Igor Malev's Obsessive Love Disorder in Paulo Coelho's the Winner Stands Alone

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IGOR MALEV’S OBSESSIVE LOVE DISORDER IN PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

SILVESTER WISNU HANGGARJITO

Student Number: 134214095

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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IGOR MALEV’S OBSESSIVE LOVE DISORDER IN PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

SILVESTER WISNU HANGGARJITO

Student Number: 134214095

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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May the force be with you

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank The One Above All the Universe, for The never ending blessing and guidance throughout the whole life.

I would like to show my gratitude for my advisor, Dra. Theresia Enny

Anggraini M.A., Ph.D., for the precious advice and guidance throughout this thesis making processes. Also, to all the lecturers in English Department, I would also like to thank you for sharing the knowledge and experiences during my study.

To the secretary officers, thank you for helping with all the administration processes.

Also, to friends from English Letters Department in Sanata Dharma

Univesity, I thank you for the colorful friendship. Especially Satya, Niko, Malolo,

Halim, Kevin, Gerald, Hepie, Lintang, Dina, Ninda, Awi, Dea, Hadrian, Alex,

Brandon, Denis, Binsar, Inno, Kaka, Dwigo, Satrio, Putra, Asmara, Noven, Gatot,

Septiadi, Dryan, Toto, Ikhsan, Tiok, Mbak Rani, Mbak Dian, Mas Wowok, Mas

Britto, Dab Samson, Dab Titus, Dab Kenan, Dab Haryo, Dab Samsul, Mas

Ginting, Mas Muji, and Mbak Widi for the awesome discussions. Last but not least, to my dearest friend of my life, Stella Purnama Sari, to whom I specially dedicates this thesis. Thank you for being there.

Silvester Wisnu Hanggarjito

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. MOTTO PAGE ...... vii MOTTO PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 12 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 12 2. Theory of Obsession Compulsive Disorder ...... 14 3. Theory of Obsessive Love Disorder ...... 16 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 20 A. Object of Study ...... 20 B. Approach of the Study ...... 21 C. Method of Study ...... 21

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 22 A. The Characteristics of Igor Malev described in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone ...... 22 1. Egocentric ...... 23 2. Credulous ...... 28 3. Religious ...... 31 4. Intelligent ...... 34 5. Vicious ...... 38 B. Obsessive Love Disorder of Igor Malev to his ex-wife Ewa in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone ...... 41

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1. Rejection Anxiety...... 41 2. Savior Complex ...... 44 3. Obsessive Pursuit ...... 46 4. Acts of Revenge ...... 49

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 56

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ABSTRACT

HANGGARJITO, SILVESTER WISNU. Igor Malev’s Obsessive Love Disorder In Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2018 Every person has an obsession, sometimes on an object or even a person. Obsession itself is an idea that forced into a person. Basically, a person cannot control his or her obsession. An obsession also considered as a disorder if it starts to disturb the person’s life. This study discusses an obsession that originated from love which triggers an obessive love. In Paulo Coelho’s novel The Winner Stands Alone, the main character, Igor Malev, who is experiencing obsessive love disorder. In the novel, Igor Malev is obsessed with his ex-wife Ewa, and starts his pursuit to take her back. This study is focused on the analysis of Igor’s obsession to his ex-wife. There are two problems formulated in this thesis. The first objective is to finds Igor’s characteristics are show in Paulo Coelho’s novel The Winner Stands Alone. The second objective is how the obsessive love disorder shows in the story. The theories applied in the analysis are theory of characterization, theory of obsession, and theory of obsessive love disorder. The method used in this study is a library research with primary and secondary sources. The primary source of this study is the novel written by Paulo Coelho, The Winner Stands Alone. While the secondary sources are taken from essays, journals, dictionary, internet, and some other books. The result of this thesis shows that Igor Malev has egocentric, intelligent, vicious, religious, and credulous characteristics. Igor also suffers from obsessive love disorder. The symptoms are rejection anxiety, savior complex, obsessive pursuit and act of revenge. The symptoms are seen through his compulsions or actions to get Ewa back, in order to fulfill his obsession to Ewa in Paulo Coelho’s novel The Winner Stands Alone.

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ABSTRAK

HANGGARJITO, SILVESTER WISNU. Igor Malev’s Obsessive Love Disorder in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2018 Setiap orang pasti memiliki obsesi, terkadang pada benda maupun pada manusia. Obsesi sendiri terjadi karena sebuah pemikiran yang dipaksakan kepada orang tersebut. Pada dasarnya, seseorang tidak bisa mengontrol obsesi mereka. Sebuah obsesi sendiri dapat disebut sebuah kelainan jika hal tersebut sudah mempengaruhi hidup orang tersebut. Makalah ini mendiskusikan tentang obsesi yang dipicu oleh cinta yang kemudian menimbulkan cinta yang obsesif. Dalam novel karangan Paulo Coelho berjudul Pemenang Berdiri Sendirian, sang karakter utama bernama Igor Malev mengalami Gangguan Cinta Obsesif tersebut. Di dalam novel, Igor terobsesi pada mantan istrinya yaitu Ewa, dan kemudian ia memulai pengejaran untuk mendapatkan kembali mantan istrinya tersebut. Studi ini akan menanalisis obsesi Igor terhadap mantan istrinya. Didalam studi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah pertama adalah untuk menemukan karakteristik dari karakter yang ada di novel. Setelah itu, tujuan kedua adalah untuk mencari tahu bagaimana obsesi Igor terhadap istrinya. Teori yang diterapkan pada analisis di studi ini adalah teori karakteristik, teori obsesi, dan teori gangguan cinta obsesif. Metode yang digunakan di studi ini adalah metode riset perpustakaan dengan menggunakan sumber utama dan sumber sekunder. Sumber utama dari studi ini adalah novel karangan Paulo Coelho berjudul Pemenang Berdiri Sendirian. Sedangkan sumber sekunder dari studi ini diambil dari esai, jurnal, kamus, internet, dan beberapa buku lainnya. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Igor Malev memiliki karakteristik egosentris, cerdas, kejam, religious, dan setia. Selain itu Igor juga menderita gangguan cinta obsesif. Gejala yang ditunjukan antara lain kecemasan terhadap penolakan, kompleks penyelamat, pengejaran obsesif, dan kegiatan balas dendam. Gejala yang muncul dalam dilihat dari kegiatan kompulsifnya untuk mendapatkan Ewa kembali, dalam hal ini untuk memenuhi obsesinya terhadap Ewa.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Obsession is a state in which someone thinks about someone or something constantly or frequently, especially in a way that is not normal. Every person in this world must have their own obsession for something, for example a boy has an obsession for his toys. The boy will become angry or sad if his toys are lost or broken. Sometimes the person will do anything to protect or get the things which he/ she is obsessed with.

Obsession itself happens from an idea that forces itself upon the patient

(character/person) and an associated emotional state. The ideas that occurred in obsession is not the original idea of the character, because the idea is nothing but memories or an unaltered image of some important events. The idea in obsession is not the same as the actual events, because the idea in obsession relates to emotional states. The emotional states which usually occur in obsession are doubt, remorse, anger, and anxiety. Those emotional states also become justification for the obsession, as it is mentioned in Freud’s journal edited by Ivan Smith:

Obsession and Phobias Their Psychical Mechanism and Their Aetology (2010):

Two constituents are found in every obsession: (1) an idea that forces itself upon the patient (2) an associated emotional state. Now in the group of phobias this emotional state is always one of ‘anxiety’, while in true obsessions other emotional states, such as doubt, remorse, or anger, may occur just as well as anxiety. (Freud, 2010: 317)

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Sometimes the person will follow their obsession without considering the consequences to get the things they are obsessed with. The act to fulfill the obsession is usually connected with the personality of the person. In some case, the person who is obsessed with something will do unusual or even immoral things and they cannot control it even though they know that it is wrong or nonsense.

The disorder caused by obsession is called as Obsessive Compulsive

Disorder (OCD). As Lennard J. Davis says about obsession, “People recognize their obsessive ideas do not make sense but are unable to stop them. These obsessive thoughts frequently lead to compulsive behaviors as the person tries to prevent or change some dreaded event. They frequently repeat activities over and over again. (E.g., washing hands, cleaning things up, checking locks.) (Davis,

2008: 11)

One type of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is Obsessive Love Disorder.

The disorder happens from the anxiety of being rejected by love partner.

According to Forward and Buck in their book Obsessive Love: When It Hurts Too

Much To Let Go, a person with obsessive love cannot be separate from their obsessive target. “They had often described themselves as feeling “possessed” or

“out of control”, succumbing to impulses that they knew were self- defeating.”(Forward and Craig, 1991: 6).

Despite being use in psychology, psychoanalysis can also be used for analyzing literary works. Psychoanalysis in literature can be used to analyze the

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conscious and unconsciousness of a character to help the reader to understand the conflict inside the character.

Literature and psychology are two different things. Literature is a form of art while psychology is a scientific study about human’s mind and the works of the psyche. According to Theory of Literature by Wellek and Warren, the studies of psychology can be used as the psychological study of the writer, as type and individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws presents within works of literature, or finally, the effects of literature upon its reader (1963: 81).

One of the literary works that deals with obsessive love is Paulo Coelho’s

The Winner Stands Alone. The literary study that uses psychology can help the reader to analyze the intrinsic element in the literary work, including character.

Character is one of the most important aspects of literary works and psychological analysis can help the reader to analyze further into the characteristics and emotions of the character in the story. Psychology analysis can also reveal the true intentions or thought of the character because psychology analysis focuses on every details of the character in the story.

Paulo Coelho is Brazilan lyricist and novelist. He is considered as the one of the most successful writer in the present times, and he also holds the Guiness

World Record for having the most translated books by a living author. Coelho also received several awards like “The Honorable Award of the President of the

Republic" from President of Bulgaria, Gregori Parvanov in May, 2006. Today, his works have already translated across the world in over 150 countries.

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(http://thefamouspeople.com, 2017). In The Winner Stands Alone, Coelho tells the story about manipulated dream like fame, money, and power that entrap people nowadays.

