Kulturna Grupa Kocofeni–Kostolac Na Teritoriji Severoisto^Ne Srbije

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Kulturna Grupa Kocofeni–Kostolac Na Teritoriji Severoisto^Ne Srbije ALEKSANDAR KAPURAN, Arheolo{ki institut, Beograd ALEKSANDAR BULATOVI], Arheolo{ki institut, Beograd KULTURNA GRUPA KOCOFENI–KOSTOLAC NA TERITORIJI SEVEROISTO^NE SRBIJE UDK: 903"636"(497.11) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.2298/STA1262065K Primqeno: 09. februar 2012. Originalan nau~ni rad Prihva}eno: 21. jun 2012. Apstrakt. – Posledwih godina se pokazalo da na teritoriji Srbije postoji mnogo ve}i broj lokaliteta Kocofeni kulturne grupe nego {to je publikovano pre jedne ili vi{e decenija. Objediwavawem nepublikovanih podataka i dokumentacije sa arheolo{kih iskopavawa i rekognoscirawa, kao i apsolutnim datumima dobijenim posledwih godina, stvorena je potreba da se u nekim aspektima koriguju i boqe sagledaju rasprostrawenost, na~in `ivota i trajawe ove kulturne grupe na prostoru severoisto~ne Srbije, gde je ona i najprisutnija. Osim nalaza materijalne kulture, u radu su prezentovane topografske karakteristike naseqa koja su sada u najve}em procentu georeferencirana. Ovaj rad, tako|e, predstavqa poku{aj da se pojasne neke od dilema vezanih za dru{tveno-ekonomski i tehnolo{ki razvoj populacija kasnog bakarnog i ranog bronzanog doba. Kqu~ne re~i. – severoisto~na Srbija, pozni eneolit, rano bronzano doba, Kocofeni–Kostolac grupa, distribucija naseqa, kerami~ka produkcija. eritorija severoisto~ne Srbije, zahvaquju- votnim namirnicama grupama metalurga koji pro- }i brdsko-planinskom reqefu, i u dana{we izvode dragocene metalne predmete.3 Na ovo ukazuju T vreme predstavqa geografski veoma izolo- velika naseqa sa solidnom arhitekturom, koja pre- vano podru~je. Populacije koje su naseqavale te- zentuju sedentarni na~in `ivota (Bubaw–Novo selo, ritoriju Srbije u starijem eneolitu po~iwu da po- ^oka lu Bala{, Ku~ajna, Kmpije, [kodrino poqe, kazuju interesovawe za severoisto~nu Srbiju onog Bawska stena itd.). Prirodni resursi u okru`ewu trenutka kada se javqa veliki interes za metalur- imaju potencijal da prehrane relativno mali broj giju bakra, {to su potvrdila istra`ivawa Rudne glave.1 Okolna vin~anska naseqa nalaze se na sa- mo oko 50–70 km udaqenosti, na obalama Dunava u Kqu~u i zapadnim obroncima Ku~ajskih planina. 1 Jovanovi} 1971. 2 Novoprido{le kulture sredweg bakarnog doba, ko- Tasi} 1976. 3 je su u su{tini sto~arske, u agrarnim oblastima Na na{im prostorima, od metalnih proizvoda dominira- ju bakarne krstaste sekire, na kojima u najve}em broju slu~ajeva 2 Panonije bave se zemqoradwom, koja i daqe ima ne postoje tragovi upotrebe, kako zbog meko}e i neprakti~nosti va`nu ulogu u proizvodwi hrane i snabdevawu `i- za upotrebu, tako i zbog wihove uloge u razmeni. * ^lanak predstavqa rezultat rada na projektu: Arheologija Srbije: Kulturni identitet, integracioni faktori, tehnolo{ki procesi i uloga centralnog Balkana u razvoju evropske praistorije (br. 177020) koje finansira Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnolo{kog razvoja Republike Srbije. 