Vol. 2 & No. 3-4 I T E MS issues Winter Social Science Research Council Conflicts over Globalization Introduction uring the summer of 2001, before the September 11 attacks, it looked as if struggles over globalization might be the biggest D story of the year. Fighting in Genoa at the time of the G-8 summit last July had shown how substantial a mobilization might chal- lenge dominant patterns of neoliberal capitalism. But the integration of markets proceeded apace, as,for example, China’s entry into the WTO was finally settled.In response the Council invited several social scientists from different disciplines, countries and orientations to discuss the issues posed by conflicts over globalization.Though not representative of the full diver- In This Issue sity of perspectives,the four essays that resulted do show the complexity of Symposium on Globalization the issues. All were written before September 11.The authors have had the chance Pierre Bourdieu to make modest revisions, but these are not essays about changes produced Jagdish Bhagwati by the September 11 events.They address,rather, changes in the world and Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow struggles to shape or resist them that have been underway for years. How David Graeber much to understand either terrorism or the war against terrorism as rooted in these struggles over globalization is an open question. The present symposium presents four different views of what has been at stake in recent conflicts over globalization.The disagreements are as clarifying as the arguments of any one author.And though the forms of conflict may change, neither it nor the issues that provoke it fade overnight. n Craig Calhoun President, Social Science Research Council Uniting to Better Dominate By Pierre Bourdieu istorically, the economic field has constituted itself tion).Indeed, as I was able to observe in Algeria, the unifica- within the framework of the national state with tion of the economic field tends, especially through mone- H which it is in part dependent. Indeed, the state t a ry unification and the generalization of monetary contributes in many ways to the unification of economic exchanges that follow, to throw all social agents into an eco- space (which contributes in return to the emergence of the nomic game for which they are not equally prepared and state).As Polanyi shows in The Great Transformation, the emer- equipped, culturally and economically; it tends at the same gence of national markets is not the mechanical product of time to submit them to standards objectively imposed by the the gradual extension of exchanges, but the effect of a delib- competition of productive forces and the more efficient erately mercantilist state politics seeking to increase external means of production,as one sees clearly with small rural pro- and internal commerce (particularly in supporting the com- ducers more and more completely torn away from self-suffi- mercialization of land,money and work).But unification and ciency. In short, unification profits the dominant.The difference integration, far from bringing about, as one would have is constituted in capital simply by the fact of being placed in thought,a process of homogenization,are accompanied by a relationship. (It is thus that, to take a recent example, concentration of power, to the point of monopolization, and Roosevelt was forced,in the 30s, to establish common social at the same time, of the dispossession of one part of the pop- rules of work such as the minimum wage, a limitation of the ulation thus integrated.That is to say that integration with hours of work,and so on—to avoid the degradation of wages the state and the territory it controls is in fact the condition and conditions of work following the integration into the of domination (as is clearly seen in all situations of coloniza- same national market of unequally developed regions.) But in addition the process of unifi- to make the variations that separate dif- cation (and concentration) re m a i n e d ferent national markets disappear). Pierre Bourdieu, among c i rcu m s c ribed by national boundari e s : t h ey we re limited by all the barri e rs , The Double Sense of the most distinguished notably juridical, to the free circulation "Globalization" and influential sociolo- of goods and persons (customs duty, f o reign exchange re g u l a t i o n s , e t c. ) . Here it is necessary to return to the gists of the later 20th They were limited also by the fact that word "globalization": we have seen that c e n t u ry, died as this the production and especially the cir- it could, in a ri g o rous sense, i n d i c a t e culation of goods stayed narrowly tied either the unification of the world eco- issue was going to press. to geographic places (mostly because of nomic field or the extension of this For an appreciation of the cost of transportation).These limits, field to a global scale. But it can also at once technical and legal, to the mean something entirely differe n t , his life and work, see extension of the economic field tend passing surreptitiously from the “A Wo rd from the today to weaken or disappear as a result descriptive sense of the concept that I of different factors: partly purely tech- have just formulated to a normative, or President: Remembering nical fa c t o rs , l i ke the development of b e t t e r, p e r f o rm a t ive sense: " g l o b a l i z a- new means of communication like air tion" then indicates an economic poli- Pierre Bourdieu,” p.16. t r a n s p o rt or the Intern e t ; p a rtly fro m tics seeking to unify the economic field m o re properly political, or judicial- by means of an whole group of legal- p ro d u c t i o n . T h u s , in emergi n g political, factors, like liberalization and political measures destined to beat e c o n o m i e s , the disappearance of pro- d e re g u l a t i o n . Thus the formation of a down all the limits to this unification, tections dooms national enterp rises to world economic field finds itself support- all the obstacles, for the most part ruin and, for countries like South e d , n o t a bly in the financial domain linked to the nation-state, to this exten- Ko re a , T h a i l a n d , Indonesia or Brazil, ( w h e re information technologies tend s i o n . That defines, quite pre c i s e l y, a the suppression of all obstacles to for- neo-liberal politics inseparable fro m eign investment invo l ves the bre a k i n g Contents the true economic propaganda that up (of local enterprises,then purchased, c o n f e rs on it a part of its symbolic often at ludicrous pri c e s , by mu l t i n a- Introduction force in playing with the ambiguity of tionals. For these countries,public mar- Craig Calhoun 1 the notion. kets remain one of the only ways local Uniting to Better Dominate Economic "globalization" is not a companies are permitted to compete Pierre Bourdieu 1 mechanical effect of laws of the econo- with the great businesses of the North. Why Globalization is Good Jagdish Bhagwati 7 my or technology, but the product of a While they are presented as necessary After Genoa and New York: The Antiglobal politics put to work by an ensemble of to the creation of a "global sphere of Movement, the Police and Terrorism agents and institutions and the result of activity," the World Trade Commission’s Donatella della Porta the application of deliberately cre a t e d d i re c t ives on the politics of competi- and Sidney Tarrow 9 rules to specific ends, to realize trade The Globalization Movement: tion and of public markets would have Some Points of Clarification liberalization,that is to say the elimina- the effect of insuring competition "of David Graeber 12 tion of all the national regulations that equal arms" between the great multina- New Washington Office 15 slow down businesses and their invest- tionals and the small national pro d u c- AWord from the President ments.In other words the "world mar- e rs , leading to the widespread disap- Craig Calhoun 16 After September 11: Perspectives ket" is a political creation (as the pearance of the latter.We know that in from the Social Sciences 20 national market was), the product of a general formal equality within actual Current Activities at the Council 22 more or less consciously planned poli- inequality is favorable to the dominant. New Staff Appointments 32 t i c s . And this politics, l i ke at its leve l The word "globalization" is, we see, a Recent Council Publications 33 that which led to the birth of national s i mu l t a n e o u s ly descri p t i ve and prescri p t i ve markets,has the effect (and perhaps also pseudo-concept that has taken the place of the goal, at least among the most lucid the wo rd "modernization," long used and cynical of neo-liberalism’s defend- by A m e rican social science as a ers) of creating the conditions of dom- euphemistic way of imposing a naively ination and brutally confronting the e t h n o c e n t ric evo l u t i o n a ry model that S S R C agents and the enterp rises prev i o u s l y p e rmits the classification of differe n t S A enclosed in national limits to the com- societies according to their distance N Y , NY USA petition of the most efficient and pow- from the most economically advanced erful pro d u c t ive forces and means of society, which is to say American socie- ty, so consecrated for now and as the goal of all human histo- characterized by the weakness of the state.