The story of The Winner Stands Alone focuses on the character of Igor, a

Russian telecommunications billionaire who is divorced from his wife Ewa. After the divorce Igor realizes that the motive of his wife to leave him because she is attracted to another man, Hamid, a wealthy fashion designer. Because of that reason, he believes that he is the only man who deserves Ewa’s love and he would destroy the world just to get it back. Later on, he is going to the Cannes

International Film Festival, where Hamid and Ewa appear, to show how great his love for her by destroying the worlds one by one.

The purpose of this paper is to identify Igor Malev’s obsession to his ex- wife Ewa using obsessive love theory. The writer uses the novel because the writer is interested with the character of Igor Malev. In the story Igor is a man who has everything; he has a successful telecommunication company which makes him wealthy, he is still handsome and it is possible for him to find the woman he likes and he is supposed to have a happy life even though he is divorced with his wife. In the fact, his perfect life doesn’t make him happy and peaceful because he is troubled with his ex-wife Ewa. Two years after the divorce he still cannot let her away and because of that he becomes obsessed with the existence of Ewa.

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B. Problem Formulation

The writer formulates two questions to discuss the problems in the thesis:

1. How is Igor Malev, the main character in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, described in the story? 2. As seen from obsessive love disorder, how is the obsession of the main

character, Igor Malev, to his ex-wife shown in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner

Stands Alone?

C. Objectives of Study

The objectives of this paper is to answer two questions formulated in the

problem formulation. In this thesis the writer identifies one of the characters in

the novel which is Igor Malev. The writer identifies the character to find the

obsession of the character to his ex-wife Ewa. There are several questions

which are formulated to help the writer find the obsession of Igor Malev. First,

the writer needs to the characteristic of Igor Malev portrayed in the novel.

Then, using obsessive compulsive and obsessive love disorder theory, the

writer needs to find what makes Igor Malev become obsessed with his ex-

wife. The two questions will help the objection of the writer which is to find

the obsession of Igor Malev.

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid any misunderstanding, the key terms in this thesis are defined

as follows:

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a. Obsession

Obsession is a state in which someone thinks about someone or

something constantly or frequently especially in a way that is not

normal. An obsession is defined as an unwanted intrusive thought,

image or urge that repeatedly enters the person’s mind. The person

who is having an obsession must be aware that these thoughts or

impulses are only a product of his/her own mind and they must be

actively trying to suppress, ignore or neutralize them with another

action (Davis, 2008: 11). b. Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a theory which explains the conscious and

unconsciousness of the patient (Barry, 2002: 96). c. Disorder

Disorder is an illness of the mental or body. In the case of mental

disorder, it can be described as a state when a person is feeling

confused or disturbed (Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 2018).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The first related study is a thesis from University of Surakarta written by

Ibnu Rosid Afandi from English Education Department entitled Antisocial

Personality Disorder Experienced By Igor Malev, The Main Character in Paulo

Coelho’s Novel The Winner Stands Alone (2009): An Abnormal Psychology. In his thesis Afandi wants to analyze Igor Malev using abnormal psychology theory.

Afandi is using two sources to analyze the character which are DSM-IV and ICD.

Both of the sources are usually used to analyze the abnormal psychology, especially on antisocial personality or psychopath. Although the focus of the analysis is the same as this thesis, Afandi is using different perspective which is antisocial personality while this thesis is using obsession and three personality theory. In his study, he found out that Igor Malev as the main character of The

Winner Stands Alone is having a personality disorder which is antisocial personality disorder caused by the false perception about life, good and evil.

According to psychology, what happened with Igor Malev is shown a disturbance. There is branch in psychology that studies about this disorder named abnormal psychology. Igor Malev showed several signs or symptoms that can be categorized as personality disorder named antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). The analysis of antisocial personality disorder covers the symptoms of antisocial personality diorder which can done through DSMIV TR and ICD-10. (Affandi, 2014: 14)

In his study, Affandi explains, the character of Igor Malev is having a personality disorder called antisocial personality disorder. The disorder makes the

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character fail to conform to social norms in the society, which is killing act. In the society the act of killing is considered as wrong, but Igor Malev doesn’t consider about it when he does his killings. While Affandi’s study focuses on the personality disorder of Igor Malev, this study focuses on Igor’s obsession with his ex-wife. In this thesis, Igor Malev is shown the obsession disorder. The disorder makes the character disturbed by the existence of his ex-wife, Ewa. In the novel,

Igor wants to take back Ewa from his new husband Hamid with any risk including

“destroy the worlds”. Igor’s meaning of destroying the worlds is killing people to show that he can do anything to bring Ewa back to him. In this thesis Igor

Malev’s obsession is analyzed with obsessive compulsive disorder theories that focus on obsessive love disorder.

The second related study is an undergraduate thesis from Sanata Dharma

University written by Esther Yulyanti Siahaan from English Language Education

,Faculty of Teacher and Education entitled Revealing Factors That Trigger Igor,

The Main Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, To Be a

Murderer. Siahaan’s study focuses on the murderous actions of the main character in the novel, Igor Malev. The story of The Winner Stands Alone focuses on the pursuit of Igor Malev to bring back his ex-wife Ewa. During his pursuit, Igor kills many victims as a sacrifice to show his love to Ewa. From Siahaan’s study, she explains that the factor that makes Igor becomes a murderous person is because he wants to get Ewa back, and he wants to show that he can do anything to achieve that.

The researcher finds that Igor ends up becoming a murderer because he wants to get Ewa back and he loves her so much. His decision to murder

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people is the way of sending message to Ewa that he is capable of doing anything in order to get her back. Ewa’s leaving triggers an act of aggression in him. By applying thr eight types of aggression proposed by Moyer, it is found that Igor is driven by instrumental aggression. Instrumental aggression drives him to harm others so that he can achieve the goal of getting back his wife. (Siahaan, 2013: 84)

In her study, Siahaan explains that Igor’s murderous act is triggered by

Ewa’s leaving. Those acts have purpose to achieve his goal which is getting Ewa back to him and to show her that he can do anything for her. There are several differences and similarities of Siahaan’s study and this study. Both of these studies are focusing on Igor Malev. Another similarities between Siahaan’s and this study is the factor that While Siahaan’s study focus on the factor that makes

Igor becomes a murderer, this study focuses on the factor that makes Igor becomes obsessed with his ex-wife.

The third related study is an undergraduate thesis from Sanata Dharma

University written by Anastasia Diyan Permatasari from English Language

Education, Faculty of Teacher and Education entitled A Study of Igor’s Manic

Depressive Disorder as Depicted in Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone.

Permatasari’s study focuses on the disorder of the main character of Paulo

Coelho’s novel The Winner Stands Alone, Igor Malev. In her study, Purnamasari finds that Igor Malev suffers the mildest types of manic depressive which called hypomania and simple depression. In order to find out the character’s disorder,

Purnamasari applies character and characterization theory and also depressive disorder theory.

In her study Purnamasari describes Igor Malev as a good example of a successful, hard-working man who is also a religious person. Unfortunately, after

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his divorce with his wife Ewa, he becomes excessively religious, and he believes that he can bring Ewa back with the blessing of God. Later on, his condition leads into manic depressive disorder because of it.

His excessive ambitions of achieving more and more wealth and also getting his ex-wife back have made him become an obsessive person. Here, he shows manic and depressive disorder regarding the ways he thinks and behaves in order to get what he desires. (Purnamasari, 2011: 88)

After she is analyzing Igor’s characteristic, Purnamasari continue her manic depression analysis on the character. In her analysis of Igor’s manic depressive disorder, she found out some characteristics like elevated, euphoric, and expansive mood, increasing energy and over activity, racing thoughts or flight of grandiose ideas, denial that everything is wrong, great and inflated self-esteem, needing a little sleep, and he is excessively religious and intolerant. Purnamasari concludes that the manic and depressive disorder experienced by Igor triggers his obsession to his ex-wife. While Purnamasari’s study identifies Igor’s obsession is originated from the manic depression disorder, this study finds out that the obsession itself is a disorder especially on Igor’s case, the character is experiencing obsessive love disorder which is an obsessive disorder that triggered by love or an attraction into someone. Purnamasari says that the reason why Igor becomes an obsessive person is because his excessive ambitions, but in this study the ambitions themself are the part of obsession. Another differences between

Purnamasari’s study and this study is the result of the character’s analysis. In her study, Purnamasari has mentioned that Igor has an ambitions to achieving more wealth and his ex-wife. In contrary, this study finds out that Igor is not an ambitious person, but a person who is disturbed by the disappearance of someone

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he loves. In other words, while Purnamasari’s study is comparing Igor’s ex-wife with wealth which he always pursue because of his ambitious behavior, this study concludes Igor’s pursuit is not because he is ambitious, but because of his anxiety with the disappearance of his ex-wife in his life.

All of those studies above have similarities and differences in this study.

The similarities of all of that three studies with this study are the main object of the analysis, which is the main character of Paulo Coelho’s novel The Winner

Stands Alone. However, there are some differences between those studies and this study. In the first study written by Ibnu Rosid Affandi, he found out that Igor has a personality disorder, while this study found out that the character has an obsessive disorder, specifically obsessive love disorder. Later on, on the second study by Esther Yulianti Siahaan, she found out that the reason Igor becomes a murderer is triggered by the leaving of his ex-wife, while this study found out that the leaving of Igor’s ex-wife triggers the obsession and after that developed into the ideas that lead into the killings, in order to give some sacrifice for his ex-wife.

Finally, in the third study written by Anastasia Diyan Permatasari, it is concluded that Igor has a manic depression disorder which leads into his pursuit for Ewa.

