The History of Photography and the Camera
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The Photographic Revolution Back in 1877 a 23 -Year-Old Bank Clerk, George Eastman, Took up Photography As a Hobby
the photographic revolution Back in 1877 a 23 -year-old bank clerk, George Eastman, took up photography as a hobby. Like all picturetakers of his time, he carried a huge camera and tripod, chemicals, a tent for a darkroom, and other equipment. He had to make a "wet plate" by coating a light-sensitive emulsion on a piece of glass immediately before he exposed it. Picturetaking at that time was hard work, but Eastman felt it could be made easier and more fun. After many experiments in his mother's kitchen, he found a way to mass- produce photographic dry plates, and in 1880 he started to make them com mercially in a rented loft in the downtown section of Rochester, N. Y . In 1884 Eastman introduced a paper-base "film," and in 1888, the No.1 Kodak Camera - the small box camera which simplified photography so that anyone could take pictures. Eastman himself coined the trademark "Kodak" and the famous advertising slogan "You press the button, we do the rest." The Kodak camera caught on quickly, and the company sold over 100,000 of them in the first eight years. Today, some 52 million Americans take more Picturetaking in the days before Kodak cameras. than two billion snapshots each year. Picture taking has become America's number- one hobby. 2 © 1962 Eastman Kodak Company -I.. .. 1 I ~ , The No. 1 Kodak The first Folding New styling was fea· The popular Brownie Camera of 1888 sim· Brownie Camera was tured in Baby Brown Starflash Camera was plified photography. offered in 1904. -
Gallery Text That Accompanies This Exhibition In
Steeped in the classical training of an English gentleman, Edward Dodwell (1777/78– 1832) first traveled through Greece in 1801. He returned in 1805 in the company of an Italian artist, Simone Pomardi (1757–1830), and together they toured the country for fourteen months, drawing and documenting the landscape with exacting detail. They produced around a thousand illustrations, most of which are now in the collection of the Packard Humanities Institute in Los Altos, California. A selection from this rich archive is presented here for the first time in the United States. Dodwell and Pomardi frequently used a camera obscura, an optical device that made it easier to create accurate images. Beyond providing evidence for the appearance of monuments and vistas, their illustrations manifest the ideal of the picturesque that enraptured so many European travelers. The sight of ancient temples lying in ruin, or of the Greek people under Turkish rule as part of the Ottoman Empire, prompted meditation on the transience of human accomplishments. As Dodwell himself wrote: “When we contemplated the scene around us, and beheld the sites of ruined states, and kingdoms, and cities, which were once elevated to a high pitch of prosperity and renown, but which have now vanished like a dream . we could not but forcibly feel that nations perish as well as individuals.” Dodwell’s own words accompany the majority of images in this exhibition. His descriptions are drawn from his Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, during the Years 1801, 1805, and 1806 (London, 1819). The author’s original spelling, capitalization, and punctuation have been retained. -
Elements of Screenology: Toward an Archaeology of the Screen 2006
Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Erkki Huhtamo Elements of screenology: Toward an Archaeology of the Screen 2006 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/1958 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Huhtamo, Erkki: Elements of screenology: Toward an Archaeology of the Screen. In: Navigationen - Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturwissenschaften, Jg. 6 (2006), Nr. 2, S. 31–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/1958. Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under a Deposit License (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, non-transferable, individual, and limited right for using this persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses document. This document is solely intended for your personal, Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für non-commercial use. All copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute, or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the conditions of vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder use stated above. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. -
Holography Split-Beam Transmission Hologram
