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127.Estudio Epidemiologico De Las Poblaciones De Ostion Del Norte Silvestre Y En Cultivo En La

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127.Estudio Epidemiologico De Las Poblaciones De Ostion Del Norte Silvestre Y En Cultivo En La PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE VALPARAISO FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR PROYECTO FIP Nº 2008-61 “ESTUDIO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE LAS POBLACIONES DE OSTIÓN DEL NORTE SILVESTRE Y EN CULTIVO EN LA III Y IV REGIONES DEL PAÍS” INFORME FINAL CORREGIDO Valparaíso, 2010 i INFORME FINAL “ESTUDIO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE LAS POBLACIONES DE OSTIÓN DEL NORTE SILVESTRE Y EN CULTIVO EN LA III Y IV REGIONES DEL PAÍS” (FIP 2008-61) CONCURSO FONDO DE INVESTIGACION PESQUERA MINISTERIO DE ECONOMIA FOMENTO Y RECONSTRUCCION SUBSECRETARIA DE PESCA UNIDAD EJECUTORA Escuela de Ciencias del Mar Facultad de Recursos Naturales Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso INVESTIGADOR RESPONSABLE MARIEL CAMPALANS BARNIER ii AGRADECIMIENTOS El equipo de trabajo del presente Proyecto desea expresar sus más sinceros agradecimientos a las siguientes Empresas de Cultivo y Asociaciones de Pescadores Artesanales de la III y IV Regiones, que colaboraron proporcionando los ejemplares durante el desarrollo del Proyecto. Asociación Gremial de Buzos Mariscadores, Pescadores Artesanales y afines de Tongoy. Asociación Gremial de Buzos, Asistentes y Pescadores Artesanales Puerto Aldea. Pescadores Artesanales Caleta Guayacán. Granja Marina Morro Ballena, Bahía Inglesa. Hidrocultivos S.A. Bahía Inglesa y Bahía Salado Cultivos Marinos Caldera Ltda. Pesquera San José S.A. Bahía Tongoy. Inversiones Centinela S.A Invertec Ostimar S.A. Cultivos Marinos Purpuratus S.A. Además queremos agradecer a todos aquellos que de una u otra manera hicieron posible la realización de este Proyecto i PERSONAL PROFESIONAL Y TECNICO PROYECTO FIP 2008-61 “Estudio epidemiológico de las poblaciones de Ostión del Norte silvestre y en cultivo en la III y IV Regiones del país” Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV) Personal Cargo Institución Mariel Campalans B. Jefa de Proyecto PUCV Inés Guerrero S. Investigadora PUCV Jacqueline Campalans B. Investigadora PUCV Paola Riquelme P. Colaboradora PUCV Enrique Rocha P. Colaborador PUCV Edith Tapia B. Técnico PUCV María Isabel Medina R. Técnico PUCV Universidad de Magallanes (UMAG) Personal Cargo Institución Juan Iván Cañete A. Investigador UMAG Mauricio Palacios S. Técnico UMAG 1 Autor por cargo y actividad desarrollada Nombre Cargo Actividades Mariel Campalans Jefa de Coordinación general, organización bases de datos, diseño de B. Proyecto muestreos, análisis muestras (histología, citología, MET) y resultados, preparación informes y manuscrito en inglés, organización y realización Taller. Juan Iván Cañete A. Investigador Recopilación y análisis información, identificación parásitos en valvas, análisis resultados parásitos, participación Taller, preparación informes. Inés Guerrero S. Investigadora Organización información recopilada y confección bases de datos, análisis estadístico resultados, participación Taller, preparación informes. Jacqueline Investigadora Organización información recopilada, proceso muestras MET, Campalans B. análisis resultados, organización y realización Taller, preparación informes. Enrique Rocha P. Colaborador Georreferenciación centros y AMERB, análisis mapas satelitales, realización muestreos parámetros ambientales, participación Taller, preparación Informes. Paola Riquelme P. Colaboradora Revisión bibliográfica, actualización listados Centros de AMERB de Sernapesca, coordinación muestreos con empresas, organización Taller y preparación informes. Edith Tapia B. Técnico Revisión y ordenamiento información recopilada, muestreo, proceso y análisis de muestras, organización y realización Taller, preparación Informes. María Isabel Medina Técnico Revisión y ordenamiento de la información, coordinación R. muestreos con empresas, realización muestreos, organización y realización Taller, preparación manuscrito en Inglés, preparación informes. Mauricio Palacios S. Técnico Revisión información parásitos valvas, muestreo e identificación de parásitos en valvas de ostiones. 