The manic depression disorder itself triggered by the characteristic of Igor as an ambitious person. While Purnamasari’s study concludes that the factor that makes

Igor pursue his ex-wife is because of his ambitious behavior, this study found out that the pursuit itself is one of the factors that caused by the obsessive love disorder experienced by Igor. This study found out that the factor that causing

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Igor’s pursuit is because of the absence of Ewa in his life which makes him disturbed.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part of the study, there are some theories invented by some literary and psychology scholars. The theories are aimed to assist the study in analyzing the object of the study.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character is one of the important elements in every novel. Character itself is the subject of a story in literary works. Character in a literary work can be created from the author’s imagination or a real-life person. According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms, characters are “the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and form what they do- the action.” (Abrams, 1999: 32-33).

According to Henkle in Reading the novel: An introduction to the techniques of interpreting fiction, there are three factors that help the author to transfer the human qualities and human themes to the novel. According to him, those factors are “the complexity of the characterization, the attention given certain figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit”

(Henkle, 1977: 87).

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There are two kinds of character in the novel, which are flat and round character. According to Kennedy and Gioia in Literature: An Introduction to

Fiction, the flat characters are more static and round character is more dynamic or in other word the character’s personality can be changed through the story.

“Characters may seem flat or round. A flat character has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at most few distinguishing marks. Round characters, however, present us with more facets—that is their authors portray them in greater depth and in more generous detail” (Kennedy and Gioia, 1999: 61).

Before analyzing the character’s psychological problems in this study, the theory of characterization is applied in order to gain more understanding of the character’s personality in the story. The methods to understanding the character’s personality are quite similar to the methods of understanding the personality in real life person. Basically, people’s personality can be seen from the interaction with the person itself. According to Murphy, there are some examples of the methods in which the author tries to make his/her characters understandable.

(Murphy, 1972: 161-173). Those methods are explained as follows: a. Personal description, the way an author describes a character’s physical

appearance and clothes to build the character (p.161). b. Presenting the character as seen by another. The author describes the character

through the perspective and opinions of another character than describing it

directly (p. 164). c. Speech, the way an author describes the character through what the

character’s says (p.164)

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d. Past life. The author can give the readers some fragments to the characters

past life events to describe the characters (p.166). e. Conversation of others, the way an author describes the character through the

conversations of the other character and things they say about. f. Reactions. The readers can get a description of the character through its

reactions toward situations and events (p.168). g. Direct comment, the way an author describe the character using the author’s

comment to the character directly (p.170). h. Thoughts. The reader will be able to recognize a person’s character by

knowing his thought (p.171). i. The last one is mannerisms, in which the author describes the character by its

mannerisms, habits, or unusual behaviors in order to tell the readers

something about his character (p.173).

2. Theory of Obsession Compulsive Disorder

According to Lennard J.Davis in his book Obsession: A History, the theory of obsession originated back in eighteenth century, when the society at that time found a new mental distress to differentiate the symptoms of two permanent distress which are lunacy and idiocy.

“In the eighteenth century a new kind of mental distress became possible other than two poles of permanent distress. This new form was characterized most clearly by its partial state; although periodic, when it was in place it did not disturb all the faculties of the mind. In essence such conditions were not totalizing in the way that lunacy and idiocy were.” (Davis, 2008: 38).

Later on, obsession become one of the most popular theory to explaining the distressful thought that comes through a person’s mind. The theory of

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obsession itself also developed into obsession and compulsion theory, that explains that obsession can trigger a person to act unconsciously to fulfill his/her obsession. The distressful ideas can makes people to show repetitive behavior either fulfill the obsession or to distract the obsession.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder itself is described as anxiety disorder. The disorder has two main parts which are obsessions and compulsions. Those parts are related to one another. Basically, someone with an obsession will do some actions to fulfill his/her obsession, and this actions is called as compulsion.

According to Rachman and De Silva in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, the parts of the disorder are defined as:

a. Obsessions: obsessions are unwelcome thoughts, images, urges or doubt

that repeatedly appear in your mind; for example, thinking that you have

been contaminated by dirt and germs, or experiencing a sudden urge to do

hurt to someone. (p.3)

b. Compulsions: compulsions are repetitive activities that you feel you have

to do. This could be something like repeatedly checking door to make sure

it is locked or repeating a specific phrase in your head to prevent harm

coming to a love one. (p.7)

The person with obsessions are often frightened with it and rarely share it with another people. It also interrupting the other thought and makes the people with it feel anxious. There are some factors that cause an obsession, like fear of contamination, past traumatic experiences, or scary imaginations. Warin stated that there are three common factors that appear in an obsession, “The three most

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common themes are: unwanted thoughts about harm or aggression, unwanted sexual thoughts, and unwanted blasphemous thoughts” (Warin, 2011: 6). People with obsessions also realize their obsessive ideas do not make sense but are unable to stop them. Later on, the obsessive thoughts frequently leads to compulsive behaviors as the person tries to overcome or fulfill their obsessions.

Compulsive behavior itself is a repetitive physical or mental activity that cannot be controlled. By doing those repetitive activities, the person is trying to distract or neutralize the obsession that comes before. “The aim of compulsion is to try and deal with the distress caused by obsessive thoughts and relieve the anxiety you are feeling. However, the process of repeating this compulsion is often distressing and any relief you feel is often short-lived” (Warin, 2011: 4). So basically the compulsive actions is not the cure for the obsessions, but just some ways to escape from the obsession although it is just temporary relief.

3. Theory of Obsessive Love Disorder

There are some types of obsessive compulsive disorder based on the cause of the anxiety. One of the type of obsessive compulsive disorder is obsessive love disorder, which is an anxiety disorder caused by love based relationship.

According to Forward and Buck in their book Obsessive Love: When It Hurts Too

Much to Let Go, obsessive love disorder is the contradiction of healthy love.

“Healthy love aspires to trust, caring, and mutual respect. Obsessive love, on the other hand, is dominated by fear, possessiveness, and jealousy. Obsessive love is volatile and sometimes even dangerous. Ultimately, it never satisfies, it never nourishes, and it rarely feels good” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 9).

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In the case of obsessive love disorder, the unwanted thought that comes to the person is an unwanted thought about being rejected by his/her partner. The person with an obsessive love disorder or we can call it obsessive lovers usually cannot accept the condition of his/her actual relationship. “Obsessive lovers are so caught up in the maelstrom of their passions that they simply refuse to accept when a relationship is over” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 9-10).

Later on, the inability to accept the condition makes the obsessive lovers create an idea that his/her partner or obsessive target is the “One Magic Person”, someone who can fulfill all of the person’s needs, as Forward and Buck explains:

”Obsessive lovers truly believe—sometimes without realizing it—that their “One Magic Person” alone can make them feel happy and fulfilled, solve all their problems, give them the passion they’ve yearned for, and make them feel more wanted and loved than they’ve ever felt before. With all this power, the One Magic Person becomes more than a lover—he or she becomes a necessity of life” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 21).

Just like another Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, there are some compulsions in Obsessive Love Disorder. The compulsions has purpose to overcome the unwanted thoughts about the obsessive target, although it is just a short-time relief. The compulsion or repetitive uncontrolled actions itself can be various, from the less destructive until destructive activities. “Obsessions may be completely rational in other areas of their lives or may be involved in other driven behaviors. These behaviors can range from alcoholism, drug addiction, or compulsive gambling to less publicized compulsions like workaholic or rigid perfectionism.” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 7)

The difference between common obsessive and obsessive love disorder is that the obsessive lover is cannot be separated from the obsessive target. This has

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happened because the obsessive lovers are already feel that their obsessive target is the only one who can fulfill their lives, and when the target is disappeared, they will find some ways to get it back, as Forward and Buck says:

“Obsessors become so invested in their relationship that when they experience rejection, they will never be happy, they will never be whole. Because of this, obsessers simply refuse to let go when their One Magic Person pulls away. They cannot let go. Holding on to or recapturing their rejecting lover is much more than a question of desire for obsessive lovers.” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 37).

Forward and Buck identify some characteristics of obsession love disorder, they are: The thrill of a new romance, rejection anxiety, denial, obsessive pursuit, obsessive jealousy, revenge fantasies, and the savior complex. The explanations of each are as follows: a. The thrill of a new romance: Physical changes are triggered in our bodies by

romantic feeling, hopes, and fantasies. Our heartbeat quickens, we become

flushed, our adrenaline pumps, we experience hormonal changes, and our

brain release endorphins—the body’s natural opiate. (1991: 19). b. Rejection anxiety: Insecurities about the possibility of a lover leaving. (1991:

28). c. Denial: Denial is one of our most basic, potent defense mechanism. In its most

extreme form, denial can be used to totally negate reality—to believe that the

truth isn’t true. (1991: 33). d. Obsessive pursuit: Behavior that are generally excessive, invasive,

frightening, and sometimes dangerous. This is an attempts to revive the

relationship (1991: 42).

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e. Obsessive jealousy: Envious, suspicious, oversensitive, and often hostile

feelings to another subjects in the relationship (1991: 55). f. Revenge fantasies: The fantasy of seeking revenge to the obsessive target or

another subjects in the relationship that appears because of the rage is too

strong to be denied. (1991: 64) g. The Savior complex: A belief that the obsessive lovers can give love enough,

do enough, or care enough that will save their obsessive target from the

personal demons, freeing him or her for the idyllic relationship they so

desperately want. (1991: 78).

C. Theoretical Framework

Before discussing the first problem, this study begins with the analysis of the main character’s characterization. The analysis of the characterization of the main character has purpose to assist the following problems in this study. The discussion about the character itself is needed because this study is focusing on the main character’s psychology, and to understand it the writer of this study needs to acquire the deeper information from the character itself.

The first problem is mentioned in order to analyze how the character is described in the novel. Theory of character and characterization are applied to the analysis to gain deeper identification of the character.

The second problem is mentioned in order to reveal the obsessive love disorder of the character Igor Malev to his ex-wife Ewa. The theory of obsessive compulsive disorder is applied to show the obsessive characteristics of the

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character, later on the obsessive love disorder theory will be applied to reveal that

Igor Malev is obsessed with his ex-wife Ewa.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of Study

The object of the study is the novel The Winner Stands Alone by Paulo

Coelho. The novel is firstly published in 2008 and originally published in

Portugese as O Vencedor está Só. The Winner Stands Alone itself is the thirteenth major works of Coelho. The novel has translated from Portugese to English by

Margareth Jull Costa and published worldwide by Harper Collins Publisher in

2009. The novel is focused on the story of a Russian billionaire who does a mission to takes his ex-wife’s love. The novel tells the story of the character in twenty four hours during his mission and also his struggle to fights his obsession with his ex-wife. The novel itself consist of 368 pages. The author of this novel,

Paulo Coelho is considered as the all-time bestselling Portugese author because of his works.