Physics 331A Experiment 8 HOLOGRAPHY Revised 16 May 2005. When a hologram is made, a coherent beam of light is divided so that one beam (the reference beam) falls directly onto a piece of photographic film and another beam (the object beam) is formed from the light that is scattered by an object and falls onto the same piece of film. When the two beams are recombined in this way, they make an interference pattern which is recorded on the film. If the film is illuminated with coherent light, the light will be diffracted as if by a diffraction grating, giving rise to a diffraction pattern containing the zeroth and first orders. The first order reproduces the full wavefront of the light scattered from the original object and gives a 3D virtual image of the object for the light transmitted through the film and a 3D real image for the light reflected from the film. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the properties of holograms by 1) making a transmission hologram of actual objects and observing its optical characteristics, and 2) making a diffraction grating by combining two beams of light in order to examine the holographic process in its simplest form. REFERENCES 1. Lipson, Optical Physics (3rd ed.), pp. 363-370. 2. M. Fran¸con, Holography, pp. 17-23, 29-36. (especially for understanding the diffraction grating) 3. M. Parker Givens, \Introduction to Holography," Am. J. Phys. 35, 1056 (1967). 4. J. E. Kasper and S. A. Feller, The Complete Book of Holograms: How they work and how to make them. -
Film Camera That Is Recommended by Photographers
Film Camera That Is Recommended By Photographers Filibusterous and natural-born Ollie fences while sputtering Mic homes her inspirers deformedly and flume anteriorly. Unexpurgated and untilled Ulysses rejigs his cannonball shaming whittles evenings. Karel lords self-confidently. Gear for you need repairing and that film camera is photographers use our links or a quest for themselves in even with Film still recommend anker as selections and by almost immediately if you. Want to simulate sunrise or sponsored content like walking into a punch in active facebook through any idea to that camera directly to use film? This error could family be caused by uploads being disabled within your php. If your phone cameras take away in film photographers. Informational statements regarding terms of film camera that is recommended by photographers? These things from the cost of equipment, recommend anker as true software gizmos are. For the size of film for street photography life is a mobile photography again later models are the film camera that is photographers stick to. Bag check fees can add staff quickly through long international flights, and the trek on entire body from carrying around heavy gear could make some break down trip. Depending on your goals, this concern make digitizing your analog shots and submitting them my stock photography worthwhile. If array passed by making instant film? Squashing ever more pixels on end a sensor makes for technical problems and, in come case, it may not finally the point. This sounds of the rolls royce of london in a film camera that is by a wide range not make photographs around food, you agree to. -
Colour Relationships Using Traditional, Analogue and Digital Technology
Colour Relationships Using Traditional, Analogue and Digital Technology Peter Burke Skills Victoria (TAFE)/Italy (Veneto) ISS Institute Fellowship Fellowship funded by Skills Victoria, Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development, Victorian Government ISS Institute Inc MAY 2011 © ISS Institute T 03 9347 4583 Level 1 F 03 9348 1474 189 Faraday Street [email protected] Carlton Vic E AUSTRALIA 3053 W www.issinstitute.org.au Published by International Specialised Skills Institute, Melbourne Extract published on www.issinstitute.org.au © Copyright ISS Institute May 2011 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Whilst this report has been accepted by ISS Institute, ISS Institute cannot provide expert peer review of the report, and except as may be required by law no responsibility can be accepted by ISS Institute for the content of the report or any links therein, or omissions, typographical, print or photographic errors, or inaccuracies that may occur after publication or otherwise. ISS Institute do not accept responsibility for the consequences of any action taken or omitted to be taken by any person as a consequence of anything contained in, or omitted from, this report. Executive Summary This Fellowship study explored the use of analogue and digital technologies to create colour surfaces and sound experiences. The research focused on art and design activities that combine traditional analogue techniques (such as drawing or painting) with print and electronic media (from simple LED lighting to large-scale video projections on buildings). The Fellow’s rich and varied self-directed research was centred in Venice, Italy, with visits to France, Sweden, Scotland and the Netherlands to attend large public events such as the Biennale de Venezia and the Edinburgh Festival, and more intimate moments where one-on-one interviews were conducted with renown artists in their studios. -
My Mother's Camera
