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Brody. Eine Galizische Grenzstadt Im Langen 19. Jahrhundert

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Brody. Eine Galizische Grenzstadt Im Langen 19. Jahrhundert Börries Kuzmany Brody Eine galizische Grenzstadt im langen 19. Jahrhundert Böhlau Verlag Wien Köln Weimar Gefördert durch den Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) P17448-G08, P19184-G08, D4281-G18 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-205-78763-1 Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Über- setzung, des Nachdruckes, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege, der Wiedergabe im Internet und der Speicherung in Daten - ver arbeitungsanlagen, bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. © 2011 by Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H. und Co.KG, Wien · Köln · Weimar www.boehlau-verlag.com Umschlagbild: Ansichtskarte des Ringplatzes in Brody. © Brodyer Regionalmuseum Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, chlor- und säurefreiem Papier Druck: Generál, HU-6726 Szeged Inhalt Danksagungen ................................................... 9 Transliteration und Namen .......................................... 11 I Vorwort ................................................... 13 II Einleitung ..................................................17 A Wirtschaftlicher Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Brody III Die Erfolgsgeschichte (1630–1815) ..................................39 III.1 Der Aufstieg Brodys vor der Ersten Teilung Polens .................39 III.2 Brody als überregionales Handelszentrum nach 1772 .............. 47 IV Stagnation und Krise (1815–1914) .................................. 72 IV.1 Demografischer und wirtschaftlicher Bedeutungsverlust .............73 IV.2 Verpasste Modernisierung ................................ 99 B Eine aussergewöhnliche galizische Kleinstadt V Österreichs jüdischste Stadt ..................................... 125 V.1 Integration ins Habsburgerreich ............................ 125 V.2 Integration auf Gemeindeebene – Brodys Sonderstellung ........... 132 V.3 Brodys Bedeutung für das osteuropäische Judentum .............. 144 VI Die christlichen Minderheiten ................................... 161 VI.1 Soziale Gruppen ....................................... 164 VI.2 Nationale Bewegungen .................................. 171 VII Religion – Sprache – Nation. Schule als multikulturelle Lebenswelt .......... 182 VII.1 Brody als regionales Bildungszentrum ........................ 184 VII.2 Welche Sprache für Brodys Schulen? ......................... 213 VII.3 Ein Mikrokosmos des ethno-konfessionellen Zusammenlebens .......220 VIII Grenzstadt ................................................. 234 VIII.1 Brody als Zufluchtsort ................................... 234 VIII.2 Kommunikation .......................................246 6 Inhalt C Wahrnehmungen des historischen Brody IX Verortungen ................................................ 261 IX.1 Das bereiste Brody .....................................262 IX.2 Das belletristische Brody .................................278 IX.3 Verortungen im Kopf: Die Rezeption von Reiseberichten und Belletristik ................289 X Brodyer Erinnerungsorte ....................................... 293 X.1 Gedenkbücher als mentale Erinnerungsorte .................... 293 X.2 Reale Orte – ein Spaziergang ..............................309 XI Schlussfolgerungen: Brody – eine Misserfolgsgeschichte? ................. 326 Anhang ....................................................... 337 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................... 357 Abbildungen und Karten ........................................... 383 Tabellen und Diagramme ........................................... 385 Ortsverzeichnis .................................................. 387 Personenverzeichnis ............................................... 393 „Alles, was geschieht schreibst du auf“, sagte die Kindliche Kaiserin. „Alles, was ich aufschreibe, geschieht“, war die Antwort des Alten vom Wandernden Berge … „Ich kann nur zurückschauen auf das, was geschehen ist. Ich konnte es lesen, während ich es schrieb. Und ich weiß es, weil ich es las. Und ich schrieb es, weil es geschah. So schreibt sich die Unendliche Geschichte selbst durch meine Hand.“ Michael Ende: Die unendliche Geschichte Danksagungen Dieses Buch ist auf der Grundlage meiner 2008 an der Universität Wien und der Université Paris IV Sorbonne abgeschlossenen Dissertation entstanden. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Fritz T. Epstein Preis (Dtl.), dem Michael-Mitterauer-Förderungspreis (Öst.), dem Otto-Borst- Preis der AG Die Alte Stadt (Dtl.) und dem Doc.Award (Öst.) ausgezeichnet. Allen voran danke ich meinen beiden Betreuern Andreas Kappeler (Wien) und Delphine Bechtel (Paris), die mich fachlich begleitet, zur Interdisziplinarität ermutigt und in meiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit stets mit Nachdruck unterstützt haben. Meinen Kollegen im vom Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) finanzierten Projekt Paulus Adelsgruber (Wien), Laurie Cohen (Innsbruck) und Torsten Lorenz (Berlin) danke ich für die Bereitstellung von Informationen und Archivmaterial. Für die Hilfe mit hebräischen Publikationen danke ich Mosche Maggid (Jerusalem), Sholem Beinfeld (St. Louis/Boston), Noa Croitoru-Weissman (Wien) und Tirza Lemberger (Wien). Ich möchte mich auch bei den Organisatorinnen und Organisatoren der exzellenten Som- merakademien des Nevzlin Research Centers (Israel Bartal, Jonathan Dekel-Chen, David Engel, Jonathan Frankel, Zvi Gitelman, Michael Miller, Karl Schlögel), des Herder-Instituts (Heidi Hein-Kircher, Ulrike von Hirschhausen) und des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris (Christine Lebeau, Jacques Lévy, Susanne Rau) bedanken. Für die zahlreichen Informationen und für die zur Verfügung gestellten Fotografien danke ich dem Brodyer Regionalmuseum und seinem Direktor Vasyl’ Stril’čuk (Brody). Für die vielen Anregungen, Hinweise, Ratschläge und Diskussionen danke ich Vadym Adadurov (Lemberg), Franz Adlgasser (Wien), Christoph Augustynowicz (Wien), Harald Binder (Wien/Lemberg), Hannelore Burger (Wien), Frank Caestecker (Gent), Jakov Cho- nigsman (Lemberg), Gary Cohen (Minneapolis), Peter Haslinger (Marburg), Catherine Horel (Paris), Hans Peter Hye (Wien), Andreas Inhofner (Wien), Kerstin Jobst (Salzburg), Tomasz Kargol (Krakau), Klemens Kaps (Wien), Szymon Kazusek (Kielce), Martha Keil (St. Pölten), Andrea Komlosy (Wien), Andrij Korčak (Brody), Katharina Krčal (Wien), Anna Lipphardt (Freiburg), Stefan Litt (Jerusalem), André Locher (Oron-le-Châtel), Andrzej Nieuważny (Toruń), Svjatoslav Pacholkiv (Lemberg/Wien), Annegret Pelz (Wien), Benjamin E. Perl (London), Halyna Petryšyn (Stettin/Lemberg), Michael Portmann (Wien), Isabel Röskau-Rydel (Krakau), Björn Siegel (Hamburg), Peter J.R. Tammes (Leiden), Olaf Terpitz (Leipzig), Daniel Unowsky (Memphis TN), Péter Varga (Budapest), Iryna Vushko (Yale/ Jena), Larry Wolff (New York), Hermann Zeitlhofer (Wien) und Isaac Zohar-Żorne (Hod- Hašaron). 10 Danksagungen Den Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der Archive und Bibliotheken sei für ihre Unter- stützung gedankt. Dem FWF danke ich für die finanzielle Unterstützung und dem Böhlau Verlag für die gute Zusammenarbeit. Schließlich möchte ich noch meinen Freundinnen und Freunden sowie meinen Eltern und Geschwistern für ihre Geduld und Unterstützung danken. Der größte Dank gebührt meinem Freund Clemens Jobst für die unzähligen Diskussionen, fürs Korrekturlesen und einfach nur fürs Dasein! Transliteration und Namen Für die Transliterierung kyrillisch geschriebener Sprachen (Ukrainisch, Russisch) verwende ich die deutsche Bibliothekstransliteration. Jiddische Texte werden nach der heute üblichen YIVO-Transkription übertragen, nur der Schriftsteller Scholem Alejchem (Pseudonym für Sholem Rabinovitsh/Šolom Rabinovič) bleibt in seiner im Deutschen gebräuchlichen Form. In Analogie zur Unterscheidung russkij – rossijskij gebrauche ich im Deutschen das Wort russisch nur in den Fällen, in denen es um die Sprache, um eine ethnische Zuschreibung oder um eine nationale Identität geht. Wenn es sich jedoch um ein Adjektiv in Bezug auf den Staat Russland handelt, verwende ich das Wort russländisch. Personennamen werden in der Regel nach ihrer (vermuteten) ethno-konfessionellen Identität geschrieben, was häufig nicht mit der Schreibung in den Quellen übereinstimmt. Das heißt, bei einem polnischen Familiennamen wird auch für den Vornamen die polni- sche Variante verwendet, also Wincenty Potocki und nicht Vinzenz Potocki. Dieses System kann leider nicht in aller Konsequenz durchgehalten werden, da es vor allem bei der Schrei- bung der Ruthenen zweifelhafte Fälle gibt. Hier verwende ich zumeist die heutige ukraini- sche Schreibweise, auch wenn im Galizien des 19. Jahrhunderts eine polnische Transkrip- tion absolut üblich war. Nur bei den Russophilen des 20. Jahrhunderts, die eine explizit russische Identität hatten, greife ich auf die russischen Namensvarianten zurück. Gänzlich unmöglich ist dieses System bei jüdischen Namen durchzuhalten, die zwischen jiddischer, deutscher und polnischer Vornamensschreibweise oszillieren müssten. Tendenziell wird hier die deutsche Variante bevorzugt, also Salomon Rapoport und nicht Shloyme oder Szlomo Rapoport. Bei Ortsnamen wird, sofern es eine halbwegs gebräuchliche deutsche Form gibt, diese auch verwendet, wie beispielsweise Lemberg, Kiew, Kolomea usw. Ansonsten wird die zum jeweiligen
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