Igor Malev is a Russian telecommunication billionaire who divorced with his wife Ewa. Since the divorce, he becomes troubled because he do not understand the reason why Ewa leave him. Finally he decides to take back his love which is Ewa, but before that he thinks that he needs to show his love. Then he is choosing to show it with sacrificing other people life in the name of love.

Every time he kills the victims, he always text Ewa to show that he could do anything for her.

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B. Approach of the Study

According to Peter Barry’s Beginning Theory, psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that has a purpose to cure the mental disorders of a person by looking at the relation between the conscious and unconscious elements in the person’s mind.

The approach will be used to answer the problem formulation.

Psychoanalysis is an approach that firstly used by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud himself is an Austrian psychologist who creates the psychoanalysis theory.

Although the psychoanalysis is originally derived from psychology, it can also be used to analyze literary works. The theory also can be used to analyze the inner psyche or another psychology problems of the character in a literary work.

C. Method of Study

The writer uses library research to analyze and answer the question formulated in the problem formulation. The data are obtained from books, journals, and texts which related to the topic. The main data of this paper are obtained from Paulo Coelho’s novel titled The Winner Stands Alone. Another data are obtained from several books and journal which are used as reference of this study.

There are several steps to analyze the novel. First, the writer uses close reading method to understand the story and especially the character of Igor Malev in the novel. The second step is finding the chapters of the story that indicates the obsession of Igor Malev. The third step is finding related theories of obsession

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and psychoanalytic to support the data from the previous step. Final step analyzes the character using the related theories.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The novel The Winner Stands Alone focuses on the story of Igor Malev, a

Russian telecommunications billionaire who divorced with his wife Ewa after years of marriage. After the divorce, Igor thinks that the reason of the divorce is because he has no time for her wife, but later on he found out that the real factor that makes his marriage end is because his wife falls into another man which is

Hamid, a famous fashion designer. Later on, Igor makes a plan to take back his ex-wife, believing that his ex-wife is still loving him. Finally he is going to

Cannes movie festival to find Ewa and show her that he could do anything to take her back, no matter what. The main story of the novel shows the obsession of Igor

Malev to take back his ex-wife.

On the first part of this discussion, the study analyses the characteristics of

Igor Malev that shows in the novel using Murphy’s theory of characterization.

Later on, on the second part, the discussion focuses on the obsessive love disorder experienced by Igor Malev, and relates the characteristics of the character to the disorder to reveal the obsessive love disorder within Igor Malev.

A. The Characteristics of Igor Malev described in Paulo Coelho’s The

Winner Stands Alone

In this part of discussion, the study analyses the characteristic of Igor

Malev. Igor Malev himself is the major or main character of Paulo Coelho’s The

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Winner Stands Alone. Igor Malev can be categorized as major character because the complexity of the character and also he is the main focus in the novel. Igor

Malev also categorized as round character because the author presents the character in greater depth and specific details as Kennedy and Giacia stated in

Literature: An Introduction to Fiction. “Round characters; however, present us with more facets—that is their authors portray them in greater depth and in more generous detail” (Kennedy and Gioia, 1999:61).

In order to reveal the characteristics of Igor Malev, nine methods to characterize a character by Murphy (1972) are applied. Those methods are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts and mannerisms. In order to reveal the characteristics of Igor Malev, this study, focuses only on personal description, character seen by another, speech, past life, reactions, and thoughts. The characteristics of Igor Malev in the novel are portrayed as:

1. Egocentric

Igor is an egocentric person. He is considered as an egocentric person because he only cares about his own though, without any consideration from other. Igor’s egocentricity is originated from his high self-confidence. The egocentricity is supported by the fact that Igor is wealthy and successful.

“He continues to earn more money in a day than he could spend in a year, even if he were to indulge in all possible pleasures, legal and illegal.”(Coelho, 2011: 9) ... “He can do as he likes and doesn’t need have to prove to anyone that he’s rich; he has interesting job and loves what he does.”(Coelho, 2009: 9-11)

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Later on, Igor’s egocentricity makes him thinks that he is above the society. He doesn’t need to obey the society system to become success and happy.

Igor also considers the society as a bad thing, a delusional system that makes people pursuit a false happiness.

“How preserve! Just when everything seems to be in order and as families gather round the table to have supper, the phantom of the Superclass appears, selling impossible dreams: luxury, beauty, power. And the family falls apart.” (Coelho, 2011: 9)

The quotation above shows that Igor only cares about his own opinion. He thinks that not all person should have big dreams. In fact, Igor has those thoughts because he has already achieved those dreams. He has power, because he is wealthy and makes him has the power to do anything he wants. He also has luxurious life because of his wealth, and also beauty. He is considered as interesting person.

Igor is also portrayed as an attractive person, in other word, beautiful or handsome. He is still capable to find another woman, because of his appearance, not just because of his wealth. That factor makes him become more confident with himself and supporting his egocentrism.

“He has no difficulty in finding women, regardless of whether they know how much money he has—he’s tested it out on more than one occasion and never failed yet. He has just turned forty, is in good physical shape, and, according to his annual checkup, has no health problems.”(Coelho, 2009: 9)

Those factors lead into his egocentrism, because he thinks that he has everything that another people want, he considers himself as a higher person than any other people. Another fact that shows that Igor is an egocentric person is when he has a discussion with his first victim, Olivia. She is a young woman who

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sells various craftwork and jewelry. Igor meets her in the next morning after his arrival, and Igor thinks that Olivia is suitable as the first sacrifice to Ewa. After asking her to have a conversation with him, Igor comes to Olivia, and he impolitely sits down on the bench beside her and gives her money.

“Without asking her permission, he sits down on the bench beside her. She shifts up an inch or so. “What do you want to talk about?” “First, take the money.”(Coelho, 2009: 13)

Igor’s action above shows that he is portrayed as a person who thinks that he can control another person with his power, which is his wealth. After Olivia accepts his offer, Igor tells her the story about his life, and starts to ask her some questions about life. Later on, Igor starts to ask about Olivia’s life, and she doesn’t like it. Finally, Olivia asks him to end their conversation, but Igor refuses because he has already paid her to listen to him. When Olivia wants to return

Igor’s money, he threats her.

“But I paid you to listen to me. I paid enough to cover your whole working day.” She puts her hand in her pocket to give him back the money, but at that moment, she sees the pistol pointing at her face. “Sit down.” (Coelho, 2009: 18)

Igor action above shows his egocentrism, he doesn’t want to be refused or rejected. He must control another person with his power, including force. In the end, after threating Olivia, he kills her without his pistol, but using a killing technique called Sambo. After the murder, Igor left Olivia’s body behind her stall, and after that he looks at her body from the distance, to check the reactions of the people there. After several minutes, Olivia’s parents are coming, and they realize that their daughter has gone, and suddenly the place becomes crowded. In the end

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Igor thinks that Olivia’s death is not enough, because her death cannot makes Ewa realizes his presence in Cannes.

“He had chosen the wrong person as his first victim. Her death will never make the news and Ewa won’t understand the message.”(Coelho, 2009: 36)

The direct comment from the author about Igor’s first killing is supporting

Igor as an egocentric person. In fact, Igor does not feel guilty about his killing, the only thing he cares about is how Ewa can receive his message. In other word, Igor doesn’t care about Olivia’s parent’s feelings.

Another fact that supporting the idea that Igor is an egocentric person is when he is going to kill his second victim, a famous film producer, Javits Wild.

When Igor asks a waiter about Javits, he is questioning his reason to destroy a universe in the name of love to the waiter. Since he doesn’t get the right answer from the waiter, he starts to think that no other person understands his thought, and he just realizes that he doesn’t need other people to support his actions.

“One other question. Would it be acceptable to destroy a universe in the name of greater love?” The waiter laughs. “Are you God or just gay?” “Neither, but thank you for your answer.” He realize he should not have asked that question. Firstly because he doesn’t need anyone’s support to justify what he’s doing; he’s convinced that since everyone will die onde day, some must do so in the name of something greater.” (Coelho, 2009: 41)

Igor’s thought in that chapter is enough to show that he is an egocentric person. Igor doesn’t care about another people’s opinion and even others life. The only thing he cares about is to accomplish his mission, which is to bring Ewa back to him, no matter what. There are some facts from Igor’s past that also strengthen

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him as a selfish person. There are some events back in the time when Igor and

Ewa is still a married couple.

The first event is when Igor and Ewa were in a restaurant in Irkutsk after their weekend vacation in Lake Baikal. At that time, they had a candlelit dinner.

Suddenly, a drunken beggar came into the restaurant and began to interrupt their dinner. The beggar was complained about his life, and mocked Igor’s life as a wealthy person. Later on, when the owner of the restaurant wanted to drove out the beggar, Igor refused and he said that he would take care of it by himself. After that Igor took the man by the arm, and led the beggar outside. After that Igor and the beggar headed off toward a small side street near the restaurant. Few minutes later he came back with smile on his face, and they continued their dinner. When

Igor and Ewa got back to the hotel, Igor said:

“It’s something I learned in my youth, when I was fighting in an unjust war for an ideal I did’nt believe in. There’s always a way of putting an end to poverty.” (Coelho, 2009: 91)

At first Ewa thought that Igor was given the drunken beggar some money to help him out of his poverty, but actually it was not true. The quotation above shows Igor was killing the beggar. Igor killed the beggar because he interrupted their dinner. From Igor statement above, it shows that Igor thinks to end the poverty from a person, the answer is to putting the end to the person itself, so there is no poverty too. It is shows that Igor doesn’t care about other people’s life, he just cares about his dinner with Ewa. The fact that Igor kills the beggar is also mentioned on his conversation with Ewa several month after their dinner in

Siberia.