Manning 1 Pam Manning Marydorsey Wanless Retro Camera Seminar AR399 F April 10, 2011 My Mother’s Camera The Kodak Brownie camera has a long history with the Eastman Kodak company which began in February 1900 with the introduction of a very basic cardboard box camera with a simple lens that took 2¼ inch square pictures and cost only $1. The Brownie introduced the concept of snapshot photography and was intended to introduce photography to everyone, not just professional photographers (Kodak). What is considered one of the greatest slogans in advertising history, “You push the button, we do the rest” reinforced the simplicity of the Brownie camera (American Heritage). Designed and marketed for children, the Brownie camera was named after popular characters created by Palmer Cox, a children’s author and illustrator. Cox was the Walt Disney of his day. His Brownie characters were as well known in the 1880’s as Mickey Mouse is today (Kodak). Like Disney’s characters, Cox’s Brownies often appeared in ads. They helped sell everything from candies to cigars, coffee to ice cream, and even painkillers. Brownie dolls, games, puzzles, and trading cards were eagerly sought. And so was the Brownie camera, far beyond anyone’s expectations (Kodak). My history with the Kodak Brownie began when my mother took my picture with her Kodak Brownie Hawkeye. She would direct me to stand in a certain pose or perform a certain task. When she was happy with what she saw she would then back away from me, hold the camera about waist height, look down into the viewfinder and click. -
Basic Sensitometry and Characteristics of Film Basic Sensitometry and Characteristics of Film
BASIC SENSITOMETRY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FILM BASIC SENSITOMETRY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FILM BASIC PHOTOGRAPHIC SENSITOMETRY Sensitometry is the science behind the art of filmmaking. It is the measurement of a film’s characteristics. These measurements are expressed in numeric and chart form to convey how a film will react to the amount of light, the type of lighting, the amount of exposure, the type of developer, the amount of development, and how all these factors interact. In most cases, a cinematographer doesn’t need a great depth of technical information to use motion picture films—using the right film speed and the right process will suKce. On the other hand, having a basic understanding of film sensitometry will help you in tasks as simple as film selection to as complicated as communicating the mood of a challenging scene. THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE At the heart of sensitometry is the characteristic curve. The characteristic curve plots the amount of exposure against the density achieved by that exposure: 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 Shoulder 2.2 2.0 1.8 Y Straight Line T 1.6 I S 1.4 N E D 1.2 1.0 Base-Plus-Fog or 0.8 Gross-Fog Density 0.6 Toe 0.4 0.2 0.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 LOG EXPOSURE To create a characteristic curve, we first need some densities to plot, and they come from a sensitometric tablet exposed onto the film. Commonly called a step tablet, this highly calibrated tool consists of 21 equally spaced intervals of grey. -
Transient Luminous Events Observed with the Pinhole Camera from Sierra Negra Volcano in Mexico
International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET) www.ijmret.org Volume 4 Issue 1 ǁ January 2019. Transient Luminous Events observed with the pinhole camera from Sierra Negra Volcano in Mexico E. Ponce1, S. Hernandez1, H. Salazar1, O. Martinez1, R. Conde1. 1(Department of physics and Mathematics, Autonomous University of Puebla, Mexico) ABSTRACT: The next generation of experiments devoted to study extreme energy cosmic rays will be at space platforms. Recent satellite missions have shown that the UV light background is more complex than previous models. Therefore, the observation of transient luminous events TLEs at the upper atmosphere will be important, information about the time and space evolution of this very fast events may need to be recorded, this impose requirements of a wide field of view and the largest focus depth. The simplest optical design, a pinhole camera fulfills these characteristics. This pinhole camera have a multi anode photomultiplier, eight by eight pixels, that allow us to register 2d images of TLEs of about milliseconds. In this work, we present the observations of some events recorded from Sierra Negra Volcano in Mexico and its capabilities in order to use it as a monitoring device. KEYWORDS –UV light, atmosphere, pinhole, images, device. I. INTRODUCTION that may should trigger some TLE’s. This One of the important phenomena in night perturbation was considerate as background noise atmosphere, directly related to UHECR in the tracking of the cosmic ray original particle. measurement One of the important phenomena in night atmosphere, directly related to UHECR The high brightness of TLE may allow us measurement, are TLE (transient luminous events) to use the simplest pinhole optics for measuring the characterized by very bright (energy in UV up to image in pixels of UV detector. -
Evolution of Photography: Film to Digital