65 KAPURAN. BULATOVI], Kulturna grupa Kocofeni–Kostolac na teritoriji… (65–94) STARINAR LXII/2012 1. ^oka Morminc; 2. Mali Krivelj, kod vodenice; 3. ^oka lu Bala{; 4. ^oka Kormaro{; 5. [arbanovac, Seli{te; 6. Lazareva pe}ina; 7. Vernjikica; 8. Bogovinska pe}ina i naselje; 9. Crnajka; 10. Kulmja [kjopuluji; 11. Kljanc; 12. Jezero; 13. Kapetanova pe}ina; 14. Rajkova pe}ina; 15. Pe{}era mare; 16. Arija babi–Ko{obrdo; 17. Velike livadice 2; 18. Lepenska potkapina; 19. Katarinine livade; 20. Vlasac; 21. Pe}ina kod Trajanove table; 22. Turija, Stenje; 23. Neresnica, Velika ~uka; 24. Dobra, Manastir; 25. Padina; 26. Malo Golubinje, Re~ica; 27. Hajdu~ka vodenica; 28. Abri ispod Banjske stene; 29. Gamzigradska banja, Njiva Z. Brzanovi}; 30. Gamzigrad, Varzari; 31. Smiljkova glavica; 32. Seli{te; 33. Vratna, Veliki most; 34. [arkamen, Duge livade; 35. Popovica, Veliko brdo; 36. Brusnik, Glavica; 37. Kapu \aluluj; 38. Kovilovo, ]eta}e; 39. Mokranjske stene, Kamenolom; 40. Mokranjske stene, potkapina; 41. Prahovo, Ide}e; 42. Smedovac, Grabar–Svra~ar; 43. Sikole, Gradi{te; 44. Karata{, Dijana; 45. Donje Butorke; 46. Kladovo, Brodoimpeks–nekropola; 47. Mala Vrbica, Livade; 48. Mala Vrbica, 500 m od sela; 49. Korbovo; Zbradila–Fund; 50. Korbovo, Obala; 51. Korbovo, Glamija–Obala; 52. Vajuga–Pesak; 53. U{}e Jakomirskog potoka; 54. Velesnica, Biljevina; 55. Ljubi~evac, Obala; 56. Ljubi~evac, Ostrvo; 57. Grabovnica, Brzi prun; 58. U{}e Slatinske reke; 59. Knjepi{te; 60. Ru`enjka; 61. Kusjak, Bor|ej; 62. Kusjak, Motel; 63. Kusjak, Vrkalj; 64. Majdanpek, Kameni rog; 65. Knja`evac, Dubrava; 66. Rgo{te, Bolvan; 67. Donje Zuni~e, Ad`ijsko; 68. Mokranje, Lalunj; 69. Tanda, la Tufek; 70. Brestova~ka banja; 71. Ni{, Bubanj; 72. Donji Milanovac, Veliki Gradac; 73. Humska ~uka; 74. Donja Vre`ina; 75. Donja Bela reka; 76. Rudna glava, [eta}e; 77. Rgo{te, Vi{njar; 78. Dobra, Gospo|in vir; 79. Kusjak; Grle Karta 1. Lokaliteti Kocofeni–Kostolac grupe na teritoriji severoisto~ne Srbije Map 1. Cotofeni–Kostolac group sites on the territory of North Eastern Serbia stanovnika (sude}i prema broju i gabaritima ot- Prema rezultatima posledwih revizionih re- krivenih naseqa) me|usobno ekonomski zavisnih, kognoscirawa, broj lokaliteta ove kulturne grupe sve dok ih pogor{awe klimatskih uslova ne pri- u me|uvremenu je porastao na 76. Do sada su konsta- sili da migriraju u neka druga, za `ivot pogodni- tovani slede}i lokaliteti: Kriveq, ^oka Mor- ja, podru~ja. 4 minc; Kriveq, ^oka lu Bala{; Mali Kriveq, kod Tokom druge polovine IV milenijuma, verovat- vodenice; Bor, ^oka Kormaro{; [arbanovac, Se- no pod pritiskom prodora stepskih plemena, zapo- li{te; Zlot, Lazareva pe}ina; Zlot, Verwikica; ~iwe naseqavawe nosilaca Kocofeni kulture na Bogovina, Bogovinska pe}ina i naseqe; Crnajka, podru~je severoisto~ne Srbije.5 Ova teritorija je Pjatra Kosti; Kloko~evac, Kulmja [kjopuluji; tako u{la u okvire kompleksa koji su ~inili delo- vi Transilvanije, Banata, Oltenije i Muntenije (karta 2).6 Na na{im prostorima se {iri iz pod- ru~ja \erdapa do u{}a Mlave, na zapadu, i preko 4 Todorova 2007. Ku~ajskih planina, Bora i Zaje~ara daqe ka jugu, 5 Bojad`ijev 1998. do Ni{a. 6 Roman 1976. 66 KAPURAN. BULATOVI], Kulturna grupa Kocofeni–Kostolac na teritoriji… (65–94) STARINAR LXII/2012 Majdanpek, Kqanc; Majdanpek, Jezero; Majdanpek, Treba ista}i kako prostorna analiza gradinskih, Kapetanova pe}ina; Majdanpek, Rajkova pe}ina; Bo- visinskih i ravni~arskih naseqa kulturne grupe qetin, Pe{}era Mare; Boqetin, Arija babi–Ko{o- Kocofeni–Kostolac predstavqa primer pro`ima- brdo; Boqetin, Velike livadice II; Boqetin, Le- wa, na prvi pogled paradoksalnog spoja, prirodnog penska potkapina; Boqetin, Katarinine livade; okru`ewa