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“What happen to that beggar in Siberia?” she asked. Igor didn’t at first know what she was talking about. Ewa reminded him of what had happened in the restaurant there. “I’d like to know what you did.” “I saved him.” She gave a sigh of relief. “I saved him from a filthy, hopeless life in those freezing winters, with his body being slowly destroyed by booze. I let his soul depart toward the light because the moment he came into that restaurant to destroy our happiness, I knew that his spirit was inhabited by the Evil One. Ewa felt her heart begin to pond. She didn’t need him to say out right: “I killed him.” It was clear that he had. (Coelho, 2009: 94)

Despite the reason of his mission is because of his love to Ewa, Igor’s egocentricity is also affect Ewa’s life. In contrary to Igor’s thought, in fact Ewa doesn’t want to back to him because she doesn’t love him anymore. Although Igor realizes it, he doesn’t want to accept the fact, and he chooses to chase Ewa, believing that she just following her basic instinct as a human being.

“This is why he cannot accuse Ewa of anything; she was merely following her human instinct.” (Coelho, 2009: 12).

2. Credulous

Credulous is one of the characteristic of Igor and it can be seen through his actions and thoughts. Igor loves his wife Ewa with all of his heart, without another consideration. Although Ewa has left him for two years, his love for her is not fade away and even he wants her back to him. He even doesn’t care about everything that happens to her life during those years. The only thing he wants is to bring back Ewa to his side, and show her that his love is greater than everything.

“She will know that he did it in the name of love, and that he feels no resentment, but will take her back and ask no questions about her life during these past two years.”(Coelho, 2009: 2)

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In order to bring Ewa back to him, he also prepares to do anything. He will forgive her past and even ready to destroy the universe just for her. He wants to do it because he wants to shows that Ewa is everything to him, and it shows that

Igor loves Ewa with everything he has.

“He is, in fact prepared to do anything, even to send message that will mean he has destroyed someone’s world, just so that she’ll know that not only is he willing to welcome her back, he will gladly bury the past and ask no questions.”(Coelho, 2009: 12)

Another fact that strengthen the idea that Igor is a credulous person can be seen when Igor has a conversation with his first victim, Olivia. In the middle of their conversation, Igor asks Olivia a question about the meaning of life, then she answers “Love”. Later on, Olivia asks the same question. In his answer to Olivia’s question, Igor says that Ewa is a perfect woman for him.

“And for you?” “Yes, love too. But for me it was also important to earn enough money to show my parents that I was capable of succeeding. I did that, and now they’re proud of me. I met the perfect woman, we married, and I would like to have had children, to honor and fear God. The children, alas, never came.” (Coelho, 2009: 14)

Igor’s credulity also can be seen through his pas life events when he and

Ewa are still a married couple. It is shown when Ewa recalls her experience when she and Igor attended a gala dinner and charity event in Milan several years ago.

At that time Igor said that he is nothing without Ewa.

“We are together because he decide we should be. You may not fully appreciate your importance in my life, but without you, I would never have got where I am today. He placed us side by side and lent me his power to defend you whenever necessary. He taught me that everything is part of a plan, and I must respect that plan down to the last detail. If hadn’t done so, I would either be dead in Kabul or living poverty in Moscow.” (Coelho, 2009: 94)

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That quotation above shows how Igor really loves Ewa. Igor even believes that without her, he doesn’t exist. It is supported by the fact that Ewa is the one who is on Igor’s side when he starts his new life after he retires from military.

After the war, Igor is going to university where he meets Ewa and after that he has a relationship with her and then marry her. The quotation above also shows that

Igor believes that Ewa is the one who makes him becomes success. That thought makes his feeling to her becomes more intense. During the gala dinner, Ewa is drinking so much champagne and finally Igor needs to take her back to the hotel.

When Igor lays her down to the bed, Ewa who was drunk so bad ask him about what if she leaves him, but Igor patiently answers the question and even answers that he would do anything to bring her back if she leaves him. When she asks the same question again, Igor replies with more confidently.

“I’d make you come back, and I’m good at getting what I want, even if that means destroying whole worlds.” “And what if I met another man?” He looked at her without rancor, almost benevolently. “Even if you slept with every man on Earth, my love would still survive.”(Coelho, 2009: 96)

The conversations above strengthen the idea that Igor is a credulous character. Once again Igor says that he is ready to do anything just for Ewa and even forgive her if she has any flaws, even adultery especially because Igor believes that Ewa wouldn’t do it. Another proof that shows Igor as faithful person also can be seen through his conversation with a psychiatrist when he consults his workaholic problem. In order to find Igor’s way to out from his workaholic, the psychiatrist asks him about what is the motive that makes Igor want to change his workaholic behavior, and Igor says that the reason is Ewa.

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“If there’s anyone in the world for whom I would do anything, absolutely anything, that person is my wife.” (Coelho, 2009: 161)

In the end of the day, when Igor finally meets Ewa again with his new husband Hamid, he even shows his faithfulness to her. Igor is talking about the messages he sends to her, then his feelings about Ewa.

“Anyway,” he says, as if unperturbed either by her words or by Hamid’s attempt to move, “you chose the easiest way out. You left me. You didn’t give me a chance, you didn’t understand that everything I was doing was for you and because of you.” (Coelho, 2009: 331)

That part above shows the faithfulness of Igor, even when he is seeing the woman he loves with another man. He’s been through so many rejections and disappointments, but in the end, his love to Ewa is never faded.

3. Religious

Igor is a religious person, and it can be seen from his thoughts throughout the story. As a good Christian, he believes that everything that happens in his life is God’s will and he also believes that God always shows him the good things for him. Igor is always seeking for the God’s blessing in everything he does, including his mission to bring Ewa back. Before he goes to Cannes, Igor is going to a church in Moscow to pray for his mission.

“God alone knew what would come of that meeting, Igor, an orthodox Catholic, had made a promise and sworn an oath in a church in Moscow before the relics of St. Mary Magdalene (which were in the Russian capital for a week, so that the faithful could worship them). He had queued for nearly five hours and, when he finally saw them, had felt sure that the whole thing was something dreamed up by the priests. He did not, however, want to run the risk of breaking his word, and so he had asked for her protection and help in achieving his goal without too much sacrifice. And he had promised, too, that when it was all over and he could at last return to his native land, he would commission a golden icon from a well-known artist who lived in monastery in Novosibirsk.” (Coelho, 2009: 3)

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Another fact that shows that Igor is a religious person can be seen through his conversation with his first victim Olivia. After his arrival in Cannes, Igor meets a handcraft souvenir seller whose name Olivia, and they have some conversation about life and love. In the middle of their conversation, Olivia realizes that Igor is dangerous and she starts to make some escape plans, but immediately Igor is realizing it. Later on, Igor says to Olivia that he is not a bad person, in contrary, he tells to her that he is a good Christian and a good person for his colleague.

“I was always a good Christian. I have influential friends, and I’ve always been grateful to them. In short, I did everything right.” (Coelho, 2009: 21)

From the part of the novel above, Igor admits that he is a good Christian who doing everything right and for something better. This thought leads him into makes some sacrifice in order to bring Ewa back to him. When he kills Olivia, he even thinks that he kills her for something better, which is releasing her from her suffer of life.

“He can do it. And he’s happier still because he has freed the soul from that fragile body, freed a spirit incapable of defending herself against bullying coward. If her relationship with her boyfriend had continued, the girl would have ended up depressed and anxious and devoid of all self- respect, and would have been even more under her boyfriend’s thumb.” (Coelho, 2009: 23)

As a religious person, Igor believes in the concept of afterlife. He believes that human’s body is just a vessel with pure nameless soul inside it. He also believes that the world is just a place for God to test his creation, and in the final judgment, God will evaluate our life in this world. Igor also thinks that the core of our life is love.

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“Someone’s spirit, however, has no name’ it is pure truth and inhabits a particular body for a certain period of time, and will, one day, leave it, and God won’t bother asking, “What’s your name?” when the soul arrives at the final judgment. God will ask only: “Did you love while you were alive?” (Coelho, 2009: 42)

Because of his belief, he thinks that he has mission to love, and the person he loves is Ewa. He believes that they are together because of God’s will, and as a good Christian, he is ready to do anything to accomplish it. In order to prove his love to Ewa, Igor also tells his belief to her. After a gala-dinner in Milan, they return to the hotel and Igor tells his thought about his love to Ewa.

“God thought of everything,” he went on “We are together because he decide we should be. You may not fully appreciate your importance in my life, but without you, I would never have got where I am today. He placed us side by side and lent me his power to defend you whenever necessary. He taught me that everything is part of a plan, and I must respect that plan down to the last detail. If hadn’t done so, I would either be dead in Kabul or living poverty in Moscow.” (Coelho, 2009: 94)

In the middle of his mission to bring Ewa back, doubtful thoughts come to

Igor’s mind. He becomes confused to continue his plan or just leave it. He is questioning himself about many things like is Ewa deserves his love until is it right to kill a person in the name of love. Later on, after so many internal conflicts, he has a conclusion that the devil has possessed his mind to stop his holy mission to bring back Ewa to him. Finally, he becomes more confident to continue his mission, and he believes that the killing is for the good and it’s all just like the God’s will.

“Even the King of Kings, Jesus Christ was tested as Igor is being tested now: being tempted by the Devil. And he needs to cling on tooth and nail to his faith if he’s not to weaken in the mission which he has been charged.” ...

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"The devil is asking him to stop, to forgive, to abandon his task. The devil is a top-class professional and knows how to fill the weak with alarming feelings such as fear, anxiety, impotence, and despair.” (Coelho, 2009: 195)

The facts that mentioned above show that Igor is a good Christian, but unfortunately he misused his belief for his own purpose. It is well-known that in

Christian religion an act of killing is forbidden, even considered as one of the ten great sins, but in the case of Igor, he believes that killing is a good thing if it has a good purpose too. From the analysis above, Igor doesn’t use his religion as a justification for his action, but he is really considers that his action is a mission from God for him. According to Igor’s faith and belief, he is considered as a religious person, although his perspectives are different to the society. Those fact also related into his characteristic as egocentric person.