University of North Georgia Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository Honors Theses Honors Program Fall 10-2-2018 Evolution of Photography: Film to Digital Charlotte McDonnold University of North Georgia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/honors_theses Part of the Art and Design Commons, and the Fine Arts Commons Recommended Citation McDonnold, Charlotte, "Evolution of Photography: Film to Digital" (2018). Honors Theses. 63. https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/honors_theses/63 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Nighthawks Open Institutional Repository. Evolution of Photography: Film to Digital A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Georgia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Art in Studio Art, Photography and Graphic Design With Honors Charlotte McDonnold Fall 2018 EVOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY 2 Acknowledgements I would like thank my thesis panel, Dr. Stephen Smith, Paul Dunlap, Christopher Dant, and Dr. Nancy Dalman. Without their support and guidance, this project would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my Honors Research Class from spring 2017. They provided great advice and were willing to listen to me talk about photography for an entire semester. A special thanks to my family and friends for reading over drafts, offering support, and advice throughout this project. EVOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY 3 Abstract Due to the ever changing advancements in technology, photography is a constantly growing field. What was once an art form solely used by professionals is now accessible to every consumer in the world. -
Fresnel Zone Plate Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
FRESNEL ZONE PLATE IMAGING IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE Harrison H. Barrett Raytheon Research Division, Waltham, Massachusetts Considerable progress has been made in recent so that there is essentially no collimation. The zone years in detecting the scintillation pattern produced plate has a series of equi-area annular zones, alter by a gamma-ray image. Systems such as the Anger nately transparent and opaque to the gamma rays, camera (7) and Autoflouroscope (2) give efficient with the edges of the zones located at radii given by counting while an image intensifier camera (3,4) rn = n = 1,2, N. gives better spatial resolution at some sacrifice in (D efficiency. However, the common means of image To understand the operation of this aperture, con formation, the pinhole aperture and parallel-hole sider first a point source of gamma rays. Then collimator, are very inefficient. Only a tiny fraction the scintillation pattern on the crystal is a projected (~0.1-0.01%) of the gamma-ray photons emitted shadow of the zone plate, with the position of the by the source are transmitted to the detector plane shadow depending linearly on the position of the (scintillator crystal), and this fraction can be in source. The shadow thus contains the desired infor creased only by unacceptably degrading the spatial mation about the source location. It may be regarded resolution. It would be desirable, of course, to have as a coded image similar to a hologram. Indeed, a a large-aperture, gamma-ray lens so that good col Fresnel zone plate is simply the hologram of a point lection efficiency and good resolution could be ob source (9). -
Introduction to Collection Surveys and Condition Reports
Fundamentals of the Conservation of Photographs SESSION: Introduction to Collection-Level Surveys and Condition Reporting INSTRUCTOR: Monique Fischer, Tram Vo SESSION OUTLINE ABSTRACT This part of the course will provide systematic approaches to writing condition reports for photographs and performing collection-level surveys. This section of the course will provide students with the information needed to perform the small scale survey during the distance mentoring phase. LEARNING OBJECTIVES As a result of this session, participants should be able to: Understand photographic materials, processes, and deterioration characteristics in order to write a proper condition report. Know how to implement a systematic preservation program and understand issues such as environmental control, disaster preparedness, storage and handling, potential hazards, reformatting and conservation treatment. Understand that performing a survey is the best way for a collection to survive. CONTENT OUTLINE Introduction with PPT presentations: “Condition Reporting of Photographs” and “Surveying Photograph Collection” Examples of different condition report forms, including electronic formats, will be examined and discussed. Samples will be provided to participants. Provide students with a basic outline of a survey report and discuss. Pros and cons of the condition report and survey form hand -outs will be discussed. “Hands-on” exercise: provide each student with an unknown photograph and have them write a complete condition report using a form that has been made available. Students will present reports in class. During the distance mentoring phase students will conduct a survey of their family photographs. The introduction given during the summer school will provide the information students need for this activity. www.getty.edu/conservation SESSION OUTLINE CONT’D.