i kulturnih uticaja.8 Geomorfologija Boqetin Vlasac; Miro~, Pe}ina kod Trajanove ta- terena uslovila je da naseqa u Panoniji, Slavoniji, ble; Turija, Stewe; Neresnica, Velika ~uka; Dobra, Sremu i u Banatu budu prete`no agrarnog karakte- Manastir; Dobra, Padina; Malo Golubiwe, Re~ica; ra i dugotrajna.9 Izgled reqefa, nedostatak plod- Miro~, Hajdu~ka vodenica; Gamzigrad, Abri ispod nog zemqi{ta, kao i drugi faktori uslovili su da Bawske stene; Gamzigradska bawa, Wiva Z. Brzano- naseqa u brdovito-planinskom zale|u Dunava sa vi}; Gamzigrad, Varzari; [tubik, Smiqkova glavi- srpske i sa rumunske strane karakteri{e dijame- ca; [tubik, Seli{te; Jabukovac, Vratna – Veliki tralno razli~iti koncept i ekonomija.10 U svom most; [arkamen, Duge livade; Popovica, Veliko radu Cultura Cotofeni, Roman je izdvojio ~etiri brdo; Brusnik, Glavica; Veqkovo, Kapu \aluluj; osnovna tipa naseqa: a) ravni~arska naseqa (du- Vrkaq, ]eta}e; Mokrawske stene, Kamenolom; Mo- navska ostrva), b) naseqa na re~nim terasama, v) krawske stene, Potkapina; Prahovo, Ide}e; Smedo- naseqa na te{ko pristupa~nim brdskim ili pla- vac, Grabar–Svra~ar; Sikole, Gradi{te; Karata{, ninskim terenima, g) naseqa u pe}inama.11 Dijana; Kladovo, Dowe Butorke; Kladovo, Brodo- Budu}i da je samo na teritoriji severoisto~ne impeks–nekropola; Mala Vrbica, Livade; Mala Srbije konstatovano oko 70 naseqa, od kojih je jedan Vrbica, 500 m od sela; Korbovo, Zbradila–Funda; mawi broj i arheolo{ki sondiran, stvorili su se Korbovo, Obala; Korbovo, Glamija–Obala, Korbo- uslovi za preciznije definisawe odgovora vezanih vo, Vajuga–Pesak, Milutinovac, U{}e Jakomirskog za na~in `ivota ovih zajednica, ali i izvesne suge- potoka, Velesnica, Biqevina; Qubi~evac, Obala, stije koje se ti~u samog trajawa i kulturne identi- Qubi~evac, Ostrvo, Grabovnica, Brzi prun; Slati- fikacije populacija sa kraja bakarnog i po~etka na, U{}e Slatinske reke; Kwepi{te, Mihajlovac; bronzanog doba. Nakon {to su svi lokaliteti izno- Mihajlovac, Ru`ewka; Kusjak, Bor|ej; Kusjak, Mo- va rekognoscirani i georeferencirani,12 smatrali tel; Kusjak, Vrkaq; Majdanpek, Kameni rog; Kwa- smo, uzimaju}i u obzir okolni reqef, hidrografi- `evac, Dubrava; Rgo{te, Bolvan; Dowe Zuni}e, ju, geomorfologiju terena i karakter nalaza kera- Axijsko–Vinsko; Mokrawe, Laluw; Tanda, La Tu- mi~ke produkcije, da postoji potreba da se dodatno fek; Brestovac, Brestova~ka bawa; Dowi Milano- analiziraju pojedini aspekti kulturnog i prostor- vac, Veliki Gradac; Dowa Bela reka; Rudna glava, nog razvoja, i to ne samo naseqa ve} i same kultur- [eta}e; Rgo{te, Rosuqa–vi{war; Dobra, Gospo|in ne manifestacije Kocofeni–Kostolac generalno. vir; Kusjak, Grle.7 Veliku te{ko}u i daqe predstavqa relativno ma- U ovom radu uzeti su u obzir i lokaliteti u li broj sistematski istra`enih lokaliteta, kao i {iroj zoni u{}a Ni{ave u Ju`nu Moravu, budu}i nedostatak paleoosteolo{kih analiza faune. da se revizionim istra`ivawima tokom posledwih Jo{ je tokom ranih 70-ih godina pro{log veka godina do{lo do novih nalaza koji ukazuju da je i u konstatovano postojawe lokaliteta pozicionira- okviru wih postojala istovremena kerami~ka pro- nih na te{ko pristupa~nom terenu, koji se u poje- dukcija. Wih predstavqaju lokaliteti u neposred- dinim slu~ajevima nalaze na nagibu terena od 45°, nom okru`ewu Ni{a: Bubaw–Novo selo, Hum–Veli- ka humska ~uka i Dowa Vre`ina–^ardak.
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