4. Intelligent

Igor can be considered as an intelligent person. It is shown through the story and it can be seen from his thoughts. When he prepares his plan for his mission to bring Ewa back, he strengthens himself that Ewa is not someone to blame, because she is just following his nature instinct as a human being. He got his view from a book by a professor of psychology named David Barash from

University of Washington in Seattle.

“Igor remembered something written by David Barash, professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle, in which he said that the only species in nature that doesn’t commit adultery is a flatworm, Diplozoon paradoxum.” (Coelho, 2009: 12).

The fact above indicates that Igor is an educated person, he likes to read a lot to increase his knowledge and also he even remembers the Latin name of the

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creature that mentioned in David Barash’s study, which is quite difficult to remember. Another fact that shows Igor as an intelligent person is when he has some conversations with his first victim Olivia. At one point, he explains that his life is like a boiled frog who doesn’t notice the changes around its environment.

“Yes various biological studies have shown that if a frog is placed in a container along with water from its own pond, it will remain there, utterly still, while the water is slowly heated up. The frog doesn’t react to the gradual increase in temperature, to the changes in its environment, and when the water reaches the boiling point, the frog dies, fat and happy.” “On the other hand, if a frog is thrwon into a container full of already boiling water, it will jump straigh out again, scalded but alive!” “I was like that boiled frog. I didn’t notice the changes.” (Coelho, 2009: 15-16)

The fact shows that Igor is not just reading a specific study, but various studies like psychology and biology. Looking back at Igor’s past, he is actually not well-educated person, he was a soldier who fought in the Afghan War on his youth. Later on, after the war was over, Igor went to university, but got dropped out, and he starts his career as a telecommunication businessman. At that time in

Russia, telecommunication business wasn’t considered as a good business, but

Igor took the risk and creates a telecommunication company, as Ewa remembers.

“Gradually, the difficulties gave way to opportunities. The small business he had started—after almost begging people to sign contracts—began to grow because he was one of the few to have invested in something that no one believed could work in a country still plagued by near-obsolete communication networks.”(Coelho, 2009: 87)

Ewa’s thought above shows that Igor is an intelligent person. Igor has visionary mind about what business that will grow in the future. Another fact that shows Igor as intelligent person can be seen from his plans when killing his

‘sacrifice for love’. In total, there are four persons that he kills for his sacrifice to

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bring Ewa back. Every killing he has done is using different methods and each method has been prepared carefully. During his mission Igor is using so many knowledge he has learns from his military career and combines it with his knowledge he learns from his study.

When he kills his first victim Olivia, he is using a killing technique called

Sambo, which is just popular in Russia as a traditional martial art. Not just using the technique, but Igor also knowns the information about the technique and makes it as a killing technique. He is using the technique because there is only few people who know it, so it will be difficult to track by the police.

“Samozaschita Bez Orujiya, or Sambo, as it is better known among Russians, is the art of killing swiftly with one’s bare hands, without the victim realizing what is happening. It was developed over centuries, when peoples or tribes had to confront invaders unarmed. It was widely used by the Soviet state apparatus to eliminate people without leaving any trace. They tried to introduce it as a martial art in the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but it was rejected as being too dangerous, despite all the efforts of the Communists of the day to introduce in the Games a sport which they alone practiced. Perfect. That way, only a few people know the moves.” (Coelho, 2009: 22)

Later on, his plan is success, no one understand how is Olivia died. When the people discover Olivia’s body, they think that she dies because of drugs, and don’t realize that she is murdered. The success of Igor’s plan shows that he is an intelligent person, he has the knowledge how to kill and how to lure his victim without noticed by everyone. Igor also knows so many killing techniques. When he kills his second victim Javits, he use a South American Indians hunting technique called Curare, which also not well-known.

“Curare, originally used by South American Indians for hunting darts, can also be found in European hospitals because, under controlled conditions, it can be used to paralyze certain muscles, thus facilitating the surgeon’s

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work. A fatal dose—like that on the point of the needle he had shot into Javits’s back—could kill a bird in just two minutes. Boar, on the other hand, take fifteen minutes to die, and large mammals—a man, for example—twenty. The paramedics would notice nothing strange about his heartbeat, and so would put him on a drip, assuming he was suffering from some form of heat stroke or food poisoning, although they would still take all the usual measures, even applying an oxygen mask. By then, the twenty minutes would be up, and although the body might still be alive, it would now be in vegetative state.” (Coelho, 2009: 111-112)

Igor can get those deadly drugs from his relatives in Moscow, he also uses a private plane. This is also shows the intelligence of Igor, which he has plans everything carefully, and also study each materials he has. It is shows that Igor has vast knowledge about many things.

“Yes he had planned everything, he had used his private plane so that he could enter France with an unregistered gun and with the various poisons he had obtained via his connections with the Chechen mafia working in Moscow. Each step, each move had been carefully studied and rehearsed, as if he were planning a business meeting.” (Coelho, 2009: 112)

Later on, when he kills his third victim Maureen, he uses his human anatomical knowledge to kill her. Before kill her, Igor explains to her about which part that can be fatal if attacked. Maureen is not suspicious, because firstly Igor has an interesting conversation with her, so she thinks that Igor is just a normal person.

He places the blade level with Maureen’s ear. Her initial reaction is one of fear, soon replaced by excitement.

“This would be one of the ideal places, for example. Any higher, and the cranial bones would block the blow, any lower, and the vein in the neck would be cut; the person might die, but would also be able to fight back. If he was armed, he could shoot me, especially at such close range.” (Coelho, 2009: 171)

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Ewa also remembers Igor as an intelligent person, when she first meets with Igor, she remembers him as a good intelligent young man. That fact shows that from other person’s perspective, Igor is an intelligent person. Those factor makes Ewa admire Igor.

“She really liked this young man. They started going out together. She saw that he was intelligent and would go far in life, plus he seemed to understand her. He had, of course, fought in Afgan war and been wounded in combat, but nothing very serious. He never complained about the past never showed any signs of being unbalanced or traumatized.”(Coelho, 2009: 202)

All of the proofs that mentioned before show Igor as intelligent person.

Igor also able to learn and using his knowledge in real life, which not every person in the world could do.

5. Vicious

Igor Malev can be categorized as a vicious person. There are several parts of the story that showing his character as vicious person. His viciousness can be seen from his way to bring his ex-wife back, which is killing people as a sacrifice.

Igor has a background as an Afghan War veteran, he was a Soviet soldier in his youth. It can be seen when Igor remembering his own past life.

“He had killed before—with weapons and the blessing of his country. He didn’t know how many people he had killed, but he had rarely seen their faces and certainly never asked their names. Knowing someone’s name meant knowing that the other person was a human being and not “the enemy”. (Coelho, 2009: 42)

The fact above shows that Igor was a cold blooded soldier in his past. He was like a programmed killer whose kill everything strange in front of him. Later on, after the war Igor goes to university and meet Ewa there, unfortunately he is got drop out and finally start his telecommunication company. After several years

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of marriage, Igor and Ewa got divorced, and for two years after that Igor becomes disturbed with it.

Igor finally decides to Cannes to bring Ewa back to him, even though he knows that Ewa is already marry another man. In order to get Ewa back, he wants to make some sacrifice in the name of love to show her that he is ready to do anything for her. The sacrifice itself is human’s soul, or in other word he wants to kill people in the name of love.

“There are other ways of extinguishing a world, of destroying a universe, and she will probably understand the message as soon as the first victim is found. She will know that he did it in the name of love, and that he feels no resentment, but will take her back and ask no questions about her life during these past two years.” (Coelho, 2009: 2)

Igor’s statement above shows that he is a vicious person. Despite the reason of his killing actions is for the name of love, but an act of killing is cannot be justified, more specifically Igor kills his victims for his own pleasure. After his first victim, Igor is targeting another person which is Javits, a famous movie distributor. Before he is going to start his plan to kill Javits, he thinks that he is excited and happy, or in other word, he feels pleasure.

“His thoughts are no longer with the poor young woman at the beach; adrenaline is filling his blood, his heart is beating faster, he’s excited and happy.” (Coelho, 2009: 43)

Igor’s thought above shows that he has no regrets or doubt when he kills someone. In contrast, he feels pleasure and that thing makes him happy. The feeling of no guilty is showing the cruelty of Igor. Another part that shows Igor’s viciousness is seen when he kills his third victim Maureen, a movie producer.

Eventhough Igor knows that Maureen is a good person, and don’t have any big

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problems in her life, but he still kills her. Maureen is different from the previous victims Olivia and Javits, she is just a person who accidentally comes into Igor and talk to him, so basically she isn’t Igor’s target. Igor also says that Maureen herself who gives her life to him.

“He never imagined she would agree to go for a walk to such an isolated spot with a complete stranger, but she did. She could have run away when he started showing her the different places where the blade would cause mortal wound, but she didn’t” (Coelho, 2009: 72)

The fact that Igor kills random person just to fulfill his mission can be considered as a cruelty. He doesn’t see Maureen as a subject, but just an object to complete his mission.

Later on, after he kills Maureen, Igor goes back into his hotel to take a bath and prepare his meeting with Ewa. After he is done with his preparation, he left a small envelope on the table. Inside the envelope, there is greeting card with lethal poison powder which so easily to kill a person. He left the greeting card to kill his last victim, in order to send a final message to Ewa.

“You can get anything you want with those three things, even a silver envelope with the seductive words “For you” written in fine calligraphy. He had held off using it until the very end because if Ewa had failed to understand the other messages, this—the most sophisticated of all—would leave no room for doubt.” (Coelho, 2009: 255-256)

Igor’s viciousness is also shown when he finally meets Ewa and Hamid on a beach outside a gala dinner party. In the final moment, three of them go outside the party to a quieter place to find more private place to have some conversations.

After some conversations, Hamid who wants to protect Ewa attacks Igor but unfortunately Igor shots him on the head. After Igor kills Hamid, he threatens

Ewa.