2 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal diagnosticar y caracterizar la ocurrencia de patologías, tales como enfermedades bacterianas, virales y parasitarias en ejemplares del recurso Argopecten purpuratus, tanto en bancos naturales, como centros de cultivo entre las regiones III y IV de nuestro país. Para esto, se procedió en primer lugar a realizar una revisión bibliográfica destinada a actualizar el conocimiento de las patologías y parásitos que afectan al ostión del Norte y de las variables ambientales que pueden influir en la expresión de dichos patógenos, la cual consideró aquellos trabajos y estudios desarrollados tanto por las instituciones participantes en este proyecto, como por otras instituciones y que se encuentran disponibles como informes técnicos de proyectos FIP, publicaciones nacionales e internacionales, e informes técnicos de distribución restringida. También se incluyó los trabajos de tesis de universidades con carreras afines. Además, y considerando que los pectínidos no se encuentran dentro de las especies susceptibles de contraer enfermedades del listado de la OIE, ni sus patógenos han sido definidos como de alto riesgo en nuestro país, se procedió a identificar en bibliografía todos aquellos agentes infectivos cuyo género se encuentre en el listado de la OIE para detectar agentes como Marteillia, Perkinsus, Sabélidos y otros, de tal manera de detectar infecciones que hayan causado estos géneros en poblaciones de pectínidos a nivel internacional y nacional. Para un mejor manejo de la información recopilada, se procedió a construir tablas que incluyen el nombre del documento, autores, año de publicación o realización y un pequeño resumen. En este punto es destacable la coincidencia en los resultados de las investigaciones realizadas en esta especie, que indican que no hay patógenos asociados a grandes mortalidades, informando sólo de patógenos oportunistas y algunas condiciones patológicas relativamente benignas. En lo relativo a la información histórica de las variables ambientales de los sectores seleccionados se realizó una revisión de la información disponible en el Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada (SHOA), la cual se complementó con aquella presentada en el Programa de Monitoreo de las Condiciones Bio-Oceanográficas del Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP). Esta información permitió obtener información relativa a la Temperatura (TSM), Oxígeno, Salinidad y Clorofila a para 3 las zonas en estudio, aunque sólo hasta julio de 2009, debido a que los boletines posteriores sólo cubren hasta el sur de la estación de Mejillones. Además, se procedió a realizar un catastro de potenciales patógenos causantes de enfermedades en ostiones, para lo cual, en una primera etapa, y con el fin de definir el marco de muestreo de los centros de cultivo y poblaciones naturales de las regiones en estudio, se confeccionó un listado actualizado utilizando información oficial disponible principalmente en la Subsecretaría de Pesca. Con esta información, se procedió a georreferenciar las poblaciones en estudio construyendo mapas que permiten visualizar la distribución espacial de todos los centros de cultivo y AMERB de interés por región, para lo cual se utilizó el Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) IDRISI32. A partir de estos mapas, se identificó las áreas geográficas de mayor densidad de centros y AMERB, las que se utilizaron como Zonas de Muestreo, definiendo así una zona de muestreo en la III Región y dos en la IV Región. Considerando la veda existente para el recurso en estudio, se solicitó una autorización para pesca de investigación a la Subsecretaría de Pesca, lo cual dio origen a la Resolución Nº605 que autorizó a este equipo de trabajo a extraer y trasladar ejemplares muestreados desde poblaciones naturales y áreas de manejo. Para lograr la colaboración del sector productivo, se procedió a realizar un proceso de sensibilización a los productores, con el fin de lograr acceso a los distintos centros de cultivos y la obtención de las muestras, el cual incluyó el envío de una carta en la que se explicaban los objetivos del proyecto y reuniones en terreno. Según lo establecido en la Propuesta Técnica, se realizó un total de cinco muestreos tanto en centros de cultivo como en AMERB o poblaciones asilvestradas, los cuales se ejecutaron en los meses de febrero, mayo, julio y diciembre de 2009 y abril de 2010, respectivamente, obteniendo un total de 541 ejemplares desde AMERB y 969 ejemplares desde centros de cultivos. Los individuos fueron procesados de acuerdo a lo establecido para detección de parásitos. Se utilizaron técnicas de diagnóstico para la detección de protozoos, bacterias, virus y parásitos, las cuales incluyeron citología, histología y microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). Se incluyó además el estudio de la epifauna invertebrada de las valvas. 4 De los análisis histológicos y citológicos realizados a las muestras de hemolinfa, branquia y corazón se pudo registrar la presencia de diversos microorganismos posibles patógenos, condiciones patológicas y algunos organismos no patógenos. Dentro de los organismos posibles patógenos se incluye los protozoos ciliados tipo Trichodina y los organismos bacterianos tipo rickettsia (RLOs). Del mismo modo, dentro de las condiciones patológicas se presenta la descripción de neoplasia, inclusiones intracitoplasmáticas, infiltraciones hemocíticas en glándula digestiva y branquias, granulomas, atrofia de la glándula digestiva y concrescencias. Además, considerando la detección de éstas condiciones, se procesó muestras
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