • " 54 III., THE NEGRO IN NEW DEAL POLITICS i ;;· ·• l ;; , ·~ i· i " 1, :. ii 56 Negro Poli tioal Af'f'iliaticn, 1930-1932, • • • ,; ·;; • 56 The 1932 Election ·., ·;; 1r ·;,, • ·• • • •' • • i :. l' :.· i .i 58 The 1936 Election ii· ·,. r i ·;, i· ·i ~· ii' 'i ·r. '1.I' :. i ·i ·•· •' 63 The 1940 Election i ; •. .,. ~· ·,. 'ii' ·• 1 ·• -., i , ·11 , 'o1 .. 79 Conclusion,. ;· 1r i i ·• ,. ·w ·r· •. ; ·~· •' ·., ,t ·", ~ i. i ..,.. ,, 90 IV., THE LYD::HING ISSUE 'e' i ~ ·,, li" w 11· ·~ ·•·· ••.. ·, i 11· T • ;, • .. 92 CONCLUSIONS., ., e 0 .. .. ., " " . • • .. • • • • • 0 • • 11'.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 0 • 118 " " .. .. Q E) " • • G> " • • e e • • • • APPENDICES ., ~· .,. .. • • .. .. • • . " $ • I) • " . • • . " . • • • • 125 i Ci' APPENDIX A-~ ·.; .. G> • • e e • e • e • • • • e • • • • • • 126 APPENDIX Bo .. ., ., • ···············••ct .. 128 APPENDIX Ce e • ., • GG>QCDO•~•o•••eQ•••• . .. l'.31 vi CHAPTER I I AN ERA OF CHANGE Introdueticm Friction between Negro and white citizens ot the United States has produced politioal reperoussions from the years of Re~ona:truction to the presento In the middle deoades of the nineteenth ~ent'tll"Y, the ra~e issue was prominent in domestic affairs, inoreasing politi~al, ee@nomie, and social sectiona.lism within the nation; but p~litieal pressure for Negro equality gradually sueoumbed to apathy. fosteri:111g the rise of Jim Crow"' ismo This enforoed inequality determined the eonduct of race relations launcihed and the raee issue was revivedo When the financial crisis of 1929 becraeathed the na.tiell:n an era of depression. the "New Negro" and the ! Direet aoticn based on the mili= J tan~y or the Natiol'il.9l. Assoe~ation fo:r the Advanee:ment cf Colored People (f@~ded 1910) lv'as the e~re cf the new protest movement, replacing Boo~er T0 Washington~s traditional philosophy of aeeo:mmodation and concilia,., sed int~ words~-white supremaeyo In. 1932 a No~ther~ university pre,., fessor lecturing in the South ~ondoned the racist attitude, stating that "if white people ®f' the Se;,uth-ex:er~ise their power of control wisely and justly, it ~an be perpetuated until the end of time without protest or 1 2 ous opposition from the bla©k race itselfo ~he truth is there is hardly a man of note in the North today, who would take ec"~~y the iadmi tteid rights as in their judgment a.re most fit and capable of' exercising it for the publi«J goodod This attitude was Gomm.on in thei North:,, and it permeated the SOClial thought of the Southj but during the ad:ministration of Pre~i= dent Franklin Do Roosevelt portions of this attitude ~utfered atta©k and enacted by a Congress strongly influenced by powerful Southern politi~ ~ianso And b@th. political parties re©@gnized the increasing importanGe the Neg~@@s legal prerogatives and p@liti©al potential and were deter= mined to make. them mee1J1ingful to the blrwk mtU'llo 2 Although his v@te continued t@ carry little weigkt in the South, lNew ~ Times 9 November 27, 1932 9 6g2o ~.yf~rd wganj) B'IMeM!Cle of' Rai.cial Discrimination, 88 World Tomorrow!,) X:V {July~ 1932), 2050 3 the Negro v0te exercised such influence Hin the nation.al parties @l.M in the p(Q)litics of the northern states,, 91 3 Although he w,.,as traditionally linked with the Republi©an party, the Negro now sought to create an inde= Southern Dem@cll'!'ats~ a f'2l1ct which ma.de harmon;r d:i:ffi~lt t© maintain in the partyo Sin~e the Negro issue c@uld split b©th parti®s!il pali'."tieularly the Demoerats j they tended t@ avoid the Negr<0i question :m,i(Jre avidly tha.n they had the prohibiti~n issueo4 Ameriea p~id for the fitition that a ~table government e:an be ereeted on human bondageo., o o Today .[J,93if Am.e:t>ica is :f'aoed w.ith similar fritition., n5 The Negro radieal9 WoEoBo DuBois, felt the 1930's were critical to the and 'ffll.s made a vie1tim o:f lyne1hings o In addli tion, the Neg?'© also lCllst hi~ traditi@t'llal menial jiiibs through technological
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