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“Don’t cry out. Don’t say a word. Keep calm.” Of course she isn’t going to cry out, nor she needs to be told to keep calm. She’s in a state of shock like the animal she is, despite her fine jewelry and her expensive dress.” (Coelho, 2009: 333)

The part above shows Igor’s viciousness. Firstly Igor threaten Ewa who just lost someone she loves. Secondly Igor considers Ewa as an animal or lower than him. Those facts above are showing Igor Malev as cruel person.

B. Obsessive Love Disorder of Igor Malev to his ex-wife Ewa in Paulo

Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone

In this part of analysis, the study focuses on the obsession of Igor Malev to his ex-wife Ewa. As mentioned before by some experts, obsessions are anxiety disorder that have several causes, unwanted thoughts about aggression, unwanted sexual thoughts, and unwanted blasphemous thoughts. An obsession is always followed by compulsions or actions, in order to overcome or even fulfill the obsession itself. In the case of obsessive love disorder, the cause of the obsession is unwanted thoughts about someone who we love.

In Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, Igor Malev as the main character of the story experiences the obsessive love disorder. Igor shows several symptoms or signs that directly present his obsessive love disorder. The signs of

Igor’s obsessive love disorder that shows in the story are: he has anxiety to rejection, denial and self-justification, obsessively pursuit and jealousy over other person, and also savior complex. Those are the signs of Igor as a person who experiences obsessive love disorder. Igor’s obsessive love disorder is analyzed further as following:

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1. Rejection Anxiety

According to Forward and Buck, one factors that causing obsessive love disorder is rejection anxiety. As the theory says, rejection anxiety itself is “an insecurities about the possibility of a lover leaving” (Forward and Buck, 1991:

28). In order to prevent the rejection, a person with rejection anxiety often create some thoughts about what their lover expects from them. In some cases, the actions to prevent those anxiety often disturbs another person. As Forward and

Buck says “In this way, rejection anxiety often leads obsessive lovers to behavior that angers their target and provoke the very rejection obsessors fear. All too often, the obsessior’s rejection anxiety becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.”

(Forward and Buck, 1991: 30).

In Igor’s case, he cannot accepts rejections from Ewa, which is her leaving. The rejection makes him become anxious, and later on Igor tries to find a way to overcome his anxiety. Finally he comes to Cannes to meet Ewa in order to get her acceptation, to get her back.

Igor’s rejection anxiety can be related to his character as egocentric person. He cannot accepts any rejection because he needs to be accepted or in other word he doesn’t want to care about other person’s feelings or opinions. Igor only focuses on his own opinions or feelings, and when other person doesn’t agree with that, he becomes anxious. Later on, he will do some actions to overcome this anxiety for an acceptation or agreement.

The proof that shows Igor’s rejection anxiety can be seen when he always texts Ewa about his sacrifices for love to bring her back. Every time Igor murders

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his victims for his sacrifice to Ewa, he always texts her. He thinks that Ewa will come back to him when she realize that he can do anything for her love. “He is, in fact prepared to do anything, even to send message that will mean he has destroyed someone’s world, just so that she’ll know that not only is he willing to welcome her back, he will gladly bury the past and ask no questions.”(Coelho,

2009: 12). In fact Ewa is undrestand the messages, but she won’t reply because she doesn’t want to back to Igor. In contrary, Igor thinks that Ewa doesn’t replies his messages because his sacrifices aren’t enough for her, so he continues his killings.

After he kills his first victim Olivia, Igor sents a texts to Ewa. Igor says that he has kill someone for Ewa’s love. Ewa doesn’t reply that message. Igor who is waiting for her replies thinks that the sacrifice isn’t enough for her, and finally he decides to find the next sacrifice for Ewa. “He had chosen the wrong person as his first victim. Her death will never make the news and Ewa won’t understand the message.” (Coelho, 2009: 36). The part shows that Igor is afraid to be rejected by Ewa. Igor is not even trying to look at Ewa’s perspective about his action. He cannot accept that Ewa’s silence means that she doesn’t want to come back to him.

Igor’s anxiety about rejected by Ewa makes him think that he needs to do more sacrifices to her, to makes her “understand the message” that he is ready to do anything for her. He is still adamant to do his mission because he thinks that

Ewa is still love him, but she is afraid to talk to him. “I know she wants to come back to me, that she still loves me, but she’s not brave enough to take the first

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step.”(Coelho, 2009: 16). Those thoughts actually created by Igor to deny his anxiety to Ewa’s rejection. Later on, Igor kills some people for his sacrifice to

Ewa and also sent some messages to her to tell her about it. The messages are

Igor’s attempts to provoke Ewa to meet him.

The rejection anxiety that experienced by Igor Malev shows his obsession to his ex-wife Ewa. The proofs that mention before shows that Igor cannot accept rejections, and when he got rejected, it makes him becomes disturbed and it leads into his compulsions or actions to overcome his anxiety. Igor cannot accepts that

Ewa has already rejects him with remain silent when he texts her, but he cannot accept it and later on he create an alternate ideas that Ewa still wants him, but she wants him to fight harder for her. This alternate ideas is also a symptoms of an obsession. In Igor case, his rejection anxiety creates an alternate ideas which leads into compulsions, which his killing actions to makes Ewa understand his feelings.

2. Savior Complex

Another factors that makes Igor obsessed with Ewa is Savior Complex.

Savior complex itself is a condition when a person has a thought that he/she is destined to be a savior. According to Forward and Buck, in a case of obsessive love, the savior complex can happens from the obsessor’s belief that he/she can save their lover form their problems, relieve them from agony.

“But no matter what the problem, the obsessors who are attracted to these lovers believe that they have the power to fix it. They believe that if they can just love enough, give enough, do enough, or care enough, they can save their lover form the jaw of personal demons, freeing him or her from idyllic relationship they so desperately want.” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 77).

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In Igor’s case, he thinks that he is the one who can save Ewa from her agony. Igor thinks that the reason their divorce is because he couldn’t give her much time because he is too busy with his work, and finally she is looking for another person to love. Igor also thinks that when Ewa leave him, she feels guilty, because she doesn’t follows the God’s will. Igor thinks that Ewa and he is destined by God to be together. Later on, Igor thinks that he needs to bring her back, in order to save her from her suffer of guilt and lack of his attention.

The proof that shows that Igor has the savior complex can be seen from his reason of his mission to bring Ewa back. Igor believes that Ewa is feeling guilty because she leaves him. He thinks that actually she wants to be back to Igor, but she isn’t brave enough to say it because she is afraid of the society’s perspectives.

“This is why he cannot accuse Ewa of anything; she was merely following her human instincts. However, she had been brought up to believe in those unnatural social conventions and must be feeling guilty, thinking that he doesn’t love her anymore and will never forgive her.” (Coelho, 2009: 12). From that thought, it can be seen that Igor wants to take Ewa back because he wants to save Ewa from her guilt, and also granted her wish to get back to him.

Igor’s reason to bring Ewa back shows his savior complex. Igor thinks that he is the one who can understand Ewa, and he also creates a role as a savior like

Jesus, who forgives all of people’s sins. When Igor thinks that Ewa just following her human instinct, he is already thinks that he understand her. Later on, Igor’s thought about the society shows that he is higher than other people, or in other word, he is the chosen one for Ewa.

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Another proof that showing Igor’s savior complex can be seen from his conversation with Ewa after the gala dinner in Milan. Igor says to Ewa that God has destined them to be together, and he is also destined to protect her. “He placed us side by side and lent me his power to defend you whenever necessary.”

(Coelho, 2009: 94). His statement shows that he thinks that he has the power to protect Ewa, and also he has the power from God to do it. The statement also indicates that Igor’s savior complex is originated from his characteristic as religious person, it can be seen from his thought that God has chosen him as the protector of Ewa.

Igor’s savior complex also can be seen from Ewa’s perspective. After their divorce, Ewa once has a conversation with her Russian friend when she opens his new boutique in London. She says that Igor has a problem with his mind, and she is disturbed with Igor’s behavior. “My husband has lost his reason. Whether it seems from his war experiences or stress from overwork, I’ve no idea, but he thinks he knows what God intends” (Coelho, 2009: 204). Ewa’s statement is strengthen Igor’s savior complex.

This savior complex can be originated from Igor’s characteristic as a religious person. In Igor’s case, the savior complex is functioned as the justification for his action to bring Ewa back to him. Igor thinks that he is responsible to Ewa and he is the one who destined for her. In fact, those thoughts are alternate ideas that Igor creates as an excuse to fulfill his obsession to Ewa.

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3. Obsessive Pursuit

In every obsession, there are ideas that force into the person’s mind. Those ideas are often disturb the person and in order to prevent or overcome that forced ideas, the person is trying to suppress it with other action which called as compulsions, as the theory says “The person must be aware that these thoughts or impulses are only a product of his/her own mind and they must be actively trying to suppress, ignore, or neutralize them with other actions” (Davis, 2008: 11).

Unfortunately, some compulsions are disturbing for the others.

In obsessive love disorder’s case, the compulsions or actions are also functioned to fulfill the obsession. The compulsions of obsessive lover is to get back their obsessive target, as the theory says: “They cannot let go. Holding on to or recapturing their rejecting lover is much more than a question of desire for obsessive lovers” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 37). In other word, their main objective in their life is to get back their obsessive target which leads into the obsessive pursuit.

Obsessive pursuit is one of the factor that shows the obsessive love disorder. As mentioned before, obsessive pursuit is the action or compulsion that happens because of an obsession. According to Forward and Buck, the obsessive pursuit happens because of the obsessors cannot control their anxiety. “When rejection makes the obsessors feel that their lives are spinning out of control, they usually see only one course of action: to prevent their relationship from ending or, if it has ended, to revive it” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 42). In Igor’s case, the obsessive target is his ex-wife, Ewa. Even though it has been two years since their

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divorce, Igor cannot moving on from Ewa. Later on, his anxiety about Ewa’s rejection create a compulsion which is his attempts to get her back.

The fact of Igor’s obsessive pursuit can be seen from his attempts to get

Ewa back. In order to get Ewa back, he is going to Cannes with his well-prepared plan. It can be seen from his thought when he is preparing his gear for his mission in a hotel in Cannes. “He hopes that six months of careful planning will produce results...” (Coelho, 2009: 2). The fact that he has travels so long to Cannes and his six months preparation to get Ewa back shows that the obsession is last for a long time, and the obsession has changed to an obsessive pursuit. The reason of the pursuit itself is to revive his relationship, just as the theory says.

According to the theory, every obsessive pursuit has its own pursuit tactics, “Obsessors try to salvage their relationships by resorting to a variety of pursuit tactics—behaviors that are generally excessive, invasive, frightening, and sometimes dangerous” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 42). The goals of the pursuit is to get the obsessive target’s attentions, because in fact the obsessors are anxious to rejection, so they think that they need to fight for it.

Igor’s plans to get Ewa back also indicate the obsessive pursuit. Igor has a plan to sends some messages about his sacrifice which is the killings to Ewa, in order to show her that he can do anything to get her back. “There are other ways of extinguishing a world, of destroying a universe, and she will probably understand the message as soon as the first victim is found. She will know that he did it in the name of love, and that he feels no resentment, but will take her back and ask no questions about her life during these past two years” (Coelho, 2009: 2).

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Igor’s pursuit tactic can be considered as excessive, invasive, frightening, and dangerous. It can be seen from the obsessive target’s perspective which is Ewa.

When she opens the message from her mobile phone, she suddenly realizes that the messages are from her ex-husband Igor. Those messages from Igor also make her become disturbed. “No, I hated it. Worse, I’m feeling really frightened. I just received a text on my mobile phone and I know who sent it, even though I can’t identify the number” (Coelho, 2009: 85). Ewa’s reactions to Igor’s message are showing the obsessive pursuit of Igor.

The messages itself are Igor’s tactics to get Ewa’s attention. Despites he considers the message as the sacrifice for Ewa, but in fact the messages are functioned to overcome his anxiety of rejection. The pursuit can also has a relation with Igor’s characteristic as faithful person. The pursuit can happen because Igor cannot moving on from his relationship with Ewa, which indicating that he is not looking for another woman and in contrary, he is trying to get back to Ewa.

4. Acts of Revenge

Another factor that showing Igor’s obsessive love is the acts of revenge.

According to the theory by Forward and Buck, the acts of revenge is the final solution for obsessors, especially when their efforts to get back their obsessive target are failed. “Revenge is the end of the road for obsessors. It is the point at which they finally give up the crusade to recapture their One Magic Person and devote themselves to a new goal: punishing the person who has caused them such pain” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 67). Basically acts of revenge are the

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development of the revenge fantasy, which is the characteristic of an obsessive love. In the beginning, the idea of revenge is surpressed by the feelings of love.

Unfortunately, when the obsessors feelings is turns into rage because the constant rejection anxiety, the idea of revenge also turns into an action.

In Igor’s case, he has already send four messages for Ewa, which indicates that he also already kills four persons: Olivia, Javitz, Maureen, and a random person who gets his poisonous letter in his hotel. All of the killings are the Igor’s attempts to gain Ewa’s attention. Unfortunately, Igor’s efforts are failed, Ewa doesn’t respond all of his messages. Finally he decided to change his plan, as he has says to himself: “He arrived in Cannes for one reason, but only when he began to act did he understand the true motives behind what he was doing. He has been blind all these years, but now he can see the light; the revelation has finally come.” Those thoughts are the first step of Igor’s plan to seek revenge to Ewa.

Igor get the thought of revenge after he remembering the record that he got from an intelligent he rents to follows Ewa. In that record, Ewa tells the intelligent her true thought on Igor. She considers Igor as a person with a disorder, as she says: “My husband has lost his reason. Whether it seems from his war experiences or stress from overwork, I’ve no idea, but he thinks he knows what God intends”

(Coelho, 2009: 204). Igor thinks that Ewa’s perspective on him is false and he needs to tell her about it. Later on, Igor decides to come to a party in a beach, which Ewa and her new husband Hamid also come.

Igor has an intention to fight for Ewa, to take her back from Hamid straightforwardly, even kill him, in order to punish Ewa for leaving him and

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choose Hamid. “He would, he thinks, be capable of killing for her” (Coelho,

2009: 324). After that, three of them walk into the beach, and Igor and Ewa have some conversation. “You betrayed me, not just during the two years you’ve spent with this man, but during all the years we spent together” (Coelho, 2009: 326). In this step, Igor is start to blame Ewa for his obsession. At this time, the anger has taken over Igor’s mind, as the theory says “When obsessors turn to revenge, the struggle for dominance between love and rage is finally over—rage has won”

(Forward and Buck, 1991: 67).

Later on, Igor confess about his problems to Ewa. “My business was prospering, and I could keep control of myself during the day, but at night, I would plunge into black depression. I had lost a part of myself I could never recover. I thought I might be able to do that by coming here to Cannes, but when I arrived, I realized that the part of me that had died couldn’t and shouldn’t be resuscitated. I’ll never take you back, not even if you came to me on bended knee, begging for forgiveness and threatening suicide” (Coelho, 2009: 328).

Later on, Igor kills Hamid in front of Ewa, in order to punish her for the pain for these two years. This act of revenge can be related to Igor’s characteristic as cruel person. Igor kills Hamid with his pistol and with a cold blooded way, he even regrets that he cannot makes Hamid suffer. “Ewa, poor Ewa, sitting there with a man dying in her lap. Human beings are unpredictable; sometimes they react as that fool reacted, knowing that he had no chance of beating him” (Coelho,

2009: 333).

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After he kills Hamid as the punishment for Ewa, he comes to her and points his pistol to her breast and shots her to death. The murder of Ewa is one of the factor that strengthens the obsessive love disorder of Igor. After he knows the

Ewa’s opinion about him, he realizes that all of his efforts are in vain, and he decides that if he cannot take her back then no one could have her. According to

Forward and Buck, Igor’s action can happens when the obsessors cannot control the anger. “These obsessors have a pattern of resorting to violence when they’re upset and, under the extreme stress of rejection, they are especially likely to lose all control and assault their target” (Forward and Buck, 1991: 166).

The killing of Ewa is Igor’s final solution to overcome his obsession. After the murder, Igor go to airport to take his flight back to Russia. Ewa’s death putting an end to Igor’s anxiety. “The thought of Ewa doesn’t weigh on him as much as it used to. He doesn’t love her as he once did, and he doesn’t hate her as he came to hate her” (Coelho, 2009: 342). Igor’s though when he flight back to

Russia is strengthen his obsessive love disorder, which after Ewa’s death, he can free from his anxiety.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter concludes the analysis of this study. The writer writes the study in order to analyze the obsession of Igor Malev to his ex-wife Ewa in Paulo

Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The writer sees that Igor Malev’s obsession to his ex-wife in the story are interesting to be discussed. Igor’s obsession to his ex- wife is considered as obsessive love disorder. By analyzing the character in the story, the writer can draw several conclusions which answer the problem formulation.

Firstly, the writer analyzes the characteristic of the main character in the novel, Igor Malev. Based on the analysis on the character, the writer finds five characteristics of Igor in the story; they are egocentric, credulous, religious, intelligent and vicious. Those characteristics of Igor are important in order to analyze the obsessive love disorder experienced by the character.

Igor Malev is a telecommunication billionaire who has divorced with his wife Ewa. During the two years after the divorce, Igor becomes disturbed and anxious because of the disappearance of Ewa in his life. Later on, he decides to go to Cannes during the Cannes Film Festival where Ewa is also there and he wants to take her back. During his mission to bring Ewa back, his characteristics are revealed from his actions, thought, and another character’s opinion on him.

According to the analysis that has been done by the writer of this study, Igor

Malev’s characteristics are egocentric, creduloud, religious, intelligent and

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vicious. Then, the answer of the first problem formulation is used to make the analysis of the second problem formulation.

The second problem formulation of this study is the analysis of the obsessive love disorder experienced by Igor Malev. In the story, Igor Malev is obsessed with his ex-wife Ewa. This can be seen from his anxiety of the existence

Ewa and that is the reason why he is going to Cannes which to bring her back to his life. Later on, the writer finds out four symptoms that indicate the obsessive love disorder experienced by Igor. Those symptoms are rejection anxiety, savior complex, obsessive pursuit, and the acts of revenge.

Rejection anxiety is the source of Igor’s obsession. Igor becomes anxious because he is rejected by Ewa with the event of their divorce. Later on, the anxiety leads into another altered idea which is the savior complex. As a good Catholic,

Igor believes that he and Ewa is decided by God to be together, and he needs to protect her for any threat. Igor considers Ewa’s leaving as something wrong, and he needs to fix it. Just like another obsession, Igor’s obsession also leads into compulsive behavior. Powered by the rejection anxiety and the savior complex ideas, Igor finally decides to take her back. After six months of preparation finally

Igor is going to start his mission. He is going to destroy the world in order to show

Ewa how great his love is. The true meaning of destroy the world is killing people as a sacrifice of love.

During his mission, Igor has kill four people which are Olivia, Javitz,

Maureen, and a random hotel guest. After he kills his victims, Igor always sends a text to Ewa to tell her about his sacrifice for her. Ewa has never react to Igor’s

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message although she knows Igor’s intention. Because of Ewa’s silence, Igor becoming more anxious and he thinks that he is rejected again by her. After that his obsession turns into violence and love has turn into rage. Later on Igor has changes his objection, he isn’t want to take Ewa back anymore, but he wants to take revenge on her because she has causing his misery for this two years. In the end, Igor kills Hamid to punish her, and to fulfill his obsession, he decides to kill

Ewa. After Ewa’s death, Igor becomes free from his obsession to Ewa. All of the symptoms has leads into a conclusion that Igor Malev in Paulo Coelho’s The

Winner Stands Alone has experiencing the obsessive love disorder, especially to his ex-wife Ewa.

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